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16 pages, 375 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Future of Undergraduate Education for Sustainable Development Goals: Impact of Perceived Flexibility and Attitudes on Self-Regulated Online Learning

by Kadir Demir

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6444; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156444 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of online learning, particularly in higher education institutions. This shift underscores the importance of sustainable education practices aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 4 emphasizes inclusive and equitable quality education, highlighting how online [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the adoption of online learning, particularly in higher education institutions. This shift underscores the importance of sustainable education practices aligned with the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). SDG 4 emphasizes inclusive and equitable quality education, highlighting how online learning environments can enhance accessibility and flexibility for students worldwide. SDG 9 underscores the role of technological advancements in education. SDG 10 focuses on reducing inequality within and among countries, and online education can bridge educational disparities by offering flexible learning options to diverse socioeconomic backgrounds. SDG 17 emphasizes the importance of partnerships, which have been crucial in developing effective online learning solutions. This study investigates the relationship between undergraduate students’ self-regulated online learning, perceived flexibility, and attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments at a state university in İzmir, Türkiye. Utilizing a survey-type correlational research model, data were collected from 300 undergraduate students. The results indicate that undergraduate students exhibit high-level self-regulation, perceive moderate flexibility, and hold positive attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments. The analysis showed that self-regulated online learning is moderately correlated with perceived flexibility and strongly correlated with attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments. These findings suggest that both perceived flexibility and positive attitudes towards the use of distance learning environments play important roles in predicting self-regulated online learning. This research provides valuable insights for educators and institutions aiming to enhance the online learning experience by promoting self-regulated learning behaviors and flexible learning environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Education for Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities of Transformative Learning and Teaching)

18 pages, 14309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An OVR-FWP-RF Machine Learning Algorithm for Identification of Abandoned Farmland in Hilly Areas Using Multispectral Remote Sensing Data

by Liangsong Wang, Qian Li, Youhan Wang, Kun Zeng and Haiying Wang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6443; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156443 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Serious farmland abandonment in hilly areas, and the resolution of commonly used satellite-borne remote sensing images are insufficient to meet the needs of identifying abandoned farmland in such regions. Furthermore, addressing the problem of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas with a certain [...] Read more.

Serious farmland abandonment in hilly areas, and the resolution of commonly used satellite-borne remote sensing images are insufficient to meet the needs of identifying abandoned farmland in such regions. Furthermore, addressing the problem of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas with a certain level of accuracy is a crucial issue in the research of extracting information on abandoned farmland patches from remote sensing images. Taking a typical hilly village as an example, this study utilizes airborne multispectral remote sensing images, incorporating various feature factors such as spectral characteristics and texture features. Aiming at the issue of identifying abandoned farmland in hilly areas, a method for extracting abandoned farmland based on the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm is proposed. Furthermore, two machine learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost, are also utilized for comparison. The results indicate that the overall accuracy (OA) of the OVR-FWP-RF, Random Forest, and XGboost classification algorithms have reached 92.66%, 90.55%, and 90.75%, respectively, with corresponding Kappa coefficients of 0.9064, 0.8796, and 0.8824. Therefore, by combining spectral features, texture features, and vegetation factors, the use of machine learning methods can improve the accuracy of identifying ground objects. Moreover, the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm outperforms the Random Forest and XGboost. Specifically, when using the OVR-FWP-RF algorithm to identify abandoned farmland, its producer accuracy (PA) is 3.22% and 0.71% higher than Random Forest and XGboost, respectively, while the user accuracy (UA) is also 5.27% and 6.68% higher, respectively. Therefore, OVR-FWP-RF can significantly improve the accuracy of abandoned farmland identification and other land use type recognition in hilly areas, providing a new method for abandoned farmland identification and other land type classification in hilly areas, as well as a useful reference for abandoned farmland identification research in other similar areas. Full article

19 pages, 3515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Carbonated Pyrolysis Oil Recycled from Scrap Tires on Metallurgical Efficiency of Coal Flotation

by Iman Hasanizadeh, Hamid Khoshdast, Mehdi Safari, Kaveh Asgari and Ahmad Rahmanian

Minerals 2024, 14(8), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14080765 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

This research assesses the effect of carbonated pyrolysis oil (CPO) derived from scrap car tires on the metallurgical efficiency of coal flotation as a flotation additive. Using a statistical experimental design, the influence of various operational variables, including solid percent of feed pulp [...] Read more.

