Journal Description
Horticulturae
Horticulturae
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal published monthly online by MDPI. The Spanish Society of Horticultural Sciences (SECH) is affiliated with Horticulturae and its members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubAg, AGRIS, FSTA, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Horticulture) / CiteScore - Q2 (Horticulture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.7 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
3.1 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Combining Transcriptome- and Metabolome-Analyzed Differentially Expressed Genes and Differential Metabolites in Development Period of Caoyuanheimo-1 (Agaricus sp.) from Inner Mongolia, China
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050469 - 03 May 2024
Abstract
Caoyuanheimo-1 (Agaricus sp.) is a delectable mushroom native to Inner Mongolia, China, belonging to the Agaricus genus and valued for both its edible and medicinal properties. Although it has been cultivated to a certain extent, the molecular mechanisms regulating its development remain
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Caoyuanheimo-1 (Agaricus sp.) is a delectable mushroom native to Inner Mongolia, China, belonging to the Agaricus genus and valued for both its edible and medicinal properties. Although it has been cultivated to a certain extent, the molecular mechanisms regulating its development remain poorly understood. Building on our understanding of its growth and development conditions at various stages, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic studies to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and metabolites throughout its growth cycle. Simultaneously, we analyzed the synthesis pathways and identified several key genes involved in the production of terpenoids, which are secondary metabolites with medicinal value widely found in mushrooms. A total of 6843 unigenes were annotated, and 449 metabolites were detected in our study. Many of these metabolites and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids, such as arginine, cysteine, methionine, and other amino acids, which indicates that the genes related to amino acid metabolism may play an important role in the fruiting body development of Caoyuanheimo-1. Succinic acid also showed a significant positive correlation with the transcriptional level changes of nine genes, including laccase-1 (TRINITY_DN5510_c0_g1), fruiting body protein SC3 (TRINITY_DN3577_c0_g1), and zinc-binding dihydrogenase (TRINITY_DN2099_c0_g1), etc. Additionally, seventeen terpenoids and terpenoid-related substances were identified, comprising five terpenoid glycosides, three monoterpenoids, two diterpenoids, one sesquiterpenoid, one sesterterpenoid, two terpenoid lactones, and three triterpenoids. The expression levels of the genes related to terpenoid synthesis varied across the three developmental stages.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Edible Mushroom Industry: A Vital Component in Horticultural Production)
Open AccessArticle
An Analysis of the Main Nutrient Components of the Fruits of Different Macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) Cultivars in Rocky Desertification Areas and a Comprehensive Evaluation of the Mineral Element Contents
by
Zhuanmiao Kang, Guangzheng Guo, Fengping He, Hui Zeng, Xinghao Tu and Wenlin Wang
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050468 - 03 May 2024
Abstract
This study aims to understand the main nutrient composition and comprehensively evaluate the differences in the mineral element contents of fruits of different macadamia cultivars, as well as screen good cultivars that are suitable for use in rocky desert mountains. Nine macadamia nut
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This study aims to understand the main nutrient composition and comprehensively evaluate the differences in the mineral element contents of fruits of different macadamia cultivars, as well as screen good cultivars that are suitable for use in rocky desert mountains. Nine macadamia nut cultivars were selected as test materials in rocky desert mountain orchards. The contents of crude fat, crude protein, and total soluble sugar in kernels and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B in peels and kernels were determined, respectively. Then, the kernels’ mineral element contents were comprehensively evaluated based on principal component analysis. The results showed that the kernels were rich in crude fat, protein, and soluble sugar, with the crude fat content reaching 75% or greater, and the variation among cultivars was small. However, the variation in soluble sugar content was extensive. The content of mineral elements varied in different cultivars and parts of the fruit, with the average macronutrient content being K > N > Ca > P > Mg in the pericarp and N > K > P > Mg > Ca in the kernel, and the content of micronutrients in the pericarp and the kernel being Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > B. By principal component analysis, the 10 mineral nutrient indexes were calculated as four principal components, with a cumulative contribution rate of 88.051%. Using the affiliation function value method and the calculation of the comprehensive evaluation value, the nine cultivars could be classified into three categories. The cultivar with the highest comprehensive evaluation value of the mineral element content was O.C. The one with the lowest value was H2, which indicated that O.C is a suitable variety for popularization in rocky desert mountainous areas. Stepwise regression analysis concluded that P, K, Fe, Mn, and Cu were the indicators significantly influencing the mineral element content of macadamia nuts and fruits in rocky desert mountains.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertilizer Usage and Nutrient Management in Horticultural Crops)
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Open AccessArticle
Determining Eastern Red Cedar Biochar Soilless-Media Supplementation Rates for Potted Geranium and Petunia Production
by
Babita Lamichhane, Bruce L. Dunn, Hardeep Singh, Ajay Kumar and F. Bailey Norwood
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050467 - 03 May 2024
Abstract
The use of biochar in soilless media is becoming more common in greenhouse production. This study was conducted to evaluate Eastern red cedar biochar as a soilless-media supplement for the growth of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) and petunia (Petunia sp. J.)
