Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Integrating Solar Energy into Transportation
3. Case Studies on Solar-Powered EV Charging Networks
4. User Behavior and Adoption of Solar-Powered EV Charging
5. Environmental Impacts of Solar or Wind-Powered EV Charging
6. Economic Metrics for EVCSs Powered by Solar or Wind Energy
- Technical specifications about power output and energy consumption of the system;
- The state of the economy concerning the cost of a traditional energy unit, taxes, and the methods of funding the installation and maintenance of the system;
- Different regulations in different countries, state of the electricity grid, wealth level, climate, and social factors;
- Ecological productivity.
7. Challenges and Opportunities in EV Charging Infrastructure
8. Conclusions
- The majority of the theoretical research was conducted using MATLAB;
- The majority of PV-powered EVCS initiatives focused on shading parking lots;
- The energy consumption varied from 0.139 to 0.295 kWh/km. The variation in specific consumption is influenced by factors such as automobile size, weather conditions, driving speed, driver behavior, road quality, and geographical characteristics;
- The LCOE ranges from USD 0.0032 to 0.5645 per kWh. This is a large discrepancy, noting that the price is for an off-grid system more than this range, and this is normal as a result of the presence of a storage system;
- The majority of PBP values are economically suitable for this application. The average PBP ranged from 1 to 15 years, with one example showing a PBP of 46 years.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AC | alternative current |
CHP | combined heat and power |
CS | charging station |
DC | direct current |
EU | European Union |
EV | electric vehicle |
EVCS | electric vehicle charging station |
GHE | greenhouse gas emissions |
LCOE | levelized cost of energy |
MDP | Markov decision process |
PBP | payback period |
PV | photovoltaic |
PV-BCSs | PV-battery CSs |
PVCS | PV-powered Charging Station |
RE | renewable energy |
RES | renewable energy source |
SCSN | solar charging station network |
SVCS | solar vehicle charging station |
UK | United Kingdom |
V2G | vehicle to grid |
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2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
China | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 16 | 29 |
Germany | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 26 | 31 |
Norway | 0 | 1 | 3 | 6 | 15 | 22 | 29 | 39 | 49 | 56 | 75 | 86 | 88 |
Sweden | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 32 | 43 | 54 |
United Kingdom | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 19 | 23 |
United States | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 8 |
World | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 9 | 14 |
Fast Charging | Slow Charging | |
---|---|---|
2014 | 21,000 | 9000 |
2015 | 47,000 | 12,000 |
2016 | 86,000 | 55,000 |
2017 | 83,000 | 130,000 |
2018 | 160,000 | 160,000 |
2019 | 300,000 | 210,000 |
2020 | 310,000 | 500,000 |
2021 | 470,000 | 680,000 |
2022 | 760,000 | 1,000,000 |
Locations | PV System Capacity kW | Specific Energy Consumption Wh/km | References |
---|---|---|---|
Lublin, Poland | 1.00 | - | [39] |
Žilina, Slovakia | 56.70 to 78.40 | - | [40] |
Paraná, Brazil | 4.89 | 0.158 | [41] |
Celje in Slovenia and Edinburgh in Scotland | - | 0.146–0.164 | [46] |
EU | - | 0.150–0.200 | [43] |
Global market | - | 0.139–0.295 | [44] |
Germany | - | 0.150–0.280 | [45] |
Thailand | - | 0.148 | [47] |
Sector | Electricity and Heat | Transportation | Industry | Residential | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Percentage contribution of CO2 | 42 | 22 | 21 | 6 | 9 |
Locations | PV System Capacity (kW) | Payback Period (Year) | References |
---|---|---|---|
Paraná, Brazil | 4.89 | 6.75 | Kulik et al. [41] |
1.0 and 5.0 | Kulik et al. [42] | ||
Lisbon, Portugal | 724.00 | 2.0 | Cavalcante et al. [71] |
October 6 City, Egypt | 5.90 | 5.0 | Ibrahim [79] |
Kyiv, Ukraine | 0.234 | 5.07–5.32 | Diahovchenko et al. [84] |
UK and Germany | 4.00 | 3.0 to 4.0 * | Willuhn [85] |
Estonia | 5, 10, 20 | 13.0–15.0 | Shabbir et al. [86] |
Locations | Applications | Power (kW) or Daily Energy Production (kWh) | LCOE USD/kWh | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malaysian | Building-integrated PV | 5.6 | 0.0340 and 0.1400 | Khan et al. [78] |
October 6 City, Egypt | On-grid PV | 5.9 | 0.0032 | Ibrahim [79] |
Kyiv, Ukraine | PV panels affixed to EVs’ roofs | 234 W | 0.6654 to 1.1013 | Diahovchenko et al. [84] |
Tamil Nadu, India | On-grid hybrid solar wind | - | 0.0720 | Nishanthy et al. [87] |
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Solar and wind sources | - | Lowest value 0.1200 | Schetinger et al. [88] |
Chattogram, Bangladesh | Shah Amanat International Airport connected PV and wind turbine | 10,540 | 0.0410 | Hasan et al. [89] |
Shenzhen, China | Solar-powered EVCSs | 4500 | 0.0270 to 0.0970 | Ye et al. [90] |
State of Muzaffarabad, Pakistan | RE-based grid-tied | 150 | 0.0160 | Shafiq et al. [91] |
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Standalone hybrid PV/wind/battery | Residential home’s electrical load connected with an EV | 0.4381 and 0.5645 | Al-Buraiki and Al-Sharafi [92] |
Izmir, Turkey | Solar and wind sources | * | 0.0640 | Ekren et al. [93] |
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Share and Cite
Almasri, R.A.; Alharbi, T.; Alshitawi, M.S.; Alrumayh, O.; Ajib, S. Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review. World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15, 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050215
Almasri RA, Alharbi T, Alshitawi MS, Alrumayh O, Ajib S. Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2024; 15(5):215. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050215
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmasri, Radwan A., Talal Alharbi, M. S. Alshitawi, Omar Alrumayh, and Salman Ajib. 2024. "Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review" World Electric Vehicle Journal 15, no. 5: 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050215