This research assesses the effect of carbonated pyrolysis oil (CPO) derived from scrap car tires on the metallurgical efficiency of coal flotation as a flotation additive. Using a statistical experimental design, the influence of various operational variables, including solid percent of feed pulp and dosages of reagents, i.e., CPO as an additive, diesel oil as a collector, and pine oil as a frother, on the ash content and yield of the final concentrate were investigated. Experimental data vary significantly based on operational conditions, ranging from 6.6% ash content with a 15% yield to 19.1% ash content with a 76.8% yield. The composition of the pyrolysis oil was identified by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of experimental results demonstrated that almost all variables had a substantial effect on the flotation responses, positive or negative, depending on the variable or variable interaction. It was discovered that the usage of CPO intensified the total yield and ash content of concentrate in a nonlinear fashion in a range of 15% and 4%, respectively. The results revealed a non-selective interaction effect between CPO and pine oil, as well as competitive adsorption between diesel oil and CPO, which contributed to the curved behavior of flotation measurements. The detrimental effect of CPO on the flotation response of the studied coal sample was also related to the interaction of the hydrophilic groups in the CPO structure and the oxide groups of ash material in coal particles. This work shows the potential of carbonated pyrolysis oil to enhance coal flotation performance and sheds light on the underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)

19 pages, 5426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing HMI for Intelligent Electric Vehicles Using BCI and Deep Neural Networks with Genetic Algorithms

by Xinmin Jin, Jian Teng and Shaw-mung Lee

World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(8), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15080338 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

This study utilizes a brain—computer interface (BCI)—based deep neural network (DNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) method. This research explores the interaction design of the main control human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) for intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) by integrating neural network predictions with genetic algorithm [...] Read more.

This study utilizes a brain—computer interface (BCI)—based deep neural network (DNN) and genetic algorithm (GA) method. This research explores the interaction design of the main control human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) for intelligent electric vehicles (EVs) by integrating neural network predictions with genetic algorithm optimizations. Augmented reality (AR) was incorporated into the experimental setup to simulate real driving conditions, providing participants with an immersive and realistic experience. A comparative analysis of several models including the support vector machines-genetic algorithm (SVMs-GA), decision trees-genetic algorithm (DT-GA), particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (PSO-GA), and deep neural network-genetic algorithm (DNN-GA) was conducted. The results indicate that the DNN-GA model exhibited superior prediction accuracy with the lowest mean squared error (MSE) of 0.22 and mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.31. Additionally, the DNN-GA model demonstrated the shortest training time of 69.93 s, making it 4.5% more efficient than the PSO-GA model and 51.8% more efficient compared to the SVMs-GA model. This research focuses on promoting an innovative and efficient machine learning hybrid model with the goal of improving the efficiency of the human-machine interaction interfaces (HMIs) interface of intelligent electric vehicles. By optimizing the accuracy and response speed, the aim is to enhance the control interface and significantly improve user experience and usability. Full article

10 pages, 446 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aloe vera Cuticle: A Promising Organic Water-Retaining Agent for Agricultural Use

by Wilmer E. Luligo-Montealegre, Santiago Prado-Alzate, Alfredo Ayala-Aponte, Diego F. Tirado and Liliana Serna-Cock

Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080797 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Water is an important resource for both human and environmental survival. However, due to current human practices, we are facing a serious crisis in accessing water. Thus, solutions must be explored to optimize the use of this resource. In the search for an [...] Read more.

Water is an important resource for both human and environmental survival. However, due to current human practices, we are facing a serious crisis in accessing water. Thus, solutions must be explored to optimize the use of this resource. In the search for an organic water-retaining agent for agricultural use, the techno-functional properties of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) cuticle, an agro-industrial residue generated after gel extraction, were evaluated. The residue was dried and ground. The effects of particle size (180 µm and 250 µm), temperature (10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C), and pH (4.5, 6.0, and 7.0) on the solubility and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the obtained product (i.e., hydrogel) were then evaluated. The treatment with the highest WHC was selected and compared with the WHC of a commercial synthetic polyacrylamide gel widely used in agriculture. The effects of KNO₃ and Ca(NO₃)₂ at different concentrations (10 g L⁻¹, 20 g L⁻¹, 30 g L⁻¹, and 40 g L⁻¹) on the WHC of the gels were assessed. Particle size, temperature, and pH interactions had statistically significant effects on solubility, while the WHC was affected by particle size × temperature and pH × temperature interactions. The highest product solubility (75%) was obtained at the smallest particle size (i.e., 180 µm), pH 4.5, and 20 °C. Meanwhile, the highest WHC (18 g g⁻¹) was obtained at the largest particle size (i.e., 250 µm), pH 6.0, and 20 °C. This optimized gel kept its WHC across both salts and their concentrations. In contrast, the commercial gel significantly decreased its WHC with salt concentration. The product elaborated with A. vera cuticle could have bioeconomic potential as a water-retention agent for agricultural use, with the advantage that it is not affected by the addition of salts used for plant fertilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drought Stress and Crop Water Management in Sustainable Horticultural Production)

25 pages, 5779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Collembola Diversity across Vegetation Types of a Neotropical Island in a River Delta

by Maria Geovana de Mesquita Lima, Bruna Maria da Silva, Rudy Camilo Nunes, Alexandre de Oliveira Marques, Gleyce da Silva Medeiros, Fúlvio Aurélio de Morais Freire, Clécio Danilo Dias da Silva, Bruna Winck and Bruno Cavalcante Bellini

Diversity 2024, 16(8), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/d16080445 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Springtails, vital for ecosystem assessment, are often overshadowed by taxonomy-focused research, which mostly neglects their ecology and distribution, particularly in the Neotropical Region. The objective of this study was to identify how environmental factors, especially vegetation types, affect the availability of food resources [...] Read more.