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The use of biochar in soilless media is becoming more common in greenhouse production. This study was conducted to evaluate Eastern red cedar biochar as a soilless-media supplement for the growth of geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L.) and petunia (Petunia sp. J.) as potted plants in greenhousese. Eastern red cedar biomass was produced at three different temperature ranges 300–350 °C, 400–450 °C, and 500–550 °C and applied at 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% v/v to a soilless media plus a control. Additionally, Eastern red cedar (ERC) bark was also applied at 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60% v/v to a soilless media. The growth characteristics of the plants along with the physical and nutrient properties of the growth media were recorded. For physical properties, 100% soilless media had the greatest bulk density, 60% biochar at 400–450 °C showed the greatest total porosity, and 60% ERC bark showed the greatest air porosity. For geranium, 15% biochar at 500–550 °C showed the greatest height, water use efficiency, and shoot dry weight, while 15% biochar at 300–350 °C showed the greatest width. The greatest number of flowers was at 45% biochar at 500–550 °C. For petunia, 15% biochar at 300–350 °C showed the greatest height, and 15% biochar at 500–550 °C showed the greatest width. The greatest number of flowers and flower diameter was achieved with 100% soilless media. The 15% biochar at 500–550 °C had the greatest shoot dry weight and water use efficiency, and 60% biochar at 400–450 °C had the greatest root dry weight. Biochar treatment outperforms the ERC bark treatment for both species. Within biochar treatment, 15% biochar outperforms dry biomass, while for flowering, 100% soilless media performs best for petunia, and biochar performs best at less than 45% for geranium.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Protected Culture)
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Open AccessArticle
Sodium Chloride Tolerance during Germination and Seedling Stages of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Lines Native to Mexico
by
Ariadna Goreti López-Méndez, Juan Enrique Rodríguez-Pérez, José Oscar Mascorro-Gallardo, Jaime Sahagún-Castellanos and Ricardo Lobato-Ortiz
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050466 - 03 May 2024
Abstract
Tomato is considered moderately sensitive to salinity, which detracts from the quality and yield of its fruit; therefore, wild populations have been used as a genetic resource. The aim of this research was to identify lines derived from wild tomato populations with tolerance
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Tomato is considered moderately sensitive to salinity, which detracts from the quality and yield of its fruit; therefore, wild populations have been used as a genetic resource. The aim of this research was to identify lines derived from wild tomato populations with tolerance to salinity during the germination and seedling stages. During germination, 52 wild lines and 2 commercial hybrids (Imperial®, Reserva®) were subjected to treatment with 150 mM and 0 mM NaCl and evaluated. The test was carried out for 20 days in a germination chamber with constant darkness, a temperature of 25 ± 2 °C and relative humidity conditions of 80 ± 4%. At the seedling stage, 22 wild tomato lines with the best performance in the germination test and 2 commercial hybrids (Imperial®, Topanga®) were evaluated for 12 days in a floating raft system. Concentrations of 175 mM and 0 mM of NaCl were used. During germination, the saline condition decreased the germination percentage (65.2%), speed of germination (88.2%), steam length (72.5%), root length (46.56%), number of normal plants (59.5%), stem dry matter (68.78%), root dry matter (61.99%), and total dry matter (67.1%). At the seedling stage, this condition decreased (p < 0.05) the aerial part dry matter (46.37%), leaf area (59.35%), root length (42.43%), final plant height (40.24%), and growth rate (71.42%). Seventeen tolerant genotypes were identified in one of the two developmental stages, while one genotype showed tolerance in both stages. These results indicate that there are different response mechanisms in each developmental stage. Native tomatoes play an important role in the identification of tolerant genotypes since they can be used as genetic resources for obtaining commercial genotypes with salt tolerance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Tolerance to Drought and Salt Stress in Plants, 2nd volume)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
An Innovative Layer-by-Layer Edible Coating to Regulate Oxidative Stress and Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle in Fresh-Cut Melon
by
Danilo Cice, Elvira Ferrara, Maria Tommasina Pecoraro, Giuseppe Capriolo and Milena Petriccione
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050465 - 02 May 2024
Abstract
Fresh-cut fruits, renowned for their convenience and nutritional value, are susceptible to rapid deterioration, compromising their quality and shelf life. In this study, a sustainable and environmentally friendly edible coating was developed based on sodium alginate (SA; 1% w/v), cedar mucilage (CM;
