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Life
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Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers
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Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Physiology and Pathology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 5722

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Christian Hendrik Heeger

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Department of Rhythmology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein-Campus, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
Interests: catheter ablation; atrial fibrillation; ventricular tachycardia; premature ventricular contractions; atrial tachycardia

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The section “Physiology and Pathology” of the journal Life has launched a new Special Issue entitled “Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers”.

This section of the journal Life rapidly and rigorously publishes contributions related to the health and disease of living cells, tissues, and organisms. Starting from a cellular and tissue perspective, the broad focus of this section also covers the emerging properties of the human organism system, including human behavior and motor control. Human diseases are another area of interest for this section. This aspect is investigated both from a pathophysiological and clinical perspective. Clinical application consequences are also of interest.

This Special Issue aims to collect authoritative and comprehensive reviews. It is open for submissions from now until the end of 2023.

Dr. Christian Hendrik Heeger
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Life is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1196 KiB  
Article
Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) as a Biomarker for Autistic Spectrum Disease (ASD)
by Felician Stancioiu, Raluca Bogdan and Radu Dumitrescu
Life 2023, 13(8), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13081736 - 13 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2373
Abstract
Autistic spectrum disease (ASD) is an increasingly common diagnosis nowadays with a prevalence of 1–2% in most countries. Its complex causality—a combination of genetic, immune, metabolic, and environmental factors—is translated into pleiomorphic developmental disorders of various severity, which have two main aspects in [...] Read more.
Autistic spectrum disease (ASD) is an increasingly common diagnosis nowadays with a prevalence of 1–2% in most countries. Its complex causality—a combination of genetic, immune, metabolic, and environmental factors—is translated into pleiomorphic developmental disorders of various severity, which have two main aspects in common: repetitive, restrictive behaviors and difficulties in social interaction varying from awkward habits and verbalization to a complete lack of interest for the outside world. The wide variety of ASD causes also makes it very difficult to find a common denominator—a disease biomarker and medication—and currently, there is no commonly used diagnostic and therapeutic strategy besides clinical evaluation and psychotherapy. In the CORDUS clinical study, we have administered autologous cord blood to ASD kids who had little or no improvement after other treatments and searched for a biomarker which could help predict the degree of improvement in each patient. We have found that the neuron-specific enolase (NSE) was elevated above the normal clinical range (less than 16.3 ng/mL) in the vast majority of ASD kids tested in our study (40 of 41, or 97.5%). This finding opens up a new direction for diagnostic confirmation, dynamic evaluation, and therapeutic intervention for ASD kids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers)
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Review