Springtails, vital for ecosystem assessment, are often overshadowed by taxonomy-focused research, which mostly neglects their ecology and distribution, particularly in the Neotropical Region. The objective of this study was to identify how environmental factors, especially vegetation types, affect the availability of food resources for epiedaphic Collembola and influence their diversity patterns in three vegetation types (riparian forest, mangrove, and restinga) in the Canárias Island, in Delta do Parnaíba Environmental Protection Area, Brazil (APADP). We collected samples along 200 m transects in each vegetation type during the dry and rainy seasons. After, specimens were sorted, counted and identified. Alpha (species richness, Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou indices) and beta diversity (Whittaker index) were analyzed, along with environmental factors’ influence through Redundancy Analysis (RDA). We sampled a total of 5346 specimens, belonging to three orders, eight families, 23 genera, 31 morphospecies, and one nominal species. Species abundance was positively influenced by soil moisture, plant richness, and leaf litter. The riparian forest sheltered a higher species richness and diversity, and its biotic and abiotic factors likely enhanced the food resource availability, including vegetal organic matter, fungi, and bacteria. These results provide the first taxonomic and ecological data on the Collembola fauna in the APADP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Diversity)

16 pages, 786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Assessment of Green Poverty Reduction Strategies in Ecologically Fragile Areas: A Case Study of Southern Xinjiang in China

by Hongmei Chen, Weipeng Chao, Zhen Xue, Hanlin Wei and Qing Li

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156441 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Green poverty reduction is a strategic choice for China to bring ecological benefits as well as economic and social benefits. This study examines three typical models of green poverty reduction strategies in Southern Xinjiang, which is an ecologically fragile region. The data for [...] Read more.

Green poverty reduction is a strategic choice for China to bring ecological benefits as well as economic and social benefits. This study examines three typical models of green poverty reduction strategies in Southern Xinjiang, which is an ecologically fragile region. The data for calculating the comprehensive benefits of the three models were derived from satellite remote sensing data, regional forestry bureau statistics, and survey data from 2021. The economic benefits are calculated to measure the net profit of a certain type of cover such as the supply of timber, forest products, and crops. The ecological benefits are calculated to measure the improvement in water resource regulation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration, windbreak and sand fixation, biodiversity conservation, and landscape recreation. The social benefits include providing employment opportunities and government subsidy. The comprehensive benefits are a weighted average over individual benefit categories. We found that the comprehensive benefits of the composite forest model, the drought-resistant crop model, and the industrial transformation model are CNY 288 million, CNY 50 million, and CNY 545 million, respectively. The composite forest model and the industrial transformation model have greater ecological benefits, while the drought-resistant crop model has greater economic benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable and Green Economy Transformation)

27 pages, 2611 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Battery to Assess “Cool” and “Hot” Executive Functions: Sensitivity to Age Differences in Middle Childhood

by Laura Fernández-García, Jessica Phillips-Silver and María Teresa Daza González

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(8), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14080755 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The main goal of the current work was to assess the age sensitivity of a novel battery of cool and hot Executive Function (EF) tasks developed for the middle childhood period: the Executive Brain Battery (EBB). To this end, we carried out a [...] Read more.

The main goal of the current work was to assess the age sensitivity of a novel battery of cool and hot Executive Function (EF) tasks developed for the middle childhood period: the Executive Brain Battery (EBB). To this end, we carried out a first study in which the EBB was administered to six age groups ranging from 6 to 11. Additionally, in a second study, we compared children at the end of middle childhood (age 11 years) and adult performance in the EBB. Results showed that tasks included in the EBB were suitable for all age groups, with more age-related changes being found in cool than hot EF tasks. Moreover, at the end of middle childhood, children reach an adult-like performance in most of these cool and hot tasks. The present findings extend previous research suggesting that cool and hot EFs exhibit different patterns of age-related growth in middle childhood. Additionally, the EEB could become a useful tool for research on EFs during middle childhood that could be adapted for a wide range of populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Neuroscience)

17 pages, 1697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Defying Gravity to Enhance Power Output and Conversion Efficiency in a Vertically Oriented Four-Electrode Microfluidic Microbial Fuel Cell

by Linlin Liu, Haleh Baghernavehsi and Jesse Greener

Micromachines 2024, 15(8), 961; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15080961 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

High power output and high conversion efficiency are crucial parameters for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In our previous work, we worked with microfluidic MFCs to study fundamentals related to the power density of the MFCs, but nutrient consumption was limited to one side [...] Read more.

