MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 40986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Short-Term Drought for SPEI in Mainland China Using the XGBoost Model

by Fanchao Zeng, Qing Gao, Lifeng Wu, Zhilong Rao, Zihan Wang, Xinjian Zhang, Fuqi Yao and Jinwei Sun

Atmosphere 2025, 16(4), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos16040419 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Accurate drought prediction is crucial for optimizing water resource allocation, safeguarding agricultural productivity, and maintaining ecosystem stability. This study develops a methodological framework for short-term drought forecasting using SPEI time series (1979–2020) and evaluates three predictive models: (1) a baseline XGBoost model (XGBoost1), [...] Read more.

Accurate drought prediction is crucial for optimizing water resource allocation, safeguarding agricultural productivity, and maintaining ecosystem stability. This study develops a methodological framework for short-term drought forecasting using SPEI time series (1979–2020) and evaluates three predictive models: (1) a baseline XGBoost model (XGBoost1), (2) a feature-optimized XGBoost variant incorporating Pearson correlation analysis (XGBoost2), and (3) an enhanced CPSO-XGBoost model integrating hybrid particle swarm optimization with dual mechanisms of binary feature selection and parameter tuning. Key findings reveal spatiotemporal prediction patterns: temporal-scale dependencies show all models exhibit limited capability at SPEI-1 (R²: 0.32–0.41, RMSE: 0.68–0.79) but achieve progressive accuracy improvement, peaking at SPEI-12 where CPSO-XGBoost attains optimal performance (R²: 0.85–0.90, RMSE: 0.33–0.43) with 18.7–23.4% error reduction versus baselines. Regionally, humid zones (South China/Central-Southern) demonstrate peak accuracy at SPEI-12 (R² ≈ 0.90, RMSE < 0.35), while arid regions (Northwest Desert/Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) show dramatic improvement from SPEI-1 (R² < 0.35, RMSE > 1.0) to SPEI-12 (R² > 0.85, RMSE reduction > 52%). Multivariate probability density analysis confirms the model’s robustness through enhanced capture of nonlinear atmospheric-land interactions and reduced parameterization uncertainties via swarm intelligence optimization. The CPSO-XGBoost’s superiority stems from synergistic optimization: binary particle swarm feature selection enhances input relevance while adaptive parameter tuning improves computational efficiency, collectively addressing climate variability challenges across diverse terrains. These findings establish an advanced computational framework for drought early warning systems, providing critical support for climate-resilient water management and agricultural risk mitigation through spatiotemporally adaptive predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Methods for the Investigation of the Atmospheric Water Cycle)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 3613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chatbot Based on Large Language Model to Improve Adherence to Exercise-Based Treatment in People with Knee Osteoarthritis: System Development

by Humberto Farías, Joaquín González Aroca and Daniel Ortiz

Technologies 2025, 13(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13040140 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent condition globally, leading to significant pain and disability, particularly in individuals over the age of 40. While exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms and improve physical function and quality of life in patients with KOA, long-term [...] Read more.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a prevalent condition globally, leading to significant pain and disability, particularly in individuals over the age of 40. While exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms and improve physical function and quality of life in patients with KOA, long-term adherence to exercise programs remains a challenge due to the lack of ongoing support. To address this, a chatbot was developed using large language models (LLMs) to provide evidence-based guidance and promote adherence to treatment. A systematic review conducted under the PRISMA framework identified relevant clinical guidelines that served as the foundational knowledge base for the chatbot. The Mistral 7B model, optimized with Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) and Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) techniques, was integrated to ensure computational efficiency and mitigate hallucinations, a critical concern in medical applications. Additionally, the chatbot employs Self-Reflective Retrieval-Augmented Generation (SELF-RAG) combined with Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning, enabling dynamic query reformulation and the generation of accurate, evidence-based responses tailored to patient needs. The chatbot was evaluated by comparing pre- and post-improvement versions and against a reference model (ChatGPT), using metrics of accuracy, relevance, and consistency. The results demonstrated significant improvements in response quality and conversational coherence, emphasizing the potential of integrating advanced LLMs with retrieval and reasoning methods to address critical challenges in healthcare. This approach not only enhances treatment adherence but also strengthens patient–provider interactions in managing chronic conditions like KOA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Medical and Assistive Technologies Using Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning Techniques)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Access to Livelihood Assets and Vulnerability to Lower Levels of Well-Being in Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya

by Mary Nyambura Kinyanjui

Economies 2025, 13(4), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040103 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper investigates the role that access to livelihood assets plays in reducing vulnerability to lower levels of well-being, especially for camp-based refugees. We develop the multidimensional vulnerability index using the 2019 Kakuma socioeconomic survey to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the role that access to livelihood assets plays in reducing vulnerability to lower levels of well-being, especially for camp-based refugees. We develop the multidimensional vulnerability index using the 2019 Kakuma socioeconomic survey to provide a comprehensive and holistic approach to measuring vulnerability. The fractional regression results suggest that the household head’s age and education level determine the vulnerability of refugees to lower levels of well-being. In addition, access to finance and employment substantially reduces refugees’ vulnerability. Although remittances from abroad are a prevalent source of finance among refugees, we find that remittances from abroad only lessen the prevalence of vulnerability by 1.1%. Therefore, we recommend camp refugees adopt more self-reliant ways of accessing sustainable finance. The multidimensional vulnerability index reveals a high level of food insecurity in camps caused by the influx of refugees over the years. We recommend the inclusion of refugees in farming and training on climate change to provide sustainable solutions around food security to them and the host community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Capital Development in Africa)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 5156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrative Assessment of Surface Water Contamination Using GIS, WQI, and Machine Learning in Urban–Industrial Confluence Zones Surrounding the National Capital Territory of the Republic of India

by Bishnu Kant Shukla, Lokesh Gupta, Bhupender Parashar, Pushpendra Kumar Sharma, Parveen Sihag and Anoop Kumar Shukla

Water 2025, 17(7), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17071076 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study proposes an innovative framework integrating geographic information systems (GISs), water quality index (WQI) analysis, and advanced machine learning (ML) models to evaluate the prevalence and impact of organic and inorganic pollutants across the urban–industrial confluence zones (UICZ) surrounding the National Capital [...] Read more.

