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Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment
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Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Simulation and Design".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2023) | Viewed by 7824

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yaowu Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: laser advanced manufacturing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Material welding technologies have been developing for many centuries through practices and experience, without much detailed knowledge on the temperature field, mass transport, or stress evolution, if these concepts were even recognized. In the past several decades, the science and technology of material welding have rapidly developed. Numerical investigations of welding provide insights into the multiphysics phenomena and the possibilities of feedback control. Research on welding mechanisms is arousing interest in controlling existing techniques as well as developing new ones. Well-designed experiments are being used to test welding hypotheses, develop new recipes, and benchmark physical and chemical parameters of the process, with the results compared with those of numerical studies. Recently, the knowledge of welding has also been providing the base for additive manufacturing and 3D printing.

This Special Issue will provide readers up-to-date information on the recent progress in experimental, numerical, and mechanistic studies of welding technologies in materials, at scales ranging from macro to nano.

Contributing papers are solicited in the following areas:

  • Multiphysics and multiscale modeling of welding metallic, ceramic, or polymeric materials.
  • Investigations into existing and emerging welding mechanisms.
  • Welding process optimization techniques.
  • In situ monitoring and ex situ experimental studies of welding.
  • Hybrid welding techniques with the use of various heat sources.
  • Defects and stress control in welding.

Prof. Dr. Yaowu Hu
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • multiphysics and multiscale modeling
  • in situ monitoring
  • welding mechanism
  • process optimization
  • hybrid welding
  • defects control
  • stress control