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Fresh-cut fruits, renowned for their convenience and nutritional value, are susceptible to rapid deterioration, compromising their quality and shelf life. In this study, a sustainable and environmentally friendly edible coating was developed based on sodium alginate (SA; 1% w/v), cedar mucilage (CM; 4% w/v), and calcium chloride (2% w/v), applied using a layer-by-layer technique to preserve the quality and prolong the shelf life of fresh-cut melon. Fruits were cut into cubes coated or uncoated by dipping and subsequently packaged in a polyethylene terephthalate container and stored for 15 days at 4 °C. Physicochemical traits and qualitative features such as polyphenol, flavonoid, carotenoid, ascorbic acid content, as well as antioxidant activity, were assessed. Furthermore, the enzymatic antioxidant system and the ascorbate–glutathione cycle were investigated. The coating reduced weight loss and enhanced polyphenol, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity during cold storage. Edible coating (SA + CM) represents a valid tool to extend the postharvest life, improve the storability, and enhance the physicochemical and qualitative traits of fresh-cut melon. Further research is required to optimize coating formulations and application techniques to maximize their effectiveness and commercial viability in the food industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Characterization and Phylogenetic Analyses of the Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence in Arachis Species
by
Xiaona Yu, Tianzhu Liang, Yi Guo, Yan Liang, Xiaoxia Zou, Tong Si, Yu Ni and Xiaojun Zhang
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050464 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
Peanut is an important oilseed and a widely cultivated crop worldwide. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and information on the chloroplast genomes of wild and cultivated peanuts is crucial for the evolution of peanuts. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 14 complete
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Peanut is an important oilseed and a widely cultivated crop worldwide. Knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships and information on the chloroplast genomes of wild and cultivated peanuts is crucial for the evolution of peanuts. In this study, we sequenced and assembled 14 complete chloroplast genomes of Arachis. The total lengths varied from 156,287 bp to 156, 402 bp, and the average guanine–cytosine content was 36.4% in 14 Arachis species. A total of 85 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) loci were detected, including 3 dinucleotide and 82 polynucleotide SSRs. Based on 110 complete chloroplast genomes of Arachis, a phylogenetic tree was constructed, which was divided into two groups (I and II). A total of 79 different genes were identified, of which six double-copy genes (ndhB, rpl2, rpl23, rps7, ycf1, and ycf2) and one triple-copy gene (rps12) are present in all 14 Arachis species, implying that these genes may be critical for photosynthesis. The dN/dS ratios for four genes (rps18, accD, clpP, ycf1) were larger than 1, indicating that these genes are subject to positive selection. These results not only provided rich genetic resources for molecular breeding but also candidate genes for further functional gene research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Identification and Utilization of Genetic Resources Related to Peanut)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhancing Root Distribution, Nitrogen, and Water Use Efficiency in Greenhouse Tomato Crops Using Nanobubbles
by
Fernando del Moral Torres, Rafael Hernández Maqueda and David Erik Meca Abad
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050463 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the effect of saturating the irrigation solution with air (MNBA) or oxygen nanobubbles (MNBO) on relevant agronomic, productive, and postharvest parameters of tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in greenhouses. As a control, conventional management
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The aim of this work was to determine the effect of saturating the irrigation solution with air (MNBA) or oxygen nanobubbles (MNBO) on relevant agronomic, productive, and postharvest parameters of tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in greenhouses. As a control, conventional management was established, without nanobubbles, under the best possible agronomic conditions used in commercial greenhouses in southeastern Spain. No significant differences were found in the soil properties analysed or in the ionic concentration of the pore water extracted with Rhizon probes. Both MNBA and MNBO modified the root distribution and improved the N uptake efficiency and field water uptake efficiency compared to the control. MNBA had the highest harvest index. The total or marketable production was not affected, although it did increase the overall size of the fruit and the earliness with which they were produced compared to the control. MNBA significantly decreased titratable acidity and soluble solids content compared to the control in the last harvests. Both nanobubble treatments improved postharvest storage under room-temperature (20–25 °C) conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Vegetable Production Systems)
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Open AccessArticle
Water Deficit Severity during the Preceding Year Determines Plant Tolerance to Subsequent Year Drought Stress Challenges: A Case Study in Damask Rose