This study proposes an innovative framework integrating geographic information systems (GISs), water quality index (WQI) analysis, and advanced machine learning (ML) models to evaluate the prevalence and impact of organic and inorganic pollutants across the urban–industrial confluence zones (UICZ) surrounding the National Capital Territory (NCT) of India. Surface water samples (n = 118) were systematically collected from the Gautam Buddha Nagar, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Sonipat, Gurugram, Jhajjar, and Baghpat districts to assess physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters. The application of spatial interpolation techniques, such as kriging and inverse distance weighting (IDW), enhances WQI estimation in unmonitored areas, improving regional water quality assessments and remediation planning. GIS mapping highlighted stark spatial disparities, with industrial hubs, like Faridabad and Gurugram, exhibiting WQI values exceeding 600 due to untreated industrial discharges and wastewater, while rural regions, such as Jhajjar and Baghpat, recorded values below 200, reflecting minimal anthropogenic pressures. The study employed four ML models—linear regression (LR), random forest (RF), Gaussian process regression (GPR_PUK), and support vector machines (SVM_Poly)—to predict WQI with high precision. SVM_Poly emerged as the most effective model, achieving testing CC, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.9997, 11.4158, and 5.6085, respectively, outperforming RF (0.9925, 29.8107, 21.7398) and GPR_PUK (0.9811, 68.4466, 54.0376). By leveraging machine learning models, this study enhances WQI prediction beyond conventional computation, enabling spatial extrapolation and early contamination detection in data-scarce regions. Sensitivity analysis identified total suspended solids as the most critical predictor influencing WQI, underscoring its relevance in monitoring programs. This research uniquely integrates ML algorithms with spatial analytics, providing a novel methodological contribution to water quality assessment. The findings emphasize the urgency of mitigating the fate and transport of organic and inorganic pollutants to protect Delhi’s hydrological ecosystems, presenting a robust decision-support system for policymakers and environmental managers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Fate and Transport of Organic Pollutants in Water)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Pilot 24-Week ‘Bulk and Cut’ Dietary Protocol Combined with Resistance Training Is Feasible and Improves Body Composition and TNF-α Concentrations in Untrained Adult Males

by Anthony J. Giannopoulos, Steve Kottaras, Bryan Allanigue, Jeremia M. Coish, David S. Ditor, Val A. Fajardo and Panagiota Klentrou

Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071265 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study piloted a 24-week bodybuilding program combining resistance training (RT) with a dietary bulk-and-cut protocol in middle-aged adult males. Methods: Seven untrained males (33 ± 3.0 years; BMI = 35.0 ± 4.6 kg/m²; body fat = 36 [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study piloted a 24-week bodybuilding program combining resistance training (RT) with a dietary bulk-and-cut protocol in middle-aged adult males. Methods: Seven untrained males (33 ± 3.0 years; BMI = 35.0 ± 4.6 kg/m²; body fat = 36 ± 5%) completed a 24-week intervention combining RT with a dietary protocol consisting of 12-week cycles of caloric bulking (0–12 weeks) and cutting (12–24 weeks). The participant retention rate was 64%, while compliance with training was 96.7%, and adherence to dietary cycles was over 93%. To assess the preliminary efficacy of the intervention, venous blood samples and measurements of body composition (BodPod), muscle strength, and VO₂max (cycle ergometer) were collected at baseline (week 0) and following the bulking (week 12) and cutting (week 24) cycles. Circulating lipids (triglycerides, total, low-density, and high-density cholesterol), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured in serum. Results: The training led to significant increases in muscle strength, especially in the deadlift (+46%, p < 0.001) and squat (+65%, p < 0.001). Improvements in body composition were characterized by an increase in fat-free mass and a decrease in body fat percentage over the 24-week intervention (+3% and −6%, respectively, p < 0.05). Lipids, CRP, IL-6, and IL-10 did not change significantly, but there was a notable reduction in TNF-α (time effect p = 0.05, _pη² = 0.39), with 15% lower concentrations at week 24 compared to baseline, indicating reduced inflammation. Conclusions: Overall, the pilot intervention achieved high compliance and adherence rates, leading to improvements in body composition and lower resting TNF-α concentrations in a group of middle-aged males with obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Adaptive Fuzzy Synergetic Controller for Suspended Cable-Driven Parallel Robots

by Yasser Hatim Alwan, Ahmed A. Oglah and Muayad Sadik Croock

Automation 2025, 6(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation6020015 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

A suspended cable-driven parallel robot is a type of lightweight large-span parallel robot. The stability and control of this multi-input multi-output robot are studied in this work to overcome its inherited vulnerability to disturbance. An adaptive fuzzy synergetic controller is proposed to overcome [...] Read more.