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34 pages, 8458 KiB  
Review
The Pathophysiological Underpinnings of Gamma-Band Alterations in Psychiatric Disorders
by Annalisa Palmisano, Siddhartha Pandit, Carmelo L. Smeralda, Ilya Demchenko, Simone Rossi, Lorella Battelli, Davide Rivolta, Venkat Bhat and Emiliano Santarnecchi
Life 2024, 14(5), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14050578 - 30 Apr 2024
Viewed by 505
Abstract
Investigating the biophysiological substrates of psychiatric illnesses is of great interest to our understanding of disorders’ etiology, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and potential new therapeutic avenues. Schizophrenia represents a consolidated model of γ alterations arising from the aberrant activity of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic [...] Read more.
Investigating the biophysiological substrates of psychiatric illnesses is of great interest to our understanding of disorders’ etiology, the identification of reliable biomarkers, and potential new therapeutic avenues. Schizophrenia represents a consolidated model of γ alterations arising from the aberrant activity of parvalbumin-positive GABAergic interneurons, whose dysfunction is associated with perineuronal net impairment and neuroinflammation. This model of pathogenesis is supported by molecular, cellular, and functional evidence. Proof for alterations of γ oscillations and their underlying mechanisms has also been reported in bipolar disorder and represents an emerging topic for major depressive disorder. Although evidence from animal models needs to be further elucidated in humans, the pathophysiology of γ-band alteration represents a common denominator for different neuropsychiatric disorders. The purpose of this narrative review is to outline a framework of converging results in psychiatric conditions characterized by γ abnormality, from neurochemical dysfunction to alterations in brain rhythms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers)
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14 pages, 2799 KiB  
Review
Cardiovascular Disease from Pathophysiology to Risk Estimation: Is Inflammation Estimated through Perivascular Attenuation on Computed Tomography the Key?
by Domenico Tuttolomondo, Giampaolo Niccoli, Chiara Martini, Fabrizio D’Ascenzo, Ovidio De Filippo, Francesco Nicolini, Francesco Formica, Davide Carino, Filippo Luca Gurgoglione, Andrea Denegri, Giulia Magnani, Luigi Vignali, Massimo De Filippo, Nicola Sverzellati, Andrea Ticinesi, Luca Bergamaschi, Carmine Pizzi, Elisa Gherbesi, Sergio Suma and Nicola Gaibazzi
Life 2024, 14(4), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/life14040457 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 673
Abstract
(1) Background: Systemic inflammation stands as a well-established risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease, as well as a contributing factor in the development of cardiac arrhythmias, notably atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, scientific studies have brought to light the pivotal role of localized vascular inflammation [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Systemic inflammation stands as a well-established risk factor for ischemic cardiovascular disease, as well as a contributing factor in the development of cardiac arrhythmias, notably atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, scientific studies have brought to light the pivotal role of localized vascular inflammation in the initiation, progression, and destabilization of coronary atherosclerotic disease. (2) Methods: We comprehensively review recent, yet robust, scientific evidence elucidating the use of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation measurement on computed tomography applied to key anatomical sites. Specifically, the investigation extends to the internal carotid artery, aorta, left atrium, and coronary arteries. (3) Conclusions: The examination of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation emerges as a non-invasive and indirect means of estimating localized perivascular inflammation. This measure is quantified in Hounsfield units, indicative of the inflammatory response elicited by dense adipose tissue near the vessel or the atrium. Particularly noteworthy is its potential utility in assessing inflammatory processes within the coronary arteries, evaluating coronary microvascular dysfunction, appraising conditions within the aorta and carotid arteries, and discerning inflammatory states within the atria, especially in patients with atrial fibrillation. The widespread applicability of perivascular adipose tissue attenuation measurement underscores its significance as a diagnostic tool with considerable potential for enhancing our understanding and management of cardiovascular diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers)
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13 pages, 314 KiB  
Review
The Role of the Transjugular Intrahepatic Porto-Systemic Shunt in an Emergency Setting
by Alessandro Posa, Lorenzo Tenore, Pierluigi Barbieri, Giulia Mazza, Evis Sala and Roberto Iezzi
Life 2023, 13(4), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13040868 - 24 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1200
Abstract
Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPSS) is an interventional radiology procedure whose aim is to create artificial communication between the portal and the hepatic blood flow in order to reduce the pressure gradient in portal hypertension. The indications to perform a TIPSS procedure can [...] Read more.
Transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPSS) is an interventional radiology procedure whose aim is to create artificial communication between the portal and the hepatic blood flow in order to reduce the pressure gradient in portal hypertension. The indications to perform a TIPSS procedure can be framed in an elective or emergency setting: refractory ascites to diuretic therapy and secondary prophylaxis of variceal hemorrhage are the most frequent reasons for executing a TIPSS in an election context, while acute uncontrolled variceal bleeding is the principal indication that a TIPSS needs to be performed in an emergency setting. In recent years, the role of the TIPSS has been redefined for several conditions, such as ectopic varices, portal vein thrombosis, Budd–Chiari syndrome, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, and many others. This review aims to perform a deep analysis of when and why a TIPSS procedure should be carried out in an emergency, pointing out the related most common technical difficulties and complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiology and Pathology: Feature Review Papers)
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