High power output and high conversion efficiency are crucial parameters for microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In our previous work, we worked with microfluidic MFCs to study fundamentals related to the power density of the MFCs, but nutrient consumption was limited to one side of the microchannel (the electrode layer) due to diffusion limitations. In this work, long-term experiments were conducted on a new four-electrode microfluidic MFC design, which grew Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms on upward- and downward-facing electrodes in the microchannel. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing electroactive biofilm (EAB) growth experiencing the influence of opposing gravitational fields. It was discovered that inoculation and growth of the EAB did not proceed as fast at the downward-facing anode, which we hypothesize to be due to gravity effects that negatively impacted bacterial settling on that surface. Rotating the device during the growth phase resulted in uniform and strong outputs from both sides, yielding individual power densities of 4.03 and 4.13 W m⁻², which increased to nearly double when the top- and bottom-side electrodes were operated in parallel as a single four-electrode MFC. Similarly, acetate consumption could be doubled with the four electrodes operated in parallel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E：Engineering and Technology)

38 pages, 2117 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Prophylactic Tropisetron on Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting in Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis

by In Jung Kim, Geun Joo Choi, Hyeon Joung Hwang and Hyun Kang

J. Pers. Med. 2024, 14(8), 797; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14080797 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with trial sequential analysis (TSA) aimed to comprehensively evaluate and compare the efficacy of the prophylactic administration of tropisetron in the prevention of the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients [...] Read more.

This systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with trial sequential analysis (TSA) aimed to comprehensively evaluate and compare the efficacy of the prophylactic administration of tropisetron in the prevention of the incidence of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in patients undergoing surgery under general anesthesia. This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024372692). RCTs comparing the efficacy of the perioperative administration of tropisetron with that of a placebo, other anti-emetic agents, or a combination of anti-emetic injections were retrieved from the databases of Ovid-MEDLINE, Ovid-EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar. The frequency of rescue anti-emetic use (RA) and the incidence of PON, POV, and PONV (relative risk [RR]: 0.718; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.652–0.790; I²= 0.0, RR: 0.587; 95% CI 0.455–0.757; I²= 63.32, RR: 0.655; 95% CI 0.532–0.806; I²= 49.09, and RR: 0.622; 95% CI 0.552–0.700; I²= 0.00, respectively) in the tropisetron group were lower than those in the control group; however, the incidence of complete response (CR) was higher in the tropisetron group (RR: 1.517;95% CI 1.222–1.885; I²= 44.14). TSA showed the cumulative Z-curve exceeded both the conventional test and trial sequential monitoring boundaries for RA, PON, POV, and PONV between the tropisetron group and the control group. Thus, the prophylactic administration of tropisetron exhibited superior efficacy in the prevention of PON, POV, and PONV. Furthermore, a lower incidence of RA and a higher incidence of CR were observed with its use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Personalized Medicine for Anesthesia and Pain)

17 pages, 3730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biodegradation of Crude Oil by Nitrate-Reducing, Sulfate-Reducing, and Methanogenic Microbial Communities under High-Pressure Conditions

by Lu Wang, Yong Nie, Xinglong Chen, Jinbo Xu, Zemin Ji, Wenfeng Song, Xiaofang Wei, Xinmin Song and Xiao-Lei Wu

Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1543; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081543 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is an important component in many national net-zero strategies, and ensuring that CO₂ can be safely and economically stored in geological systems is critical. Recent discoveries have shown that microbial processes (e.g., methanogenesis) can modify fluid [...] Read more.

Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is an important component in many national net-zero strategies, and ensuring that CO₂ can be safely and economically stored in geological systems is critical. Recent discoveries have shown that microbial processes (e.g., methanogenesis) can modify fluid composition and fluid dynamics within the storage reservoir. Oil reservoirs are under high pressure, but the influence of pressure on the petroleum microbial community has been previously overlooked. To better understand microbial community dynamics in deep oil reservoirs, we designed an experiment to examine the effect of high pressure (12 megapascals [MPa], 60 °C) on nitrate-reducing, sulfate-reducing, and methanogenic enrichment cultures. Cultures were exposed to these conditions for 90 d and compared with a control exposed to atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa, 60 °C). The degradation characteristic oil compounds were confirmed by thin-layer analysis of oil SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) family component rods. We found that the asphaltene component in crude oil was biodegraded under high pressure, but the concentration of asphaltenes increased under atmospheric pressure. Gas chromatography analyses of saturates showed that short-chain saturates (C8–C12) were biodegraded under high and atmospheric pressure, especially in the methanogenic enrichment culture under high pressure (the ratio of change was −81%), resulting in an increased relative abundance of medium- and long-chain saturates. In the nitrate-reducing and sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures, long-chain saturates (C22–C32) were biodegraded in cultures exposed to high-pressure and anaerobic conditions, with a ratio of change of −8.0% and −2.3%, respectively. However, the relative proportion of long-chain saturates (C22–C32) increased under atmospheric pressure. Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses of aromatics showed that several naphthalene series compounds (naphthalene, C1-naphthalene, and C2-naphthalene) were biodegraded in the sulfate-reducing enrichment under both atmospheric pressure and high pressure. Our study has discerned the linkages between the biodegradation characteristics of crude oil and pressures, which is important for the future application of bioenergy with CCUS (bio-CCUS). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Microbiology in China (2023–2024))

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22 pages, 3662 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Basalt Fibers versus Plant Fibers: The Effect of Fiber-Reinforced Red Clay on Shear Strength and Thermophysical Properties under Freeze–Thaw Conditions

by Tunasheng Wu, Junhong Yuan, Feng Wang, Qiansheng He, Baoyu Huang, Linghong Kong and Zhan Huang

Sustainability 2024, 16(15), 6440; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156440 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Freeze–thaw cycling has a significant impact on the energy utilization and stability of roadbed fill. Given the good performance of basalt fiber (BF) and plant fiber (PF), a series of indoor tests are conducted on fiber-reinforced red clay (RC) specimens to analyze the [...] Read more.