A suspended cable-driven parallel robot is a type of lightweight large-span parallel robot. The stability and control of this multi-input multi-output robot are studied in this work to overcome its inherited vulnerability to disturbance. An adaptive fuzzy synergetic controller is proposed to overcome these issues, combining synergetic control theory with adaptive fuzzy logic to ensure robust trajectory tracking. The parameters of the controller are optimized using the Dragonfly Algorithm, a metaheuristic technique known for its simplicity and fast convergence. The adaptive fuzzy synergetic controller is tested on a suspended cable-driven parallel robot model under both disturbance-free and disturbed conditions, demonstrating global asymptotic stability and superior tracking accuracy compared to existing controllers. Simulation results show the proposed controller achieves minimal tracking error and improved robustness in the presence of dynamic uncertainties, validating its practical applicability in industrial scenarios. The findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating synergetic control, fuzzy logic adaptation, and optimization for enhancing the performance and reliability of suspended cable-driven parallel robots. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Smart Robotics for Automation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2584 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis According to New Protocol with Polihexanide 0.08% Therapy: Case Report

by Tomislav Kuzman, Suzana Matić, Ivan Gabrić, Antonela Geber and Ana Meter

Reports 2025, 8(2), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/reports8020044 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background and Clinical Significance: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but serious corneal infection that can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if not promptly treated. The condition is primarily associated with contact lens use but can also occur due to ocular [...] Read more.

Background and Clinical Significance: Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but serious corneal infection that can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if not promptly treated. The condition is primarily associated with contact lens use but can also occur due to ocular trauma or environmental contamination. The most frequently used treatment options include biguanides and diamidines, though dosing protocols remain empirical and vary widely among clinicians. Recent research has explored a new standardized protocol with 0.08% polihexanide (polyhexamethylene biguanide, PHMB) as a monotherapy for AK, offering improved efficacy and better corneal penetration. Case Presentation: This case report describes a 35-year-old female contact lens wearer who presented with redness, pain, photophobia, and vision loss in her right eye. Upon referral, a slit-lamp examination revealed stromal infiltrates and perineural involvement, with in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) confirming Acanthamoeba cysts. The patient was treated with a new standardized intensive regimen of polihexanide 0.08% monotherapy, leading to rapid clinical improvement. Corneal infiltrates were significantly reduced, and the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improved from 0.4 logMAR to 0.15 logMAR. Resolution with only discrete stromal haze was achieved over the following months, without recurrence. Conclusions: This case highlights the potential of polihexanide 0.08% monotherapy as an effective treatment for AK in a new standardized treatment protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ophthalmology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 17937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Importance of Dunnian Runoff in Atlantic Forest Remnants: An Integrated Analysis Between Machine Learning and Spectral Indices

by Alarcon Matos de Oliveira, Mara Rojane Barros de Matos, Marcos Batista Figueiredo and Lusanira Nogueira Aragão de Oliveira

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3977; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073977 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study investigated Dunnian runoff in the Sauípe River basin, Bahia, Brazil, analyzing the relationship between soil moisture, terrain slope, and land use. It utilized Landsat satellite images, annual water balance data, and rainfall data from the last 10 days. The Normalized Difference [...] Read more.

This study investigated Dunnian runoff in the Sauípe River basin, Bahia, Brazil, analyzing the relationship between soil moisture, terrain slope, and land use. It utilized Landsat satellite images, annual water balance data, and rainfall data from the last 10 days. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were calculated, along with image classification using the Random Forest machine learning algorithm. (1) Saturated zones with potential for Dunnian runoff were identified, especially on steeper slopes, with a notable negative influence of eucalyptus on soil moisture, except in areas with steeper slopes. (2) Dunnian runoff was predominantly observed from the middle course to the mouth, following the east-west direction of the watershed. (3) Higher areas exhibited Dunnian runoff with high soil moisture values, while areas with less steep slopes showed low moisture levels. (4) The results indicate a positive correlation between steeper slopes and Dunnian runoff and a negative correlation between eucalyptus plantations and soil moisture. (5) Forest fragments exhibited high NDVI and NDWI values, suggesting dense forests with high moisture, especially in areas with steep slopes. This suggests that forest fragments are in good moisture conditions, acting to delay Dunnian runoff. (6) In areas with savannization or without vegetation, significant moisture content was not observed, indicating the absence of intense rainfall in the last ten days of image acquisition. This confirms the importance of this runoff for forest remnants. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 186 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Evidence for Cognitive Spatial Models from Ancient Roman Land-Measurement

by Andrew M. Riggsby

Brain Sci. 2025, 15(4), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040376 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Influential studies in the history of cartography have argued that map-like representations of space were (virtually) unknown in the Classical Mediterranean world and that the cause of this was an absence of underlying cognitive maps. That is, persons in that time/place purportedly had [...] Read more.

Influential studies in the history of cartography have argued that map-like representations of space were (virtually) unknown in the Classical Mediterranean world and that the cause of this was an absence of underlying cognitive maps. That is, persons in that time/place purportedly had only route/egocentric-type mental representations, not survey/allocentric ones. The present study challenges that cognitive claim by examining the verbal descriptions of plots of land produced by ancient Roman land-measurers. Despite the prescription of a route-based form, actual representations persistently show a variety of features which suggest the existence of underlying survey-type mental models and the integration of those with the route-type ones. This fits better with current views on interaction between types of spatial representation and of cultural difference in this area. The evidence also suggests a linkage between the two kinds of representations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research Progress of Human Navigation in Physical and Mental Space)

10 pages, 6501 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Phase Disturbance Compensation for Quantitative Imaging in Off-Axis Digital Holographic Microscopy

by Ying Li, Wenlong Shao, Lijie Hou and Changxi Xue

Photonics 2025, 12(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12040345 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Holographic detection technology has found extensive applications in biomedical imaging, surface profilometry, vibration monitoring, and defect inspection due to its unique phase detection capability. However, the accuracy of quantitative holographic phase imaging is significantly affected by the interference from direct current and twin [...] Read more.