by
Fatemeh Aalam, Abdolhossein Rezaei Nejad, Sadegh Mousavi-Fard, Mohammadreza Raji, Nikolaos Nikoloudakis, Eleni Goumenaki and Dimitrios Fanourakis
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050462 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
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Damask rose is an important essential oil crop. In the present study, plants were subjected to three different water deficit levels (70, 40, and 10% available water content) for two periods (June–October). Plant phenology, growth, essential oil yield, gas exchange features, membrane stability
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Damask rose is an important essential oil crop. In the present study, plants were subjected to three different water deficit levels (70, 40, and 10% available water content) for two periods (June–October). Plant phenology, growth, essential oil yield, gas exchange features, membrane stability and major antioxidant defense elements were monitored across two years. Soil water deficit was related to quicker completion of the growth cycle (up to 7.4 d), and smaller plants (up to 49.7%). Under these conditions, biomass accumulation was jointly constrained by decreased leaf area, chlorophyll content, CO2 intake, and photosynthetic efficiency (up to 82.8, 56.9, 27.3 and 68.2%, respectively). The decrease in CO2 intake was driven by a reduction in stomatal conductance (up to 41.2%), while the decrease in leaf area was mediated by reductions in both number of leaves, and individual leaf area (up to 54.3, and 64.0%, respectively). Although the reactive oxygen species scavenging system was activated (i.e., proline accumulation, and enhanced activity of three antioxidant enzymes) by water deficit, oxidative stress symptoms were still apparent. These effects were amplified, as soil water deficit became more intense. Notably, the adverse effects of water deficit were generally less pronounced when plants had been exposed to water severity during the preceding year. Therefore, exposure to water deficit elicited plant tolerance to future exposure. This phenotypic response was further dependent on the water deficit level. At more intense soil water deficit across the preceding year, plants were less vulnerable to water deficit during the subsequent one. Therefore, our results reveal a direct link between water deficit severity and plant tolerance to future water stress challenges, providing for the first time evidence for stress memory in damask rose.
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Open AccessArticle
Variability in Morphological, Biochemical, and Proximate Yield Composition among Predominant Amaranthus hybridus Cultivars in South-West Nigeria
by
Peter Adeolu Adedibu, David Adedayo Animasaun, Liudmila Tekutyeva, Oksana Son, Mujahid Ado Abubakar, Ubaida Muhammad Adamu, Larissa Balabanova, Yulia Yugay and Yury Shkryl
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050461 - 01 May 2024
Abstract
To mitigate food insecurity and the low economic status of amaranth farmers in south-west Nigeria, it is imperative to evaluate the predominant commercial A. hybridus cultivars using key yield and nutrient components to identify promising lines with optimum yield and nutritional quality. The
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To mitigate food insecurity and the low economic status of amaranth farmers in south-west Nigeria, it is imperative to evaluate the predominant commercial A. hybridus cultivars using key yield and nutrient components to identify promising lines with optimum yield and nutritional quality. The current study evaluated five cultivars of Amaranthus hybridus in south-west Nigeria farms using key morphological, biochemical, and seed-proximate component parameters. The results revealed significant differences in the cultivars’ growth and yield indices. The number of leaves ranged from 16.40 to 29.48 ( = 22.10) with plant height ( = 50.28 cm), while other leaf metrics varied at maturity. Days to 50% flowering ranged from 49 to 90 days. Seed proximate composition also varied significantly. Carbohydrate content ranged from 65.01–76.28%, protein content 6.57–12.42%, ash content 2.73–3.59%, total polyphenols 23.36–29.64 mg/100 g GAE, and total antioxidants 31.6–181.59 mg/100 g AAE. The Pearson correlation matrix and path analysis showed significant relationships among the yield components. The phenotypic variance of the yield components mainly stemmed from environmental factors, indicating their crucial role in the traits’ expression. Careful evaluation of the cultivars revealed that AM-1 and AM-3 had the best growth and yield attributes. Additionally, the two cultivars showed a significant degree of relatedness, suggesting a common ancestor. They have the potential to increase productivity, farmers’ profitability, and consumers’ nutrient gain compared to other cultivars. They are recommended for cultivation and can be further crossed in breeding programs to develop superior lines.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Studies in Sustainable Cultivation and Management on Vegetable Crops)
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Open AccessArticle
Establishment of Tissue Culture and Regeneration System in Hippophae gyantsensis Lian
by
Anqi Zhao, Wei Xu, Pingjun Xu, Xinxian Zhang, Yunhua Wu, Ang Xu, Yinxiao Zhong, Abiodun Oladipo, Fuliang Cao and Fangfang Fu