Freeze–thaw cycling has a significant impact on the energy utilization and stability of roadbed fill. Given the good performance of basalt fiber (BF) and plant fiber (PF), a series of indoor tests are conducted on fiber-reinforced red clay (RC) specimens to analyze the shear strength, thermophysical, and microstructural changes and damage mechanisms of the RC under the freeze–thaw cycle–BF coupling, meanwhile, comparing the improvement effect of PF. The results indicate that the RC cohesion (c) first increases and then decreases with the increasing fiber content under BF improvement, reaching the maximum value at the content of 2%, and the change in the internal friction angle (φ) is relatively small. As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, cohesion (c) first decreases and then gradually stabilizes. The thermal conductivity increases with increasing moisture content, and the thermal effusivity increases and then decreases with increasing moisture content and fiber content. The heat storage capacity reaches the optimum level at a moisture content of 22.5% and a fiber content of 1%. Microanalysis reveals that at 2% fiber content, a fiber network structure is initially formed, and the gripping effect is optimal. The shear strength of PF-improved soil is higher than that of BF at a fiber content of 4–6%, and the thermal conductivity is better than that of BF. At the same fiber content, the heat storage and insulation capacity of BF-improved soil is significantly higher than that of PF. Full article

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16 pages, 473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Executive Functioning Profiles in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Parent–Child Outcomes

by Ana Pardo-Salamanca, Daniela Paoletti, Gemma Pastor-Cerezuela, Simona De Stasio and Carmen Berenguer

Children 2024, 11(8), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080909 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit more executive function (EF) deficits compared to typically developing (TD) peers. EF deficits are linked to various impairments in daily functioning and increased parental stress. The first aim of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit more executive function (EF) deficits compared to typically developing (TD) peers. EF deficits are linked to various impairments in daily functioning and increased parental stress. The first aim of the present study is to investigate EFs in children with ASD and ADHD compared to their TD peers. The second aim is to explore profiles of executive functions in children with ASD and ADHD and, finally, to determine the differences of EF profiles in relation to parental stress and children’s functional impairments. Methods: The sample comprised 30 TD children, 47 children with ASD, and 34 children with ADHD, aged 8 to 12 years. Parents completed questionnaires of parenting stress, and children’s social and daily-life functioning. Parents and teachers reported information about children’s EF. Results: The results indicated significantly greater impairment of EFs in the clinical groups compared to the TD group. Moreover, three distinct clusters of functioning were identified based on the severity of reported EF difficulties. The significant findings showed that children with more severe EF profiles were associated with greater daily impairment and higher levels of perceived parental stress. Conclusions: Given the impact of EF deficits on the lives of children with ASD and ADHD and their families, it is crucial that studies like this enhance our understanding and inspire future interventions aimed at improving executive functions in children with ASD and ADHD. Such interventions could help reduce parental stress and improve daily functioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Advances in Social-Cognitive and Educational Processes)

21 pages, 3805 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combining Optimization and Simulation for Next-Generation Off-Road Vehicle E/E Architectural Design

by Cristian Bianchi, Rosario Merlino and Roberto Passerone

Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4889; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154889 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The automotive industry, with particular reference to the off-road sector, is facing several challenges, including the integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs), the introduction of autonomous driving capabilities, and system-specific requirements that are different from the traditional car market. Current vehicular electrical–electronic [...] Read more.

The automotive industry, with particular reference to the off-road sector, is facing several challenges, including the integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADASs), the introduction of autonomous driving capabilities, and system-specific requirements that are different from the traditional car market. Current vehicular electrical–electronic (E/E) architectures are unable to support the amount of data for new vehicle functionalities, requiring the transition to zonal architectures, new communication standards, and the adoption of Drive-by-Wire technologies. In this work, we propose an automated methodology for next-generation off-road vehicle E/E architectural design. Starting from the regulatory requirements, we use a MILP-based optimizer to find candidate solutions, a discrete event simulator to validate their feasibility, and an ascent-based gradient method to reformulate the constraints for the optimizer in order to converge to the final architectural solution. We evaluate the results in terms of latency, jitter, and network load, as well as provide a Pareto analysis that includes power consumption, cost, and system weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Communication, and Control of Autonomous Vehicle Systems)

11 pages, 1453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Processing-in-Memory System Based on RISC-V Instruction Set Architecture

by Jihwan Lim, Jeonghun Son and Hoyoung Yoo

Electronics 2024, 13(15), 2971; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13152971 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

A lot of research on deep learning and big data has led to efficient methods for processing large volumes of data and research on conserving computing resources. Particularly in domains like the IoT (Internet of Things), where the computing power is constrained, efficiently [...] Read more.