Holographic detection technology has found extensive applications in biomedical imaging, surface profilometry, vibration monitoring, and defect inspection due to its unique phase detection capability. However, the accuracy of quantitative holographic phase imaging is significantly affected by the interference from direct current and twin image terms. Traditional methods, such as multi-exposure phase shifting and off-axis holography, have been employed to mitigate these interferences. While off-axis holography separates spectral components by introducing a tilted reference beam, it inevitably induces phase disturbances that compromise measurement accuracy. This study provides a computational explanation for the incomplete phase compensation issue in existing algorithms and establishes precision criteria for phase compensation based on theoretical formulations. We propose two novel phase compensation methods—the non-iterative compensation approach and the multi-iteration compensation technique. The principles and applicable conditions of these methods are thoroughly elucidated, and their superiority is demonstrated through comparative experiments. The results indicate that the proposed methods effectively compensate for phase disturbances induced by the tilted reference beam, offering enhanced precision and reliability in quantitative holographic phase measurements. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 5939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Alters the Genomic Profile of Bladder Cancer Cell Line HT-1197

by Maxwell Sandberg, Wyatt Whitman, Randall Bissette, Christina Ross, Matvey Tsivian and Stephen J. Walker

J. Pers. Med. 2025, 15(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm15040143 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy involves the use of magnetic waveform energy for targeted treatment delivery. This technique has shown promising results in the treatment of various cancers. Currently, treatment of bladder cancer is highly invasive, involving intravesical chemotherapy or radical cystectomy. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) therapy involves the use of magnetic waveform energy for targeted treatment delivery. This technique has shown promising results in the treatment of various cancers. Currently, treatment of bladder cancer is highly invasive, involving intravesical chemotherapy or radical cystectomy. The potential therapeutic effects of PEMF therapy on bladder cancer are a relatively new and understudied area; therefore, the goal of this investigation was to gain mechanistic insight by examining the effects of PEMF therapy on a bladder cancer cell line in vitro. Methods: Cells from the bladder cancer cell line HT-1197 were cultured and incubated with (treatment group) or without (control group) PEMF therapy for one hour each day for five days. Cell counts were compared using Incucyte^® data to determine proliferation rates. At days 1 and 5, total RNA was isolated from cells, and following quantity and quality checks, gene expression was compared between the two groups. Proliferation rates from cell line HT-1197 were compared to prior published results on the bladder cancer cell line HT-1376. Results: HT-1197 cells treated with PEMF therapy had slower proliferation rates compared to controls (p < 0.05), but HT-1376 cells did not (p > 0.05). Principal component analysis showed complete separation of treated and untreated cells, with PEMF treatment accounting for 76% of the variation between the groups. Expression of numerous genes and cancer-related pathways was altered in the treated cells relative to the controls. Conclusions: Bladder cancer HT-1197 cells treated with PEMF therapy had slower proliferation and corresponding changes in gene expression. Several cancer-relevant pathways were differentially regulated following PEMF treatment. The conclusions are limited by the lack of a control healthy urothelial cell line in the experiments. Despite this shortcoming, our results suggest that PEMF therapy may be a promising avenue for further research in the treatment of bladder cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to Urologic Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 11833 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinction Between Interturn Short-Circuit Faults and Unbalanced Load in Transformers

by Raul A. Ortiz-Medina, David A. Aragon-Verduzco, Victor A. Maldonado-Ruelas, Juan C. Olivares-Galvan and Rafael Escalera-Perez

Appl. Syst. Innov. 2025, 8(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/asi8020050 (registering DOI) - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Transformers are essential in electrical networks, and their failure can lead to the shutdown of a section or the entire grid. This study proposes a combination of techniques for early fault detection, distinguishing between small load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits. An [...] Read more.

Transformers are essential in electrical networks, and their failure can lead to the shutdown of a section or the entire grid. This study proposes a combination of techniques for early fault detection, distinguishing between small load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits. An experimental setup was developed using a three-phase transformer bank with three single-phase dry-type transformers. One transformer was modified to create controlled short circuits of two and four turns and to simulate a load imbalance by reducing the winding by four turns. The main contribution of this research is the development of a combined diagnostic approach using instantaneous space phasor (ISP) spectral analysis and infrared thermal imaging to differentiate between load imbalances and incipient interturn short circuits in transformers. This method enhances early fault detection by identifying distinctive electrical and thermal signatures associated with each condition. The results could improve transformer monitoring, reducing the risk of failure and enhancing grid reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Control and Systems Engineering)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 16777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinforcement Learning Approach to Optimizing Profilometric Sensor Trajectories for Surface Inspection

by Sara Roos-Hoefgeest, Mario Roos-Hoefgeest, Ignacio Álvarez and Rafael C. González

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2271; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072271 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

High-precision surface defect detection in manufacturing often relies on laser triangulation profilometric sensors for detailed surface measurements, providing detailed and accurate surface measurements over a line. Accurate motion between the sensor and workpiece, usually managed by robotic systems, is critical for maintaining optimal [...] Read more.