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050460 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Hippophae gyantsensis Lian is a pioneering tree species in Chinese forestry ecological engineering, known for its robust stress tolerance, water retention capacity, and soil improvement qualities. However, the lack of rapid nursery technology has been a significant impediment to the development of the
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Hippophae gyantsensis Lian is a pioneering tree species in Chinese forestry ecological engineering, known for its robust stress tolerance, water retention capacity, and soil improvement qualities. However, the lack of rapid nursery technology has been a significant impediment to the development of the H. gyantsensis industry. In the present study, we have successfully established a tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis. The most effective methods for seed disinfection, ensuring sterility in seedlings, were found to be 75% alcohol disinfection for 40 s and 10% sodium hypochlorite disinfection for 10 min. The best media tested for callus induction in cotyledons and hypocotyls of sterile seedlings were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L KT + 0.75 mg/L NAA and 1/3 MS + 0.3 mg/L 6-BA + 1.5 mg/L IBA, respectively. As the explants, cotyledons yielded larger calli with a greater size and differentiation ability than hypocotyls. For the induction of indeterminate shoots and proliferation, the most suitable media were 1/3 MS + 0.5 mg/L IAA + 0.75 mg/L 6-BA and 1/3 MS + 1.0 mg/L 6-BA + 0.05 mg/L IBA + 0.1 mg/L KT, respectively. Lastly, the best worked rooting formulation was 1/4 MS + 0.3 mg/L IBA. This study marks a significant milestone in the establishment of a systematic tissue culture regeneration system for H. gyantsensis, which will facilitate the industrial rapid propagation of high-quality seedlings and provide the foundation for improvement through genetic transformation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Propagation and Seeds)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Joint Action of Trichoderma atroviride and a Vegetal Derived-Protein Hydrolysate Improves Performances of Woodland Strawberry in Italy
by
Lorena Vultaggio, Enrica Allevato, Beppe Benedetto Consentino, Pietro Bellitto, Simona Napoli, Claudio Cannata, Georgia Ntatsi, Sonya Vasto, Sara Baldassano, Salvatore La Bella, Claudio Leto and Leo Sabatino
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050459 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) is an underutilized plant species that could benefit from the use of biostimulants to improve crop productivity and fruit quality. The scope of the present study was to appraise the influence of two biostimulants (Trichoderma atroviride
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Woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca L.) is an underutilized plant species that could benefit from the use of biostimulants to improve crop productivity and fruit quality. The scope of the present study was to appraise the influence of two biostimulants (Trichoderma atroviride and plant protein hydrolysate)—used either alone or combined—on the plant performance and economic profitability of two woodland strawberry genotypes (‘Alpine’ and ‘Regina delle Valli’). Overall, data showed that ‘Alpine’ had the highest productive performances, whereas ‘Regina delle Valli’ revealed the highest fruit qualitative traits. T. atroviride inoculation and V-PH application significantly boosted plant marketable yield (+20.5% for T. atroviride and +12.9% for V-PH), total sugars (+1.9% for Trichoderma and +1.4% for V-PH) and anthocyanins (+14.1% for T. atroviride and +9.8% for V-PH) compared to non-treated plants. Plants supplied with both biostimulants had a higher marketable yield (+34.8%), mean fruit weight (+6.0%), fruit dry matter (+13.8%), total sugars (+3.5%), ascorbic acid (+12.7%), flavonoid (+26.3%) and anthocyanins (+29.9%) compared to non-treated plants. Furthermore, our study revealed that the highest fruit polyphenol concentration was recorded in both genotypes treated with the combination of biostimulants and in ‘Regina delle Valli’ sprayed with V-PH, whereas the highest antioxidant activity was found in ‘Regina delle Valli’ fruit when plants were supplied with both biostimulants. Our study pointed out that the application of microbial and non-microbial biostimulants, especially in combination, might be a useful strategy for improving the performances of underutilized species and, therefore, encouraging their cultivation, valorization and economic profitability (+6208.3 EUR /ha when plants were exposed to both biostimulants).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medicinals, Herbs, and Specialty Crops)
Open AccessArticle
Calafate (Berberis microphylla G. Forst) Populations from Chilean Patagonia Exhibit Similar Structuring at the Genetic and Metabolic Levels
by
Antonieta Ruiz, Marco Meneses, Benjamín Varas, Juan Araya, Carola Vergara, Dietrich von Baer, Patricio Hinrichsen and Claudia Mardones
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050458 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Berberis microphylla, commonly known as calafate, is one of the most promising species of Chilean Patagonia to be domesticated, due to its anthocyanin-rich berries. The main aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of the wild populations of B.