A lot of research on deep learning and big data has led to efficient methods for processing large volumes of data and research on conserving computing resources. Particularly in domains like the IoT (Internet of Things), where the computing power is constrained, efficiently processing large volumes of data to conserve resources is crucial. The processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture was introduced as a method for efficient large-scale data processing. However, PIM focuses on changes within the memory itself rather than addressing the needs of low-cost solutions such as the IoT. This paper proposes a new approach using the PIM architecture to overcome memory bottlenecks effectively in domains with computing performance constraints. We adopt the RISC-V instruction set architecture for our proposed PIM system’s design, implementation, and comprehensive performance evaluation. Our proposal expects to efficiently utilize low-spec systems like the IoT by minimizing core modifications and introducing PIM instructions at the ISA level to enable solutions that leverage PIM capabilities. We evaluate the performance of our proposed architecture by comparing it with existing structures using convolution operations, the fundamental unit of deep-learning and big data computations. The experimental results show our proposed structure achieves a 34.4% improvement in processing speed and 18% improvement in power consumption compared to conventional von Neumann-based architectures. This substantiates its effectiveness at the application level, extending to fields such as deep learning and big data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Embedded Systems for Neural Network Applications)

7 pages, 1055 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

The Mitogenome of the Subarctic Octocoral Alcyonium digitatum Reveals a Putative tRNA^Pro Gene Nested within MutS

by Alisa Heuchel, Åse Emblem, Tor Erik Jørgensen, Truls Moum and Steinar Daae Johansen

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2024, 46(8), 8104-8110; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46080479 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

We sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of a Norwegian isolate of the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum using the Ion Torrent sequencing technology. The 18,790 bp circular mitochondrial genome was found to harbor the same set of 17 genes, which encode 14 protein subunits, [...] Read more.

We sequenced and analyzed the complete mitogenome of a Norwegian isolate of the octocoral Alcyonium digitatum using the Ion Torrent sequencing technology. The 18,790 bp circular mitochondrial genome was found to harbor the same set of 17 genes, which encode 14 protein subunits, two structural ribosomal RNAs and one tRNA, as reported in other octocorals. In addition, we detected a new tRNA^Pro-like gene sequence nested within the MutS protein coding region. This putative tRNA gene feature appears to be conserved among the octocorals but has not been reported previously. The A. digitatum mitogenome was also shown to harbor an optional gene (ORFA) that encodes a putative protein of 191 amino acids with unknown function. A mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis, presented as a maximum likelihood tree, showed that A. digitatum clustered with high statistical confidence with two other Alcyonium species endemic to the Mediterranean Sea and the Southeast Pacific Ocean. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondrial Genome 2024)

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16 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the TIFY Gene Family in Three Cymbidium Species and Its Response to Heat Stress in Cymbidium goeringii

by Meng-Meng Zhang, Xin He, Ye Huang, Qinyao Zheng, Xuewei Zhao, Linying Wang, Zhong-Jian Liu and Siren Lan

Horticulturae 2024, 10(8), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080796 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The Cymbidium species have certain ornamental and ecological value. However, the characteristics and functions of TIFY genes in Cymbidium remain [...] Read more.

The TIFY family is a plant-specific gene family that is involved in regulating a variety of plant processes, including developmental and defense responses. The Cymbidium species have certain ornamental and ecological value. However, the characteristics and functions of TIFY genes in Cymbidium remain poorly understood. This study conducted a genome analysis of the TIFY gene family in Cymbidium goeringii, C. ensifolium, and C. sinense and investigated their physicochemical properties, phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and expression patterns under heat stress in C. goeringii. C. goeringii (26), C. ensifolium (19), and C. sinense (21). A total of 66 TIFY genes were identified, and they were classified into four subfamilies (JAZ, ZML, PPD, and TIFY) based on their systematic evolutionary relationships. Sequence analysis showed that TIFYs contained a conserved TIFY domain and that genes within the same subfamily had structural similarity. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed that these genes contain numerous light-responsive elements and stress-responsive elements. We subjected C. goeringii (16 h light/8 h dark) to 24 h of 38 °C high-temperature stress in a climate chamber. Additionally, results from RT-qPCR experiments showed that under heat stress, the expression levels of eight genes in C. goeringii show significant differences. Among them, the JAZ subfamily exhibited the strongest response to heat stress, initially showing upregulation followed by a downregulation trend. In conclusion, this study investigated the role of TIFY genes in three Cymbidium species, providing insights into C. goeringii under heat stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

20 pages, 4420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Metabolomics Study on the Impact of Different CRF Levels on MetS Risk Factors

by Xiaoxiao Fei, Qiqi Huang and Jiashi Lin

Metabolites 2024, 14(8), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080415 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

To investigate the metabolomic mechanisms by which changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels affect metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors and to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of body metabolism via CRF in people with MetS risk factors, a comparative blood metabolomics [...] Read more.