High-precision surface defect detection in manufacturing often relies on laser triangulation profilometric sensors for detailed surface measurements, providing detailed and accurate surface measurements over a line. Accurate motion between the sensor and workpiece, usually managed by robotic systems, is critical for maintaining optimal distance and orientation. This paper introduces a novel Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach to optimize inspection trajectories for profilometric sensors based on the boustrophedon scanning method. The RL model dynamically adjusts sensor position and tilt to ensure consistent profile distribution and high-quality scanning. We use a simulated environment replicating real-world conditions, including sensor noise and surface irregularities, to plan trajectories offline using CAD models. Key contributions include designing a state space, action space, and reward function tailored for profilometric sensor inspection. The Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm trains the RL agent to optimize these trajectories effectively. Validation involves testing the model on various parts in simulation and performing real-world inspection with a UR3e robotic arm, demonstrating the approach’s practicality and effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Manufacturing and Measurement Sensors: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Phenotyping of Aged Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Using Dielectrophoresis

by Lexi L. C. Simpkins, Tunglin Tsai, Emmanuel Egun and Tayloria N. G. Adams

Micromachines 2025, 16(4), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16040435 - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine, but large-scale in vitro expansion alters their function, impacting proliferation and differentiation potential. Currently, a predictive marker to assess these changes is lacking. Here, we used dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize the electrical [...] Read more.

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine, but large-scale in vitro expansion alters their function, impacting proliferation and differentiation potential. Currently, a predictive marker to assess these changes is lacking. Here, we used dielectrophoresis (DEP) to characterize the electrical phenotype of hMSCs derived from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord (UC) as they aged in vitro from passage 4 (P4) to passage 9 (P9). The electrical phenotype was defined by the DEP spectra, membrane capacitance, and cytoplasm conductivity. Cell morphology and size, growth characteristics, adipogenic differentiation potential, and osteogenic differentiation potential were assessed alongside label-free biomarker membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity. Differentiation was confirmed by histological staining and RT-qPCR. All hMSCs exhibited typical morphology, though cell size varied, with UC-hMSCs displaying the largest variability across all size metrics. Growth analysis revealed that UC-hMSCs proliferated the fastest. The electrical phenotype varied with cell source and in vitro age, with high passage hMSCs showing noticeable shifts in DEP spectra, membrane capacitance, and cytoplasm conductivity. Correlation analysis revealed that population doubling level (PDL) correlated with membrane capacitance and cytoplasm conductivity, indicating PDL as a more precise marker of in vitro aging than passage number. Additionally, we demonstrate that membrane capacitance correlates with the osteogenic marker COL1A1 and that cytoplasm conductivity correlates with the adipogenic markers ADIPOQ and FABP4, suggesting that DEP-derived electrical properties serve as label-free biomarkers of differentiation potential. While DEP has previously been applied to BM-hMSCs and AT-hMSCs, and more recently to UC-hMSCs, few studies have provided a direct comparison across all three sources or tracked changes across continuous expansion. These findings underscore the utility of DEP as a label-free approach for assessing hMSC aging and function, offering practical applications for optimizing stem cell expansion and stem cell banking in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro/Nanotechnology for Cell Manipulation, Detection and Analysis)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Addition of Degradable Activators Enhances Sedum alfredii Phytoremediation Efficiency in Cd-Contaminated Soils

by Honggang Li, Ling Huang, Zhiliang Chen, Hang Wei, Mengqiang Sun, Xiaoqing Huang, Haochao Li and Qianjun Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073207 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is a critical environmental issue that requires urgent remediation. Sedum alfredii Hance, known for its high biomass, strong stress tolerance, and suitability for harvesting, serves as an excellent hyperaccumulator. This study used field experiments to investigate the enhancement of [...] Read more.

Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution is a critical environmental issue that requires urgent remediation. Sedum alfredii Hance, known for its high biomass, strong stress tolerance, and suitability for harvesting, serves as an excellent hyperaccumulator. This study used field experiments to investigate the enhancement of Cd phytoremediation in soil using three activators: citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), and polyaspartic acid (PASP). The results showed that the biomass of Sedum alfredii was increased by 8.95–28.37% by the addition of these activators, significantly boosting its Cd accumulation efficiency, with an average removal rate increase of 12%. Among all activators, CA exhibited the most substantial enhancement effect, with enrichment coefficients of 36.26% and 11.56% for the aboveground parts and roots of Sedum alfredii, respectively, and a 21.15% increase in the Cd removal rate. Although PASP had a less pronounced effect on biomass and Cd uptake, with decreases of 15.25% and 35.34% in the aboveground parts and roots, respectively, it significantly impacted soil Cd speciation and increased the activation rate by 20%. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neonatal Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis: Current Insights and Knowledge Gaps

by Enza D’Auria, Cristina Ferrigno, Stefano Pellicani, Anna Di Gallo, Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti, Massimo Agosti, Maria Elisabetta Baldassarre and Silvia Salvatore

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2461; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072461 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Acute and chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) has been well characterized in children; otherwise, neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES) remains poorly understood. In terms of pathophysiology, neonatal FPIES appears to have a more prevalent TH2 response and is characterized by specific clinical features that [...] Read more.