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Berberis microphylla, commonly known as calafate, is one of the most promising species of Chilean Patagonia to be domesticated, due to its anthocyanin-rich berries. The main aim of this study was to understand the genetic structure of the wild populations of B. microphylla in the main regions where it grows and its relationship with phenolic secondary metabolite profiles. Ripe berry samples and leaves were collected from the Aysén and Magallanes regions. Genetic analyses were carried out using 18 microsatellite markers. Phenolic compounds were extracted from the ripe fruits and were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Their antioxidant capacity was determined according to the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. Total phenols were measured as their absorbance at a wavelength of 280 nm. Both the genetic and chemometric data were explored using unsupervised and supervised methods. The genetic markers suggest the existence of three groups, two of them corresponding to the Aysén and Magallanes samples, and the third corresponding to Chile Chico (a district in Aysén), which was the most divergent of the three. Similar results were observed in the phenolic profile obtained with chemometric analysis, with the same samples forming a separate third group. The differentiation achieved using the genetic and chemical data may be the result of intrinsic genetic differences, environmental effects on fruit maturity, or the sum of both factors. These are all points to consider in the domestication of this valuable species by selecting individuals with desirable traits and contrasting phenotypes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue From the Field to the Table: Unearthing Wild Fruit Species for Enhanced Prospecting and Utilization)
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Open AccessArticle
Application of the Cryo-Drying Technique in Maintaining Bioactive and Antioxidant Properties in Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum)
by
Jade Vitória Duarte de Carvalho, Rafaela Valente de Freitas, Carolina Vieira Bezerra, Bárbara E. Teixeira-Costa and Orquídea Vasconcelo dos Santos
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050457 - 30 Apr 2024
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The objective of this work is to compare the levels of bioactive compounds in fresh and freeze-dried basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), using methodological procedures that follow internationally recommended and accepted standards. The results show comparisons of bioactives between fresh and freeze-dried
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The objective of this work is to compare the levels of bioactive compounds in fresh and freeze-dried basil leaves (Ocimum basilicum), using methodological procedures that follow internationally recommended and accepted standards. The results show comparisons of bioactives between fresh and freeze-dried leaves, respectively, with results expressing the average levels of vitamin C (9.50–63.3 mg/100 g); total polyphenols (1.8–3.9 mgEAG/g); flavonoids (0.73–1.78 mg/g); chlorophyll a (2287.8–1003.8 μg/100 g); chlorophyll b (2606–2287 μg/100 g) and total carotenoids with averages of 16.71–20.6 mg/100 g). Regarding color, there was variation in the parameters L*, a*, and b* of the dry sample, but the tendency towards green e (a+) and yellow (b−) was maintained. Infrared analysis (FTIR) demonstrated the presence of functional groups related to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) shows stability in the range of 234 °C, showing a more intense mass loss at 294.6 °C. Given the data, it is possible to infer that the application of freeze-drying produces few changes in bioactive compounds and chemical groups and maintains good thermal stability, proving to be a viable alternative to increasing the commercialization of basil leaves, as it prolongs their useful life, and increases the forms of food applications.
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Open AccessEditorial
Special Issue “Horticultural Plant Nutrition, Fertilization and Soil Management”
by
Fernando del Moral Torres
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050456 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The world’s population is expected to increase from the current 8 billion to 9 [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Horticultural Plant Nutrition, Fertilization, Soil Management)
Open AccessReview
A Review of Emerging Technologies for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Berries (Phalsa Berries)
by
Rafeeya Shams, Simrat Kaur, Kshirod Kumar Dash, Nikolett Czipa, Béla Kovács and Ayaz Mukarram Shaikh
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050455 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
Berries have been gaining in popularity among consumers and producers due to their natural bioactive compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This review aimed to identify effective techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from berries, consolidate the findings of recent
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Berries have been gaining in popularity among consumers and producers due to their natural bioactive compounds that have beneficial effects on human health. This review aimed to identify effective techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds from berries, consolidate the findings of recent studies using various extraction technologies, and provide a global perspective on the research trends in this field. These extraction techniques include pulsed electric field, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO2 extraction. The solid waste generated during the industrial berry juice production process is assumed to be a less expensive source of raw materials for the natural extraction of bioactive compounds. The main aim of modern techniques is to produce more of the desired compound and find a method to extract bioactive compounds from berries without the use of hazardous solvents. These include flavonoids, phenols, anthocyanins, and antioxidants. Regarding the characterization of the bioactive compounds that are isolated from berries, aspects such as scanning electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance were reviewed.