To investigate the metabolomic mechanisms by which changes in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels affect metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors and to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of body metabolism via CRF in people with MetS risk factors, a comparative blood metabolomics study of individuals with varying levels of CRF and varying degrees of risk factors for MetS was conducted. Methods: Ninety subjects between the ages of 40 and 45 were enrolled, and they were categorized into low-MetS (LM ≤ two items) and high MetS (HM > three items) groups, as well as low- and high-CRF (LC, HC) and LCLM, LCLM, LCHM, and HCHM groups. Plasma was taken from the early morning abdominal venous blood. LC-MS was conducted using untargeted metabolomics technology, and the data were statistically and graphically evaluated using SPSS26.0 and R language. Results: (1) There were eight common differential metabolites in the HC vs. LC group as follows: methionine (↓), γ-aminobutyric acid (↑), 2-oxoglutatic acid (↑), arginine (↑), serine (↑), cis-aconitic acid (↑), glutamine (↓), and valine (↓); the HM vs. LM group are contrast. (2) In the HCHM vs. LCLM group, trends were observed in 2-oxoglutatic acid (↑), arginine (↑), serine (↑), cis-aconitic acid (↑), glutamine (↓), and valine (↓). (3) CRF and MetS risk factors jointly affect biological metabolic pathways such as arginine biosynthesis, TCA cycle, cysteine and methionine metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism. Conclusion: The eight common differential metabolites can serve as potential biomarkers for distinguishing individuals with different CRF levels and varying degrees of MetS risk factors. Increasing CRF levels may potentially mitigate MetS risk factors, as higher CRF levels are associated with reduced MetS risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interactions between Exercise Physiology and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of All-Desert Sand Concrete Aggregate Based on Dinger–Funk Equation

by Yong Huang, Rui Yu, Jian Sun, Yubin Liu, Siyu Luo and Sining Li

Buildings 2024, 14(8), 2332; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14082332 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

In recent years, with the development of the construction industry and the wide application of concrete materials, the demand for natural resources such as sand and gravel in China has continued to grow. The Xinjiang region is rich in natural desert sand resources [...] Read more.

In recent years, with the development of the construction industry and the wide application of concrete materials, the demand for natural resources such as sand and gravel in China has continued to grow. The Xinjiang region is rich in natural desert sand resources due to its large desert area, which are inexpensive and easy to obtain, providing new possibilities for the production of concrete materials. The use of natural desert sand as concrete aggregate not only reduces the cost of construction but also contributes to the protection of the environment and the rational development and utilization of natural resources. However, poor particle gradation in natural desert sand leads to poor concrete properties. In this study, the Dinger–Funk equation was used to optimize the aggregate gradation of natural desert sand from Toksun, Xinjiang, and concrete specimens were prepared for mechanical properties and sulfate erosion resistance tests. The test results show that the four groups of aggregates optimized by the Dinger–Funk equation are better than the single gradation and natural gradation in terms of apparent density, bulk density, void ratio, mechanical properties, and durability of concrete. Where the distribution modulus n = 0.3 was the best, the compressive strength, splitting strength, and flexural strength were increased by 13.14%, 15.71%, and 11.08%, respectively, as compared to the natural gradation. After 90 sulfate erosion and dry–wet cycles, the mass change rate and relative dynamic elastic modulus of concrete specimens first increased and then decreased, and at the distribution modulus n = 0.3, the aggregate particles of 0.3–0.6 mm, 0.6–1.18 mm, and 1.18–2.36 mm accounted for 26.98%, 32.33%, and 40.69%, respectively, and the smallest of the mass change rates of durability was the best. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Materials, and Repair & Renovation)

13 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing the Diversion Effect of Debris Flow in Cross Channels Utilizing Two-Phase Flow Theory and the Principle of Energy Conservation

by Xingshuo Xu, Chang Zhou, Yansi Tan, Debin Chen, Jing Fu, Chen Chai and Longfei Liang

Water 2024, 16(15), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16152134 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The movement process of debris flow in the complex roads system is important for risk evaluation and emergency rescue. This paper presents an in-depth study of the diversion effect of debris flow in cross channels, a common branching structure in both natural and [...] Read more.

The movement process of debris flow in the complex roads system is important for risk evaluation and emergency rescue. This paper presents an in-depth study of the diversion effect of debris flow in cross channels, a common branching structure in both natural and engineered environments, especially in the field of urban debris flow prevention. A mathematical model is established based on the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, and a solid–liquid two-phase motion equation for debris flow is derived from two-phase flow theory. A numerical solution method, combining the finite difference method and finite volume method, is employed to discretize and solve the equation. The model’s validity and effectiveness are confirmed through a numerical simulation of a typical engineering case and comparison with existing experimental data or theoretical results. This study reveals that debris flow at cross channels exhibits a diversion phenomenon, with some debris flow continuing downstream along the main channel and some diverting into the branch channel. The diversion rate, defined as the ratio of outlet flow to inlet flow of the branch channel, indicates the magnitude of this effect. This research shows that the solid–liquid ratio, inflow, width ratio, height ratio, and angle of the cross channel significantly impact the diversion effect. A series of numerical simulations are conducted by altering these parameters as well as the physical properties of debris flow and boundary conditions. These simulations analyze changes in flow rate, velocity, pressure, and other parameters of debris flow at cross channels, providing insights into the factors and mechanisms influencing the diversion effect. This research offers a robust instrument for comprehending and forecasting the dynamics of urban debris flows. It contributes significantly to mitigating the effects of debris flows on city infrastructure and enhancing the safety of city dwellers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Water-induced Landslide Hazard Risk Forecasting and Assessment)