Acute and chronic Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome (FPIES) has been well characterized in children; otherwise, neonatal FPIES (N-FPIES) remains poorly understood. In terms of pathophysiology, neonatal FPIES appears to have a more prevalent TH2 response and is characterized by specific clinical features that make the diagnosis challenging. Genetic and environmental risk factors may predispose to the development of FPIES. Recent evidence indicates that a characteristic microbiota signature may lead to barrier dysfunction, reduced regulatory T cells, and abnormal intestinal production of serotonin, responsible for the symptoms of FPIES. Regarding clinical presentation, newborns with FPIES may not fully meet the current guideline’s diagnostic criteria at disease onset, being more similar to clinical entity specific of neonatal age than to acute FPIES in infants and children. Hence, differentiation from other neonatal medical and surgical conditions—particularly necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC)—remains a critical challenge for clinicians. This present review highlights our current understanding of N-FPIES, in term of pathophysiology, clinical presentation diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Refining diagnostic criteria for N-FPIES represents a clinical priority to help physicians in diagnosing and managing this challenging condition. Last, but not least, larger clinical trials are needed to optimize treatment practices in term and preterm newborns with FPIES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Clinical Advances in Pediatric Allergic Diseases)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 261 KiB

Open AccessReview

Weathering the Storm: How Age and Biologics Influence the COVID-19 Cytokine Surge

by Corine Astroth, Karishma S. Shah, Sudhanshu Agrawal and Anshu Agrawal

Pathogens 2025, 14(4), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14040346 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, first identified in December 2019, caused a global pandemic, resulting in over 6.8 million deaths by March 2023. The elderly, or individuals over 65, accounted for the majority of COVID-19 deaths, with 81% of fatalities in the US in 2020 occurring in [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2, first identified in December 2019, caused a global pandemic, resulting in over 6.8 million deaths by March 2023. The elderly, or individuals over 65, accounted for the majority of COVID-19 deaths, with 81% of fatalities in the US in 2020 occurring in this group. Beyond mortality, aging populations are also at higher risk of long-term cardiovascular complications and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Although these outcomes may be influenced by comorbidities common in the elderly, age has been found to be a standalone risk factor for severe COVID-19 infection. Therefore, investigating age-related factors in COVID-19 outcomes is crucial in protecting this vulnerable group. Of particular interest is the cytokine storm phenomenon, an excessive inflammatory response that contributes to severe COVID-19 symptoms, including ARDS and cardiovascular damage. Elevated levels of multiple cytokines are common in severe cases of COVID-19. We propose that changes that occur to cytokine profiles as we age may contribute to these aberrant inflammatory responses. This review specifically explored the interleukin class cytokines IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and IL-23 and considered the potential of biologics targeting these cytokines to alleviate severe outcomes in both COVID-19 and aging individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

17 pages, 4321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Time- and Space-Integrated Expansion Planning Method for AC/DC Hybrid Distribution Networks

by Yao Guo, Shaorong Wang and Dezhi Chen

Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072276 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The rapid growth of renewable energy and increasing electricity demand pose challenges to the reliability and flexibility of traditional distribution networks. To address these issues, the construction of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks (AC/DC-HDNs) based on existing AC grids has become a promising solution. [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of renewable energy and increasing electricity demand pose challenges to the reliability and flexibility of traditional distribution networks. To address these issues, the construction of AC/DC hybrid distribution networks (AC/DC-HDNs) based on existing AC grids has become a promising solution. However, planning the expansion of such networks faces challenges like complex device and line topologies, dynamic fluctuations in distributed generation (DG) and load, and high power electronics costs. This paper proposes a time- and space-integrated expansion planning method for AC/DC-HDNs. The approach builds a distribution grid model based on graph theory, integrating the spatial layouts of AC distribution lines, DGs, main grids, and loads, while capturing dynamic load and renewable energy generation characteristics through time-series analysis. A modified graph attention network (MGAT)-based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm is used for optimization, balancing economic and reliability objectives. The simulation results show that the modified algorithm outperforms traditional algorithm in terms of both training efficiency and stability, with a faster convergence and lower fluctuation in cumulative rewards. Additionally, the proposed algorithm consistently achieves higher cumulative rewards, demonstrating its effectiveness in optimizing the expansion planning of AC/DC-HDNs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epigenetic and Gene Expression Responses of Daphnia magna to Polyethylene and Polystyrene Microplastics

by Hyungjoon Im, Jieun Lee, Jeong-Eun Oh, Jinyoung Song and Sanghyun Jeong

Molecules 2025, 30(7), 1608; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071608 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs), ubiquitous environmental pollutants, pose substantial threats to aquatic ecosystems and organisms, including the model species Daphnia magna. This study examined the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on D. magna, focusing on their ingestion, epigenetic alterations, and [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs), ubiquitous environmental pollutants, pose substantial threats to aquatic ecosystems and organisms, including the model species Daphnia magna. This study examined the effects of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) MPs on D. magna, focusing on their ingestion, epigenetic alterations, and transcriptional responses. Exposure experiments revealed a concentration-dependent accumulation of MPs, with PS particles showing higher ingestion rates due to their higher density and propensity for aggregation. Epigenetic analyses demonstrated that exposure to PE MPs significantly reduced the global DNA methylation (5-mC) of Daphnia magna, suggesting hypomethylation as a potential stress response. Conversely, the DNA hydroxymethylation (5-hmC) of Daphnia magna displayed variability under PS exposure. Transcriptional analysis identified a marked downregulation of Vitellogenin 1 (v1) and upregulation of Ecdysone Receptor B (ecr-b), highlighting the occurrence of stress-related and adaptive molecular responses. These findings enhance our understanding of the molecular and epigenetic effects of MPs on aquatic organisms, offering critical insights for the development of effective environmental management and conservation strategies in the face of escalating MP pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tracing the Fate of Microplastics from Daily Activities to Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 793 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review on Immediate Implant Placement in Intact Versus Non-Intact Alveolar Sockets

by Axelle Ickroth, Véronique Christiaens, Jeremy Pitman and Jan Cosyn

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(7), 2462; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14072462 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare IIP in intact versus non-intact sockets in terms of buccal bone thickness. Methods: Two independent reviewers carried out an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane [...] Read more.