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

29 pages, 12905 KiB  
Article
An Investigation of the Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Additive-Manufactured 316L SS with SLM
by Haibo Wang, Peng Jiang, Guangyong Yang and Yu Yan
Materials 2024, 17(9), 2017; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092017 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 545
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) forms specimens that often exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. Most existing research only explains that the mechanical properties of specimens perpendicular to the build direction are superior to those parallel to the build direction. In this paper, the mechanical properties [...] Read more.
Selective laser melting (SLM) forms specimens that often exhibit anisotropic mechanical properties. Most existing research only explains that the mechanical properties of specimens perpendicular to the build direction are superior to those parallel to the build direction. In this paper, the mechanical properties of SLM 316L SS specimens with different surfaces and different directions are compared. Finally, it was found that the mechanical properties of specimens on Face 3 are stronger than those on Face 1 and Face 2, while the mechanical properties of specimens on Face 1 and Face 2 are similar. For specimens in different directions on the same surface, the mechanical properties of Face 1 and Face 2 exhibit clear anisotropy, while the mechanical properties of Face 3 tend to be isotropic. In this paper, the EBSD technique was used to analyze the specimens. It was found that the anisotropy of the mechanical properties of Face 1 and Face 2 are attributed to the presence of texture and columnar crystals in the sample. This paper can provide accurate and reliable material performance data for the practical application of SLM 316L SS, thereby guiding the optimization of engineering design and manufacturing processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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14 pages, 1751 KiB  
Article
Characterizing and Modeling Transformation-Induced Plasticity in 13Cr-4Ni Welds upon Cooling
by Jean-Benoit Lévesque, Carlo Baillargeon, Daniel Paquet, Jacques Lanteigne and Henri Champliaud
Materials 2023, 16(22), 7166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16227166 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 593
Abstract
Dilatometric experiments were conducted with the main purpose of measuring the transformation-induced coefficients of 13% chromium and 4% nickel, which are martensitic stainless steel base and filler materials used for hydraulic turbine manufacturing. To this end, a set of experiments was conducted in [...] Read more.
Dilatometric experiments were conducted with the main purpose of measuring the transformation-induced coefficients of 13% chromium and 4% nickel, which are martensitic stainless steel base and filler materials used for hydraulic turbine manufacturing. To this end, a set of experiments was conducted in a quenching dilatometer equipped with loading capabilities. The measurement system was further improved by means of modified pushrods to allow for the use of specimens with geometries that are compliant with tensile test standards. This improvement allowed for the measurement of the materials’ phases and respective yield strengths. The dataset was further used to determine the relationship between the applied external stress and the martensitic start temperature (Ms) upon cooling. The TRIP coefficient’s K values for both the S41500 steel and E410NiMo filler material were measured at 8.12×10−5 and 7.11×10−5, respectively. Additionally, the solid phase transformation model parameters for both the austenitic and martensitic transformation of the filler material were measured. These parameters were then used to model austenitic-phase-transformation kinetics and martensite transformation, including transformation-induced plasticity effects. Good agreement was achieved between the calculation and the experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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17 pages, 7887 KiB  
Article
Achieving an Excellent Strength and Ductility Balance in Additive Manufactured Ti-6Al-4V Alloy through Multi-Step High-to-Low-Temperature Heat Treatment
by Changshun Wang, Yan Lei and Chenglin Li
Materials 2023, 16(21), 6947; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16216947 - 29 Oct 2023
Viewed by 1362
Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) can effectively replace traditional processing methods to prepare parts with arbitrary complex shapes through layer-by-layer accumulation. However, SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy typically exhibits low ductility and significant mechanical properties anisotropy due to the presence of acicular α′ martensite and columnar [...] Read more.
Selective laser melting (SLM) can effectively replace traditional processing methods to prepare parts with arbitrary complex shapes through layer-by-layer accumulation. However, SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy typically exhibits low ductility and significant mechanical properties anisotropy due to the presence of acicular α′ martensite and columnar prior β grains. Post-heat treatment is frequently used to obtain superior mechanical properties by decomposing acicular α′ martensite into an equilibrium α + β phase. In this study, the microstructure and tensile properties of SLM Ti-6Al-4V alloy before and after various heat treatments were systematically investigated. The microstructure of the as-fabricated Ti-6Al-4V sample was composed of columnar prior β grains and acicular α′ martensite, which led to high strength (~1400 MPa) but low ductility (~5%) as well as significantly tensile anisotropy. The single heat treatment samples with lamellar α + β microstructure exhibited improved elongation to 6.8–13.1% with a sacrifice of strength of 100–200 MPa, while the tensile anisotropy was weakened. A trimodal microstructure was achieved through multi-step high-to-low-temperature (HLT) heat treatment, resulting in an excellent combination of strength (~1090 MPa) and ductility (~17%), while the tensile anisotropy was almost eliminated. The comprehensive mechanical properties of the HLT samples were superior to that of the conventional manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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15 pages, 11600 KiB  
Article
Effects of Heat Input on Weld Microstructure and Properties in Keyhole TIG Welding of Invar 36 Alloy
by Hongbing Liu, Shanhui Lv, Yang Xuan, João Pedro Oliveira, Norbert Schell, Jiajia Shen, Jingyu Deng, Yuhua Wang and Jin Yang
Materials 2023, 16(10), 3692; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103692 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
The Invar alloy is widely used for aircraft wing mould manufacturing. In this work, keyhole-tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) butt welding was used to join 10 mm thick Invar 36 alloy plates. The effect of heat input on the microstructure, morphology and mechanical properties [...] Read more.
The Invar alloy is widely used for aircraft wing mould manufacturing. In this work, keyhole-tungsten inert gas (K-TIG) butt welding was used to join 10 mm thick Invar 36 alloy plates. The effect of heat input on the microstructure, morphology and mechanical properties was studied by using scanning electron microscopy, high energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction, microhardness mapping, tensile and impact testing. It was shown that regardless of the selected heat input, the material was solely composed of austenite, although the grain size changed significantly. The change in heat input also led to texture changes in the fusion zone, as qualitatively determined with synchrotron radiation. With increases in heat input, the impact properties of the welded joints decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the joints was measured, which demonstrated that the current process is suitable for aerospace applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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16 pages, 6346 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Ultrasonic Phased Array and Film Radiography in Detection of Artificially Embedded Defects in Welded Plates
by Arijan Herceg, Leon Maglić, Branko Grizelj and Vlatko Marušić
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3579; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093579 - 7 May 2023
Viewed by 1487
Abstract
Ultrasonic and radiographic testing are generally two basic methods for volumetric (internal) defect detection in non-destructive testing. Since both methods are commonly used for the same thing, the question arises as to whether both are equally capable of detecting some commonly occurring defects [...] Read more.
Ultrasonic and radiographic testing are generally two basic methods for volumetric (internal) defect detection in non-destructive testing. Since both methods are commonly used for the same thing, the question arises as to whether both are equally capable of detecting some commonly occurring defects in manufacturing. Commonly occurring defects are generally considered to be fusion defects, drilled holes (which act as pores), etc. To prove or disprove the hypothesis that both methods can generally be used to detect these defects, an experiment was conducted using three welded plates with artificially inserted defects. The welded plates had multiple defects that were intentionally placed close to each other to further complicate the interpretation of the UT results. UT investigation was based on phased-array technology with a multi-element probe. RT investigation was performed with an X-ray machine. Both investigations were based on the respective European standards: for UT, EN ISO 17640, and for RT, EN ISO 17636-1. The results and conclusions from the experiment are presented in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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19 pages, 14471 KiB  
Article
Role of Surface-Active Element Sulfur on Thermal Behavior, Driving Forces, Fluid Flow and Solute Dilution in Laser Linear Welding of Dissimilar Metals
by Zhuang Shu, Gang Yu, Binxin Dong, Xiuli He, Zhiyong Li and Shaoxia Li
Materials 2023, 16(7), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072609 - 25 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1154
Abstract
Understanding heat and mass transfer and fluid flow in the molten pool is very helpful in the selection and optimization of processing parameters, and the surface-active element has an important effect on the heat and mass transfer in laser welding of dissimilar metals. [...] Read more.
Understanding heat and mass transfer and fluid flow in the molten pool is very helpful in the selection and optimization of processing parameters, and the surface-active element has an important effect on the heat and mass transfer in laser welding of dissimilar metals. A three-dimensional (3D) numerical model coupled with a sub-model of surface tension, which considers the influence of local temperature and the concentration of surface-active element sulfur at the gas/liquid surface, is used to analyze the thermal behavior, driving forces, fluid flow, and solute dilution during laser linear welding of 304SS and Ni. The relationship between surface tension, driving forces, and the temperature coefficient of surface tension with the spatial distribution of temperature and the surface-active element sulfur is quantitatively analyzed. The simulation results show that the molten pool is fully developed at 45 ms, and the collision of inward and outward convection, with the maximum velocity reaching 1.7 m/s, occurs at the isotherm with a temperature between 2200 K and 2500 K. The temperature-gradient term and concentration-gradient term of surface shear stress play different roles in different positions of the free surface. The local sulfur concentration changes the temperature sensitivity of the surface tension at different sides of the free surface and further determines the transition of convection. Complex fluid flow promotes solute dilution, and the distribution of solute becomes uniform from the front to the rear of the molten pool. The Ni element is transferred to 304SS mainly at the rear side. The work provides theoretical support for the control of joint quality by changing the content of surface-active elements in dissimilar welding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Welding Technologies in Materials: Numerical Investigation, Mechanism, Experiment)
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