24 pages, 5627 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proactive Threat Hunting in Critical Infrastructure Protection through Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithm Application

by Ali Shan and Seunghwan Myeong

Sensors 2024, 24(15), 4888; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154888 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Cyber-security challenges are growing globally and are specifically targeting critical infrastructure. Conventional countermeasure practices are insufficient to provide proactive threat hunting. In this study, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), AdaBoost, and hybrid models were applied for proactive threat [...] Read more.

Cyber-security challenges are growing globally and are specifically targeting critical infrastructure. Conventional countermeasure practices are insufficient to provide proactive threat hunting. In this study, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), AdaBoost, and hybrid models were applied for proactive threat hunting. By automating detection, the hybrid machine learning-based method improves threat hunting and frees up time to concentrate on high-risk warnings. These models are implemented on approach devices, access, and principal servers. The efficacy of several models, including hybrid approaches, is assessed. The findings of these studies are that the AdaBoost model provides the highest efficiency, with a 0.98 ROC area and 95.7% accuracy, detecting 146 threats with 29 false positives. Similarly, the random forest model achieved a 0.98 area under the ROC curve and a 95% overall accuracy, accurately identifying 132 threats and reducing false positives to 31. The hybrid model exhibited promise with a 0.89 ROC area and 94.9% accuracy, though it requires further refinement to lower its false positive rate. This research emphasizes the role of machine learning in improving cyber-security, particularly for critical infrastructure. Advanced ML techniques enhance threat detection and response times, and their continuous learning ability ensures adaptability to new threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence and Sensors Technology in Smart Cities)

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20 pages, 1253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating Ammonia Toxicity and Growth Kinetics of Four Different Microalgae Species

by Umut Metin and Mahmut Altınbaş

Microorganisms 2024, 12(8), 1542; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12081542 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

Although wastewater with high ammonia concentration is an ideal alternative environment for microalgae cultivation, high ammonia concentrations are toxic to microalgae and inhibit microalgae growth. In this study, the ammonia responses of four widely used microalgae species were investigated. Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella [...] Read more.

Although wastewater with high ammonia concentration is an ideal alternative environment for microalgae cultivation, high ammonia concentrations are toxic to microalgae and inhibit microalgae growth. In this study, the ammonia responses of four widely used microalgae species were investigated. Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella minutissima, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arthrospira platensis were grown in batch reactors maintained at seven different NH₄Cl concentrations at a constant pH of 8. Growth and nitrogen removal kinetics were monitored. IC₅₀ values for the mentioned species were found as 34.82 mg-FA/L, 30.17 mg-FA/L, 27.2 mg-FA/L and 44.44 mg-FA/L, respectively, while specific growth rates for different ammonia concentrations ranged between 0.148 and 1.271 d⁻¹. C. vulgaris demonstrated the highest biomass growth under an ammonia concentration of 1700.95 mg/L. The highest removal of nitrogen was observed for A. platensis with an efficiency of 99.1%. The results showed that all tested species could grow without inhibition in ammonia levels comparable to those found in municipal wastewater. Furthermore, it has been concluded that species C. vulgaris and A. platensis can tolerate high ammonia levels similar to those found in high strength wastewaters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Application Potential of Microalgae in Green Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accumulation Characteristics of Natural Ophiocordyceps sinensis Metabolites Driven by Environmental Factors

by Tao Wang, Chuyu Tang, Jianbo Chen, Jing Liang, Yuling Li and Xiuzhang Li

Metabolites 2024, 14(8), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo14080414 (registering DOI) - 27 Jul 2024

Abstract

The environment is an important factor affecting the composition and abundance of metabolites in O. sinensis, which indirectly determines its edible function and medicinal potential. This study integrated metabolomics and redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze the metabolite profile characteristics and key environmental [...] Read more.

The environment is an important factor affecting the composition and abundance of metabolites in O. sinensis, which indirectly determines its edible function and medicinal potential. This study integrated metabolomics and redundancy analysis (RDA) to analyze the metabolite profile characteristics and key environmental factors influencing O. sinensis in various production areas. A total of 700 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, primarily comprising lipids, organic acids, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Results from hierarchical cluster analysis and KEGG indicated distinct accumulation patterns of these DAMs in O. sinensis from different regions, with enrichment in pathways such as tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism. Environmental factors like annual mean precipitation, pH, temperature, and altitude were found to significantly influence metabolite composition, particularly lipids, organic acids, and nucleosides. Overall, this study highlights the impact of environmental factors on metabolite diversity in O. sinensis and sheds light on the evolutionary processes shaping its metabolic landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Exposures and Metabolic Disorders: Mechanisms, Biomarkers and Intervention Strategies)

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