Objectives: The primary objective of this systematic review was to compare IIP in intact versus non-intact sockets in terms of buccal bone thickness. Methods: Two independent reviewers carried out an electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases as well as a manual search to identify eligible clinical studies up to June 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and case series on intact and/or non-intact sockets were included for analysis. The primary outcome was buccal bone thickness (BBT). Secondary outcomes were vertical midfacial soft tissue level change, pink esthetic score (PES), implant survival and complications. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Results: After screening 1001 unique titles and conducting manual searches, 20 articles reporting on 525 implants (intact: 265; non-intact: 260) in the anterior maxilla with a follow-up of up to 120 months were selected. The overall study quality was low, especially for non-intact sockets since only two RCTs could be found, and none demonstrated a low risk of bias. Meta-analyses were not feasible due to a lack of direct comparisons, and heterogeneity in terms of surgical approach, soft tissue handling, and restorative approach. BBT ranged between 1.10 and 3.18 mm (intact) and 1.18 and 3 mm (non-intact). Vertical midfacial soft tissue level change ranged between −0.13 and −0.58 mm (intact) and −0.03 and −0.59 mm (non-intact). Pink esthetic scores ranged between 10.48 and 12.80 (intact) and 9.25 and 12.43 (non-intact). Implant survival exceeded 90% in all studies and was 100% in the vast majority of the studies. Conclusions: This systematic review suggests a similar outcome of IIP in intact and non-intact sockets. However, the overall low study quality, a lack of direct comparisons, and heterogeneity rendered the comparison highly biased. Future studies should be conducted to establish an evidence-based treatment approach for IIP in non-intact sockets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Trends in Implant Dentistry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 46988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Landslide Mapping Along the Karakoram Highway Alternate Route in North Pakistan; Implications for the Expansion of China−Pakistan Economic Corridor

by Said Mukhtar Ahmad, Teng Wang, Mumtaz Muhammad Shah and Saad Khan

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1278; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071278 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Slowly moving active landslides threaten infrastructure, particularly along highway routes traversing active mountainous ranges. Detecting and characterizing such landslides in highly elevated mountainous terrains is challenging due to their inaccessibility, wide area coverage, limited approaches, and the complex nature of mass movements. In [...] Read more.

Slowly moving active landslides threaten infrastructure, particularly along highway routes traversing active mountainous ranges. Detecting and characterizing such landslides in highly elevated mountainous terrains is challenging due to their inaccessibility, wide area coverage, limited approaches, and the complex nature of mass movements. In this study, we processed Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar data acquired from 2015 to 2024 to detect active landslides along the Karakoram Highway alternate route (Chitral-Gilgit) and the Karakoram Highway part (Gilgit-Khunjerab). We detected 1037 active landslides in the study region using phase gradient stacking and a deep learning network. Based on the detection, we applied time series InSAR analysis to reveal the velocity and deformation series for some large-scale landslides, revealing high displacement rates with line-of-sight velocities reaching up to −81 mm/yr. We validated our detections by comparing them with Google Earth imagery and the previously published landslide inventories along the Karakoram Highway. This study reveals the spatial distribution of active landslides along the uplifted mountainous terrain, highlighting potentially unstable zones, and offers insights into hazard mitigation and risk analysis, especially for less monitored economic roads in orogenic zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Earth Observation Data)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 6202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Remote Sensing Reveals Multidecadal Trends in Coral Cover at Heron Reef, Australia

by David E. Carrasco Rivera, Faye F. Diederiks, Nicholas M. Hammerman, Timothy Staples, Eva Kovacs, Kathryn Markey and Chris M. Roelfsema

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071286 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Coral reefs are experiencing increasing disturbance regimes. The influence these disturbances have on coral reef health is traditionally captured through field-based monitoring, representing a very small reef area (<1%). Satellite-based observations offer the ability to up-scale the spatial extent of monitoring efforts to [...] Read more.

Coral reefs are experiencing increasing disturbance regimes. The influence these disturbances have on coral reef health is traditionally captured through field-based monitoring, representing a very small reef area (<1%). Satellite-based observations offer the ability to up-scale the spatial extent of monitoring efforts to larger reef areas, providing valuable insights into benthic trajectories through time. Our aim was to demonstrate a repeatable benthic habitat mapping approach integrating field and satellite data acquired annually over 21 years. With this dataset, we analyzed the trends in benthic composition for a shallow platform reef: Heron Reef, Australia. Annual benthic habitat maps were created for the period of 2002 to 2023, using a random forest classifier and object-based contextual editing, with annual in situ benthic data derived from geolocated photoquadrats and coincident high-spatial-resolution (2–5 m pixel size) multi-spectral satellite imagery. Field data that were not used for calibration were used to conduct accuracy assessments. The results demonstrated the capability of remote sensing to map the time series of benthic habitats with overall accuracies between 59 and 81%. We identified various ecological trajectories for the benthic types, such as decline and recovery, over time and space. These trajectories were derived from satellite data and compared with those from the field data. Remote sensing offered valuable insights at both reef and within-reef scales (i.e., geomorphic zones), complementing percentage cover data with precise surface area metrics. We demonstrated that monitoring benthic trajectories at the reef scale every 2 to 3 years effectively captured ecological trends, which is crucial for balancing resource allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Remote Sensing)