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(This article belongs to the Section Processed Horticultural Products)
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Open AccessArticle
Saffron In Vitro Propagation: An Innovative Method by Temporary Immersion System (TIS), Integrated with Machine Learning Analysis
by
Waed Tarraf, Tolga İzgü, Özhan Şimşek, Nunzia Cicco and Carla Benelli
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050454 - 30 Apr 2024
Abstract
The propagation of Crocus sativus L. relies exclusively on corm multiplication. As underground storage organs, corms are susceptible to a wide range of pathogens, environmental stresses, and diseases, making traditional propagation methods often ineffective with the loss of valuable material. In vitro propagation
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The propagation of Crocus sativus L. relies exclusively on corm multiplication. As underground storage organs, corms are susceptible to a wide range of pathogens, environmental stresses, and diseases, making traditional propagation methods often ineffective with the loss of valuable material. In vitro propagation offers an alternative for the saffron culture under controlled conditions. In particular, the innovative application of the Temporary Immersion System (TIS) represents a technological advancement for enhancing biomass production with a reduction in operational costs. The current study utilized the Plantform™ bioreactor to propagate in vitro saffron corms from the ‘Abruzzo’ region (Italy), integrating machine learning models to assess its performance. The evaluation of saffron explants after 30, 60, and 90 days of culture showed a marked improvement in growth and microcorm production compared to conventional in vitro culture on semisolid medium, supported by the machine learning analysis. Indeed, the Random Forest algorithm revealed a predictive accuracy with an R2 value of 0.81 for microcorm number, showcasing the capability of machine learning models to forecast propagation outcomes effectively. These results confirm that applying TIS in saffron culture could lead to economically viable, large biomass production within a controlled environment, irrespective of seasonality. This study represents the first endeavor to use TIS technology to enhance the in vitro propagation of saffron in conjunction with machine learning, suggesting an innovative approach for cultivating high-value crops like saffron.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Micropropagation of Horticultural and Medicinal Plants)
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Open AccessArticle
Utilising Response Surface Methodology to Optimise Food Additives and Treatments Reduces Disease Caused by Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum in ‘Valencia’ Oranges
by
John Archer, Penta Pristijono, Quan V. Vuong, Lluís Palou and John B. Golding
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050453 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are responsible for citrus green and blue moulds (GM and BM), respectively, which are major citrus postharvest diseases. The aim of this study was to develop an optimal dipping mixture of an aqueous solution of different food additives:
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Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are responsible for citrus green and blue moulds (GM and BM), respectively, which are major citrus postharvest diseases. The aim of this study was to develop an optimal dipping mixture of an aqueous solution of different food additives: sodium bicarbonate (SB), sodium benzoate (SBen), and potassium sorbate (PS), in combination with heat, to control GM and BM using response surface methodology. The ranges of SB (0.0%, 3.0%, 6.0%), SBen (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%), PS (0.0, 0.5%, 1.0%) and temperature (20 °C, 35 °C, 50 °C) with a dipping time of 60s were tested for their impact on GM and BM on artificially inoculated oranges. Within these tested ranges, SB reduced GM severity and incidences of both GM and BM. PS affected BM severity and incidence, but not GM. SBen and temperature did not have impact on GM and BM. The most suitable food additive concentrations were identified to be 4.7% SB, 1.0% SBen and 0.7% PS, with a dipping solution temperature of 50 °C. This treatment was shown to reduce GM and BM incidence from 85 and 86% on control fruit dipped in tap water at 20 °C to 3 and 10%, respectively. Additionally, the severity of GM and BM was reduced from 64 and 26 mm on control fruit to <1 and 2.8 mm, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Section Plant Pathology and Disease Management (PPDM))
Open AccessArticle
Ultraviolet-C Light and Peracetic Acid Extend the Shelf Life of Fresh and Frozen Strawberries
by
Iolanda Nicolau-Lapeña, Jordi Ortiz, Inmaculada Viñas, Maribel Abadias, Gloria Bobo and Ingrid Aguiló-Aguayo
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050452 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
The postharvest life of strawberries is short, and disinfection processes for fresh-cut and frozen strawberries are needed to address the risk posed by foodborne pathogens in this kind of product. For this, a process involving immersion in a 40 mg L−1 peracetic
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The postharvest life of strawberries is short, and disinfection processes for fresh-cut and frozen strawberries are needed to address the risk posed by foodborne pathogens in this kind of product. For this, a process involving immersion in a 40 mg L−1 peracetic acid (PA) solution accompanied by the use of an emerging technology, ultraviolet-C for 2 min, was studied for its impact on strawberry quality and microbial load as a novel alternative method to chlorine sanitation. The shelf life of the washed strawberries was evaluated in fresh (whole or fresh-cut) product for 11 days at 4 °C and in product that had been frozen for 12 months at –20 °C (air or modified atmosphere, 20% CO2, 5% O2, and 75% N2). After washing, total aerobic mesophylls, yeast, and mold decreased by 0.5–1.0 log units and these counts remained low during storage. The fresh and fresh-cut fruits’ firmness (2.3 ± 0.5 N at day 11) and lightness (expressed by L*, averaging 31.0 ± 0.1) were maintained. Although antioxidant activity, expressed by the amount of radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), decreased during storage in fresh-cut samples, total ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total phenolic content, and total anthocyanin content were maintained in all the formats during storage (averaging 1.33 ± 0.04 g kg−1 ascorbic acid equivalents, 0.212 ± 0.01 g kg−1 gallic acid equivalents, and 0.03 ± 0.01 g kg−1 pelargonidine-3-glucoside). An increase in red color (from 32.1 to 39.3 a* values) and a loss of firmness of up to 46.8% was observed after the first month of frozen storage with no changes in the nutritional quality. Considering the sanitizing effect of water UV-C with peracetic acid (WUVPA) and the results obtained in the present study, the addition of this process in the production chain of strawberries could be an effective method to maintain the shelf life of the fruits, especially for fresh-cut strawberries.
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(This article belongs to the Section Fruit Production Systems)
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Physicochemical Characterization, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity from Stenocereus queretaroensis: Mexican Endemic Fruits with High Potential Functionality
by
Alma Delia Noriega-Juárez, Yolanda Nolasco-González, Jesús Vázquez-Mora, María de Lourdes García-Magaña and Efigenia Montalvo-González
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050451 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Stenocereus queretaroensis fruits are endemic to Mexico. They have an excellent advantage in cultivation because they require little water and fertilizers. These plants do not require fungicides and herbicides, drastically reducing production costs. However, the nutritional contribution and potential health benefits of S.
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Stenocereus queretaroensis fruits are endemic to Mexico. They have an excellent advantage in cultivation because they require little water and fertilizers. These plants do not require fungicides and herbicides, drastically reducing production costs. However, the nutritional contribution and potential health benefits of S. queretaroensis fruits are unknown. The physicochemical characterization, the content of bioactive compounds, and the antioxidant capacity (AOX) of four S. queretaroensis fruits (red, purple, yellow, and white) were evaluated. All fruits had a low sugar content (7.04–8.96%) and provided 4–5% dietary fiber. The purple and red fruits presented 19.7–20.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) of total betalains, respectively, while the yellow fruit presented 9.21 mg/100 g fw of total carotenoids. The total soluble phenols were 54.86–62.14 mg/100 g fw. Flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic, and hydroxybenzoic acids were also found in all fruits in ascending order. The red fruit exhibited the highest AOX, followed by the yellow, purple, and white fruits. In conclusion, these fruits are a rich source of antioxidants and nutrients, highlighting that they provide 20% of daily consumption of dietary fiber and have a low caloric content. S. queretaroensis fruits, therefore, may have a high potential functionality, especially in people with diabetes and living with obesity.
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(This article belongs to the Section Postharvest Biology, Quality, Safety, and Technology)
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Open AccessArticle
Variation in Fruit Traits and Seed Nutrient Compositions of Wild Camellia oleifera: Implications for Camellia oleifera Domestication
by
Kai-Feng Xing, Yu-Jing Zou, Hao-Xing Xie, Shang Chen, Jun Zhou, Xie-Tian Luo, Gong-Hu Chen, Yao Zhao, Ze-Yuan Deng, Jun Rong, Jing Li and Jian Zhang
Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050450 - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
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Camellia oleifera is a woody oil crop with the highest oil yield and the largest cultivation area in China, and C. oleifera seed oil is a high-quality edible oil recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The objectives of
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Camellia oleifera is a woody oil crop with the highest oil yield and the largest cultivation area in China, and C. oleifera seed oil is a high-quality edible oil recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The objectives of this study were to investigate the variation in fruit yield traits and seed chemical compositions of wild C. oleifera in China and to identify the differences between wild C. oleifera and cultivated varieties. In this study, we collected wild C. oleifera samples from 13 sites covering the main distribution areas of wild C. oleifera to comprehensively evaluate 25 quantitative traits of wild C. oleifera fruit and seed chemical compositions and collected data of 10 quantitative traits from 434 cultivated varieties for a comparative analysis of the differences between wild and cultivars. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of the 25 quantitative traits of wild C. oleifera ranged from 2.605% to 156.641%, with an average of 38.569%. The phenotypic differentiation coefficients ranged from 25.003% to 99.911%, with an average of 77.894%. The Shannon–Wiener index (H’) ranged from 0.195 to 1.681. Based on the results of principal component analysis (PCA) and phenotypic differentiation coefficients, 10 traits differed significantly between wild C. oleifera and cultivated varieties, while the differentiation coefficients (VST) for fresh fruit weight, oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, stearic acid, and saturated fatty acids were more than 95%, of which fresh fruit weight and oleic acid content were potential domestication traits of C. oleifera. The results of this study can contribute to the efficient excavation and utilization of wild C. oleifera genetic resources for C. oleifera breeding.
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