8 pages, 1311 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma in an Ulcerative Colitis Patient Under Short-Term Immunosuppressive Therapy: A Case Report

by Raffaele Pellegrino, Giuseppe Imperio, Michele Izzo, Ilaria De Costanzo, Fabio Landa, Paola Ciamarra, Marco Niosi, Antonietta Gerarda Gravina and Alessandro Federico

Clin. Pract. 2025, 15(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract15040075 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Renal cell cancer is a rare occurrence in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), with no clearly demonstrated association between UC and an increased risk of renal malignancies. In this article, a case report concerning this relationship is presented. Methods: Our research group [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Renal cell cancer is a rare occurrence in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), with no clearly demonstrated association between UC and an increased risk of renal malignancies. In this article, a case report concerning this relationship is presented. Methods: Our research group presented a case of clear cell renal carcinoma in a 56-year-old male with UC who had previously undergone ileorectal anastomosis and subtotal colectomy. Results: The patient developed a complex renal cyst that progressed to malignancy within one year while on immunosuppressive therapy with infliximab and then filgotinib. Previous ultrasound examinations of the kidney highlighted only simple cysts in the contralateral kidney in previous years. The neoplasm was promptly examined using contrast-enhanced ultrasound, confirming the diagnosis of a Bosniak IV cyst, which was corroborated by a subsequent computed tomography study. Conclusions: The patient underwent a nephrectomy and is currently scheduled for therapy with vedolizumab. Given the increasing use of biologics and small molecules in UC management, periodic ultrasound screening may be a valuable tool for the long-term monitoring of these patients. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 68175 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Making the Invisible Visible: The Applicability and Potential of Non-Invasive Methods in Pastoral Mountain Landscapes—New Results from Aerial Surveys and Geophysical Prospection at Shielings Across Møre and Romsdal, Norway

by Kristoffer Dahle, Dag-Øyvind Engtrø Solem, Magnar Mojaren Gran and Arne Anderson Stamnes

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071281 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

Shielings are seasonal settlements found in upland pastures across Scandinavia and the North Atlantic. New investigations across the county of Møre and Romsdal, Norway, demonstrate the existence of this transhumant system by the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Sub-terranean features in these [...] Read more.

Shielings are seasonal settlements found in upland pastures across Scandinavia and the North Atlantic. New investigations across the county of Møre and Romsdal, Norway, demonstrate the existence of this transhumant system by the Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Sub-terranean features in these pastoral mountain landscapes have been identified by remote sensing technologies, but non-invasive methods still face challenges in terms of practical applicability and in confirming the presence of archaeological sites. Generally, aerial surveys, such as LiDAR and image-based modelling, excel in documenting visual landscapes and may enhance detection of low-visibility features. Thermography may also detect shallow subsurface features but is limited by solar conditions and vegetation. Magnetic methods face challenges due to the heterogeneous moraine geology. Ground-penetrating radar has yielded better results but is highly impractical and inefficient in these remote and rough landscapes. Systematic soil coring or test-pitting remain the most reliable options for detecting these faint sites, yet non-invasive methods may offer a better understanding of the archaeological contexts—between the initial survey and the final excavation. Altogether, the study highlights the dependency on landscape, soil, and vegetation, emphasising the need to consider each method’s possibilities and limitations based on site environments and conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Remote Sensing in Cultural Heritage Research II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 823 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Diagnostic Resilience: Evaluation of Extraction Platforms and IndiMag Pathogen Kits for Rapid Animal Disease Detection

by Anne Vandenburg-Carroll, Douglas G. Marthaler and Ailam Lim

Microbiol. Res. 2025, 16(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres16040080 (registering DOI) - 3 Apr 2025

Abstract

The United States is facing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in birds and dairy cattle, along with threats of African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. While the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) depends on high-throughput testing, the [...] Read more.

The United States is facing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in birds and dairy cattle, along with threats of African swine fever, classical swine fever, and foot-and-mouth disease. While the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) depends on high-throughput testing, the KingFisher Duo Prime, IndiMag 48s, and IndiMag 2 are viable alternatives to aid in outbreak assessments. This study evaluates extraction platforms and the IndiMag Pathogen Kit for detecting the previous listed pathogens. Samples and reference materials were extracted using the MagMAX Viral RNA Isolation Kit, MagMAX CORE Nucleic Acid Purification Kit, and IndiMag Pathogen Kit. Real-time RT-PCR was performed following NAHLN protocols to assess analytical and diagnostic performance. Comparable limits of detection across extraction chemistries, instrumentation, and pathogens were demonstrated, with PCR efficiency ranging between 82.5% and 107.6%. The precision variability was low, with the coefficient of variation ranging from 0.16% to 1.76%. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 100%, with a kappa coefficient of 1.0, indicating strong agreement between methods. These findings support the KingFisher Duo Prime, IndiMag 48s, IndiMag 2, and IndiMag Pathogen Kits as reliable options for NAHLN-approved testing, increasing equipment and reagent alternatives to enhance diagnostic resilience and improve response capabilities to emerging animal health threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Microbiology and Diagnostics)

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI