Journal Description
World Electric Vehicle Journal
World Electric Vehicle Journal
is the first peer-reviewed, international, scientific journal that comprehensively covers all studies related to battery, hybrid, and fuel cell electric vehicles. The journal is owned by the World Electric Vehicle Association (WEVA) and its members, the European Association for e-Mobility (AVERE), Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA), and Electric Vehicle Association of Asia Pacific (EVAAP). It has been published monthly online by MDPI since Volume 9, Issue 1 (2018).
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q2 (Automotive Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
Estimation of Soil Characteristic Parameters for Electric Mountain Tractor Based on Gauss–Newton Iteration Method
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050217 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
Future field work tasks will require mountain tractors to pass through rough terrain with limited human supervision. The wheel–soil interaction plays a critical role in rugged terrain mobility. In this paper, an algorithm for the estimation of soil characteristic parameters based on the
[...] Read more.
Future field work tasks will require mountain tractors to pass through rough terrain with limited human supervision. The wheel–soil interaction plays a critical role in rugged terrain mobility. In this paper, an algorithm for the estimation of soil characteristic parameters based on the Simpson numerical integration method and Gauss–Newton iteration method is presented. These parameters can be used for passability prediction or in a traction control algorithm to improve tractor mobility and to plan safe operation paths for autonomous navigation systems. To verify the effectiveness of the solving algorithm, different initial values and soils were selected for simulation calculations of soil characteristic parameters such as internal friction angle, settlement index, and the joint parameter of soil cohesion modulus and friction modulus. The results show that the error was kept within 2%, and the calculation time did not exceed 0.84 s, demonstrating high robustness and real-time performance. To test the applicability of the algorithm model, further research was conducted using different wheel parameters of electric mountain tractors under wet clay conditions. The results show that these parameters also have high accuracy and stability with only a few iterations. Thus, the estimation algorithm can meet the requirements of quickly and accurately identifying soil characteristic parameters during tractor operation. A criterion for the passability of wheeled tractors through unknown terrain is proposed, utilizing identified soil parameters.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
On the Aggregation and Monetization of Flexible Loads in the Context of EV Fleets
by
Kelaja Schert, Florian Biedenbach, Thomas Müller, Michael Kluge and Zoltán Nochta
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050216 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
In this paper, we present an approach to the price-optimized charging of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy flexibility. Fleet operators determine the minimum and the maximum power demand to charge EVs at a specific time and share this information as so-called power
[...] Read more.
In this paper, we present an approach to the price-optimized charging of electric vehicles (EVs) based on energy flexibility. Fleet operators determine the minimum and the maximum power demand to charge EVs at a specific time and share this information as so-called power corridors (PCs) with an energy aggregator. The energy aggregator collects the predicted PCs from the fleet operators located in the same market area and aggregates the PCs. The energy provider periodically sends energy prices from the market to the energy aggregator, which purchases energy when its price is opportune. The energy aggregator calculates and delivers charge plans for each fleet operator involved and thus can pass along the purchase prices. The incentive design must ensure that fleet operators are better off by disclosing their flexibility data to the aggregator. This study can contribute to a new data-driven energy market communication system by providing insights on how to leverage the energy flexibility that EVs can offer to the energy system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EVS36—International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Exhibition (California, USA))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Related Work and Motivation for Electric Vehicle Solar/Wind Charging Stations: A Review
by
Radwan A. Almasri, Talal Alharbi, M. S. Alshitawi, Omar Alrumayh and Salman Ajib
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050215 - 13 May 2024
Abstract
The shift towards sustainable transportation is an urgent worldwide issue, leading to the investigation of creative methods to decrease the environmental effects of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative, but the issue lies in establishing efficient and environmentally friendly charging
[...] Read more.
The shift towards sustainable transportation is an urgent worldwide issue, leading to the investigation of creative methods to decrease the environmental effects of traditional vehicles. Electric vehicles (EVs) are a promising alternative, but the issue lies in establishing efficient and environmentally friendly charging infrastructure. This review explores the existing research on the subject of photovoltaic-powered electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs). Our analysis highlights the potential for economic growth and the creation of robust and decentralized energy systems by increasing the number of EVCSs. This review summarizes the current knowledge in this field and highlights the key factors driving efforts to expand the use of PV-powered EVCSs. The findings indicate that MATLAB was predominantly used for theoretical studies, with projects focusing on shading parking lots. The energy usage varied from 0.139 to 0.295 kWh/km, while the cost of energy ranged from USD 0.0032 to 0.5645 per kWh for an on-grid system. The payback period (PBP) values are suitable for this application. The average PBP was demonstrated to range from 1 to 15 years. The findings from this assessment can guide policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders in shaping future advancements toward a cleaner and more sustainable transportation system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicles and Charging Facilities for a Sustainable Transport Sector)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Extreme Regenerative with Supercapacitor Battery and Harvesting Vibration Absorber System for Electric Vehicles Driven by Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor 30 kW
by
Pataphiphat Techalimsakul and Pakornkiat Sawetmethikul
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050214 - 12 May 2024
Abstract
This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons
[...] Read more.
This research presents an approach to the hybrid energy harvesting paradigm (HEHP) based on suspended energy harvest. It uses a harvesting vibration absorber (HVA) with an SC/NMC-lithium battery hybrid energy storage paradigm (SCB-HESP) equipped regenerative braking system (SCB-HESP-RBS) for electric vehicles 2 tons in gross weight (MEVs) driven by a 30 kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). During regenerative braking, the ANN mechanism controls the RBS to adjust the switching waveform of the three-phase power inverter, and the braking energy transfers to the energy storage device. Additionally, a supercapacitor (SC) equipped with HVA can absorb energy from vehicle vibrations and convert it into electrical energy. The energy-harvesting efficiency of MEV based on SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA suspended energy harvesting enhances the efficiency maximum to 50.58% and 15.36% in comparison to MEV with only-HVA and SCB-HESP-RBS, respectively. Further, the MEV with SCB-HESP-RBS using HVA has a driving distance of up to 247.34 km (22.5 cycles) when compared with SCB-HESP-RBS (214.40 km, 19.5 cycles) and only-HVA (164.25 km, 15 cycles).
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Electric Vehicle Technology, 2nd Volume)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Multi-Strategical Thermal Management Approach for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Combining Forced Convection, Mist Cooling, Air Flow Improvisers and Additives
by
Anikrishnan Mohanan and Kannan Chidambaram
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050213 - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Maintaining the peak temperature of a battery within limits is a mandate for the safer operation of electric vehicles. In two-wheeler electric vehicles, the options available for the battery thermal management system are minuscule due to the restrictions imposed by factors like weight,
[...] Read more.
Maintaining the peak temperature of a battery within limits is a mandate for the safer operation of electric vehicles. In two-wheeler electric vehicles, the options available for the battery thermal management system are minuscule due to the restrictions imposed by factors like weight, cost, availability, performance, and load. In this study, a multi-strategical cooling approach of forced convection and mist cooling over a single-cell 21,700 lithium-ion battery working under the condition of 4C is proposed. The chosen levels for air velocities (10, 15, 20 and 25 m/s) imitate real-world riding conditions, and for mist cooling implementation, injection pressure with three levels (3, 7 and 14 bar) is considered. The ANSYS fluent simulation is carried out using the volume of fluid in the discrete phase modelling transition using water mist as a working fluid. Initial breakup is considered for more accurate calculations. The battery’s state of health (SOH) is determined using PYTHON by adopting the Newton–Raphson estimation. The maximum temperature reduction potential by employing an airflow improviser (AFI) and additives (Tween 80, 1-heptanol, APG0810, Tween 20 and FS3100) is also explored. The simulation results revealed that an additional reduction of about 11% was possible by incorporating additives and AFI in the multi-strategical approach. The corresponding SOH improvement was about 2%. When the electric two-wheeler operated under 4C, the optimal condition (Max. SOH and Min. peak cell temp.) was achieved at an air velocity of 25 m/s, injection pressure of 7 bar with AFI and 3% (by wt.) Tween 80 and a 0.1% deformer.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Battery Electric Vehicle)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Medium- and Long-Term Electric Vehicle Ownership Forecasting for Urban Residents
by
Zhao-Xia Xiao, Jiang-Wei Jia, Xiang-Yu Liu, Hong-Kun Bai, Qiu-Yan Li and Yuan-Peng Hua
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050212 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
With the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) in Chinese cities, accurately forecasting the number of EVs used by urban residents in the next five years and more long term is beneficial for the government to adjust industrial policies of EVs, guide the
[...] Read more.
With the rapid development of electric vehicles (EVs) in Chinese cities, accurately forecasting the number of EVs used by urban residents in the next five years and more long term is beneficial for the government to adjust industrial policies of EVs, guide the rational planning of urban charging facilities and supporting distribution network, and achieve the rational and orderly development of the EV industry. The paper considers the advantages of using the grey GM(1,1) prediction model to predict the short-term ownership of EVs by urban residents. Then, by forecasting the number of EV users in a certain city in the future and predicting the number of private vehicles in the future, the boundary conditions for long-term year ownership of EVs by residents are determined. Combined with historical data and short-term forecast data generated by the grey prediction model, the model parameters that include the innovation coefficient and imitation coefficient of the Bass model are trained using a genetic algorithm. Finally, the Bass model is used for medium- to long-term ownership forecasting from 2023 to 2040. The prediction error for the target year is provided. The simulation results indicate that the ownership of resident EVs in this city will experience rapid growth in the next five years.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Driving Profiles of Light Commercial Vehicles of Craftsmen and the Potential of Battery Electric Vehicles When Charging on Company Premises
by
Oliver Heilmann, Britta Bocho, Alexander Frieß, Sven Cortès, Ulrich Schrade, André Casal Kulzer and Michael Schlick
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050211 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
This paper examines the extent to which it is possible to replace conventional light commercial vehicles in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning and plumbing trade with battery electric vehicles with an unchanged usage profile. GPS trackers are used to record the position
[...] Read more.
This paper examines the extent to which it is possible to replace conventional light commercial vehicles in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning and plumbing trade with battery electric vehicles with an unchanged usage profile. GPS trackers are used to record the position data of 22 craft vehicles with combustion engines from eleven companies over the duration of one working week. Within this paper, various assumptions (battery capacity and average consumption) are made for battery electric vehicles and the charging power on the company premises. The potential of battery electric vehicles is evaluated based on the assumption that they are charged only on company premises. Using the collected data and the assumptions made, theoretical state of charge curves are calculated for the vehicles. The driving profiles of the individual vehicles differ greatly, and the suitability of battery electric vehicles should be considered individually. Battery capacity, vehicle energy consumption and charging power at the company have a substantial influence on the suitability of battery electric vehicles. Furthermore, there are differences between vehicles that can charge on the company premises at night and those that cannot or can only do so on some days.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
A Multi-Sensor 3D Detection Method for Small Objects
by
Yuekun Zhao, Suyun Luo, Xiaoci Huang and Dan Wei
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050210 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
In response to the limited accuracy of current three-dimensional (3D) object detection algorithms for small objects, this paper presents a multi-sensor 3D small object detection method based on LiDAR and a camera. Firstly, the LiDAR point cloud is projected onto the image plane
[...] Read more.
In response to the limited accuracy of current three-dimensional (3D) object detection algorithms for small objects, this paper presents a multi-sensor 3D small object detection method based on LiDAR and a camera. Firstly, the LiDAR point cloud is projected onto the image plane to obtain a depth image. Subsequently, we propose a cascaded image fusion module comprising multi-level pooling layers and multi-level convolution layers. This module extracts features from both the camera image and the depth image, addressing the issue of insufficient depth information in the image feature. Considering the non-uniform distribution characteristics of the LiDAR point cloud, we introduce a multi-scale voxel fusion module composed of three sets of VFE (voxel feature encoder) layers. This module partitions the point cloud into grids of different sizes to improve detection ability for small objects. Finally, the multi-level fused point features are associated with the corresponding scale’s initial voxel features to obtain the fused multi-scale voxel features, and the final detection results are obtained based on this feature. To evaluate the effectiveness of this method, experiments are conducted on the KITTI dataset, achieving a 3D AP (average precision) of 73.81% for the hard level of cars and 48.03% for the hard level of persons. The experimental results demonstrate that this method can effectively achieve 3D detection of small objects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning Applications for Electric Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Hardware Implementation of a Resilient Energy Management System for Networked Microgrids
by
Hossam M. Hussein, S M Sajjad Hossain Rafin, Mahmoud S. Abdelrahman and Osama A. Mohammed
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050209 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each
[...] Read more.
A networked microgrid is composed of multiple nearby microgrids linked together to gain additional flexibility for resilient operations. Networked microgrids collaborate to prevent power shortages in microgrid clusters by sharing critical renewable and energy storage resources. However, controlling the local resources of each microgrid, including the energy storage systems’ charging and discharging, maintaining the DC bus voltage, and even overseeing the power shared by multiple microgrids, is challenging. Therefore, a microgrid control technique and distributed energy management are used cooperatively in this study to handle the shared power between a system of networked microgrids incorporating photovoltaics and battery energy storage systems. Numerical simulation results from a networked microgrid system verify the accuracy and soundness of the suggested distributed energy management under several operating conditions, including renewable uncertainties and sequential load variations in different zones. The applicability of the suggested technique is confirmed by hardware implementation, and several operational scenarios further evaluate the proposed system on a practical two-microgrid system located in the Florida International University (FIU) testbed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power and Energy Systems for E-mobility)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Application of Digital Twin in Electric Vehicle Powertrain: A Review
by
Xiaokang Li, Wenxu Niu and Haobin Tian
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050208 - 10 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
Digital Twin (DT) is widely regarded as a highly promising technology with the potential to revolutionize various industries, making it a key trend in the Industry 4.0 era. In a cost-effective and risk-free setting, digital twins facilitate the interaction and merging of the
[...] Read more.
Digital Twin (DT) is widely regarded as a highly promising technology with the potential to revolutionize various industries, making it a key trend in the Industry 4.0 era. In a cost-effective and risk-free setting, digital twins facilitate the interaction and merging of the physical and informational realms. The application of digital twins spans across different sectors, including aerospace, healthcare, smart manufacturing, and smart cities. As electric vehicles have experienced rapid growth, there is a growing demand for the development of innovative technologies. One potential area for digital twins application is within the automotive sector. The powertrain system of electric vehicles (EVs) consists of three parts, power source, power electronic system, and electric motor, which are considered as the core components of electric vehicles. The focus of this paper is to conduct a methodical review regarding the use of digital twins in the powertrain of electric vehicles (EVs). While reviewing the development of digital twin technology, its main application scenarios and its use in electric vehicle powertrains are analysed. Finally, the digital twins currently encounter several challenges that need to be addressed, and so the future development of their application to electric vehicles are summarized.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Suppression of Initial Charging Torque for Electric Drive-Reconfigured On-Board Charger
by
Yang Xiao, Kangwei Wang, Zhi Geng, Kai Ni, Mingdi Fan and Yong Yang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050207 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
This paper presents a new electric drive-reconfigured on-board charger and initial electromagnetic torque suppression method. This proposed reconfigured on-board charger does not need many components added to the original electric drive system: only a connector is needed, which is easy to add. Specifically,
[...] Read more.
This paper presents a new electric drive-reconfigured on-board charger and initial electromagnetic torque suppression method. This proposed reconfigured on-board charger does not need many components added to the original electric drive system: only a connector is needed, which is easy to add. Specifically, the inverter for propulsion is reconfigured as a buck chopper and a conduction path to match the reconfigured windings. Two of the machine phase windings serve as inductors, while the third phase winding is reutilized as a common-mode inductor. In addition, the initial charging torque is generated at the outset of the charging process, which may cause an instant shock or even rotational movement. In order to prevent vehicle movement, the reason for the charging torque and suppression method were analyzed. Further, predictive control of the model based on mutual inductance analysis was adopted, where the charging torque was directly used as a control object in the cost function. Finally, experimental performances were applied to verify the proposed reconfigured on-board charger under constant current and constant voltage charging.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topologies and Control of Electric-Drive-Reconstructed Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Modeling an Investment Framework for BMTA Electric Bus Fleet Development
by
Sorawit Wanitanukul, Kuskana Kubaha and Roongrojana Songprakorp
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050206 - 9 May 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
In Thailand, diesel buses are notorious for their poor energy efficiency and contribution to air pollution. To combat these issues, battery electric buses (BEBs) have emerged as a promising alternative. However, their high initial costs have posed challenges for fleet management, especially for
[...] Read more.
In Thailand, diesel buses are notorious for their poor energy efficiency and contribution to air pollution. To combat these issues, battery electric buses (BEBs) have emerged as a promising alternative. However, their high initial costs have posed challenges for fleet management, especially for agencies such as the Bangkok Mass Transit Authority (BMTA). This study aims to revolutionize BEB fleet management by developing an energy model tailored to the BMTA’s needs. The methodology consists of two crucial steps: analyzing BMTA bus routes and designing fleet management and charging systems. Through this process, the study seeks to determine the maximum number of BEBs that can be operated on each route with the fewest chargers possible. The results reveal exciting possibilities. Within the city bus landscape, two out of five BMTA bus routes show potential for transitioning to BEBs, provided they meet a maximum energy requirement of 200 kWh every two rounds. This analysis identifies routes ripe for BEB adoption while considering the limitations of battery size. In the next step, the study unveils a game-changing strategy: a maximum of 13 BEBs can operate on two routes with just four chargers requiring 150 kW each. This means fewer chargers and more efficient operations. Plus, the charging profile peaks at 600 kW from 4:00 to 8:00 p.m., showing when and where the fleet needs power the most. However, the real eye-opener? Significant energy savings of THB 10.44 million per year compared to diesel buses, with an initial investment cost savings of over 37%. These findings underscore the potential for BEB fleet management to revolutionize public transportation and save money in the long run. However, there is more work to be done. The study highlights the need for real-time passenger considerations, the development of post-service charging strategies, and a deeper dive into total lifetime costs. These areas of improvement promise even greater strides in the future of sustainable urban transportation.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
An Effective Charging Torque Elimination Method for Dual-Channel Electric-Drive-Reconstructed Onboard Chargers
by
Xunhui Cheng, Feng Yu and Linhao Qiu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050205 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
The idea of electric-drive-reconstructed onboard charger (EDROC) systems, along with the concept of dual-channel charging, offers a novel design, thought to enhance the integration and fault tolerance of the charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). This article investigates a dual-channel EDROC incorporating an
[...] Read more.
The idea of electric-drive-reconstructed onboard charger (EDROC) systems, along with the concept of dual-channel charging, offers a novel design, thought to enhance the integration and fault tolerance of the charging system of electric vehicles (EVs). This article investigates a dual-channel EDROC incorporating an asymmetrical six-phase permanent magnet synchronous machine (ASPMSM). A unique operation mode, called the unbalanced charging voltage operation mode, exists in this topology, in case the voltages of the two batteries are unequal. This unbalance results in different winding currents following through two channels, leading to an undesired charging torque in the machine. To ensure the safety of the system, an effective charging torque elimination method, based on dual-channel winding current balance, is proposed, which achieves a dot-shaped current path of torque generation-associated subspace (i.e., α–β subspace) by balancing the dual-channel charging power. Eventually, a controller is designed for the system and a prototype is created, to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Topologies and Control of Electric-Drive-Reconstructed Onboard Charger for Electric Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Online Fault Detection of Open-Circuit Faults in a DTP-PMSM Using Double DQ Current Prediction
by
Qiang Geng, Wenhao Du, Xuefeng Jin, Guozheng Zhang and Zhanqing Zhou
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050204 - 8 May 2024
Abstract
This research proposes a strategy to diagnose open-phase faults (OPF) and open-switching faults (OSF) in dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) inverters. The method is based on the dual d–q predictive current model and involves establishing a mathematical model and utilizing the
[...] Read more.
This research proposes a strategy to diagnose open-phase faults (OPF) and open-switching faults (OSF) in dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (DTP-PMSM) inverters. The method is based on the dual d–q predictive current model and involves establishing a mathematical model and utilizing the finite control set model predictive current extraction technique to predict the motor current. It then analyzes the characteristics of the switching-tube current under both normal and fault conditions. Finally, a fault predictive current model is introduced and the residual is calculated based on the predicted fault current value and the actual measured current value to diagnose the inverter fault. The proposed method effectively overcomes misjudgment issues encountered in traditional open-circuit fault diagnosis of inverters. It enhances the system’s response speed during dynamic processes and strengthens the robustness of diagnosis algorithm parameters. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can rapidly, effectively, and accurately diagnose open-circuit faults presented in this paper fastest within one-fifth of a current cycle. It achieves a diagnostic accuracy rate of 97% in the dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature Field, Electromagnetic Field, and Operation Control of Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Position Correction Control of Permanent-Magnet Brushless Motor Based on Commutation-Interval Current Symmetry
by
Yongwu Guo, Yun Zhang and Xiaowei Li
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050203 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
With the needs of environmental protection and the adjustment of energy structure, new energy vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in the field of transportation today. The permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor has the characteristics of high efficiency, and can be used in
[...] Read more.
With the needs of environmental protection and the adjustment of energy structure, new energy vehicles are playing an increasingly important role in the field of transportation today. The permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor has the characteristics of high efficiency, and can be used in the drive system of new energy vehicles or other auxiliary equipment. In the control process of the permanent-magnet brushless direct-current motor, based on a three-Hall position sensor, due to various factors, there are some errors in the Hall position signal, which must be corrected by appropriate measures. In this paper, the relationship between the position deviation in the commutation interval and the non-commutation-phase current is analyzed, and the current expressions in three different states are given. A new closed-loop compensation strategy for correcting the inaccurate commutation caused by the Hall signal error is proposed. Taking the position of a 30° electrical angle before and after the phase-change point as the H point, realizing the current symmetry within the 30° interval around the H point as the target and the sum of the slopes of the tangent lines at the two points symmetrical within the β (0 < β < 30) electrical angle around the H point as the deviation, a proportional-integral regulator is designed to correct the phase error of the phase-change signal. Finally, it is verified by experiments that the closed-loop compensation strategy proposed in this paper can effectively compensate the phase deviation of the commutation signal at a speed of about 2000 r/min, which improves the working efficiency of the motor to a certain extent.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Control of Electrical Machines in Electric Vehicles, 2nd Edition)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Distributed-Drive Vehicle Lateral-Stability Coordinated Control Based on Phase-Plane Stability Region
by
Jun Liu and Ang Dai
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050202 - 7 May 2024
Abstract
The lateral stability control of vehicles is one of the most crucial aspects of vehicle safety. This article introduces a coordinated-control strategy designed to enhance the handling stability of distributed-drive electric vehicles. The upper controller uses active front steering and direct yaw moment-control
[...] Read more.
The lateral stability control of vehicles is one of the most crucial aspects of vehicle safety. This article introduces a coordinated-control strategy designed to enhance the handling stability of distributed-drive electric vehicles. The upper controller uses active front steering and direct yaw moment-control controllers designed based on sliding-mode control theory. The lower controller optimally allocates control inputs to the upper controller, considering factors such as load transfer and tire load rate. It divides the stability region by relying on the phase plane and develops a coordinated-control strategy based on the degree of deviation of the vehicle state from the stability region. The results of the simulation experiments demonstrate that the proposed control strategy effectively improves handling stability under extreme working conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Electric Vehicle Control, Testing and Evaluation)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Optimization Design of Variable Reluctance Resolver Based on Three-phase Symmetrical Winding
by
Xinmin Li, Jiannan Chen and Zhen Zhang
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050201 - 6 May 2024
Abstract
In order to ease the structure and manufacturing process of the variable reluctance (VR) resolver, the three-phase symmetrical single-layer winding commonly used in the stator winding of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is applied to the VR resolver in this paper. The proposed
[...] Read more.
In order to ease the structure and manufacturing process of the variable reluctance (VR) resolver, the three-phase symmetrical single-layer winding commonly used in the stator winding of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) is applied to the VR resolver in this paper. The proposed resolver has the same winding direction and number of turns on all teeth. And the non-overlapping distribution of the three-phase windings of the resolver is ensured. For this novel resolver, the resolver-to-digital conversion (RDC) method references the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) signal injection method used when a PMSM is powered off and restarted. Instead of the need for the orthogonal envelope RDC required by conventional resolvers, the absolute position of the rotor can be obtained. In this paper, the prototype of the proposed resolver and the peripheral circuits are fabricated and compared with the position detected by the optical encoder, and the validity of the proposed resolver and the accuracy of the RDC are verified by the results of the comparison experiments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrical Machine and Power Electronics for the Charging and Drive System of Electric Vehicles (EVs))
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Improved Equivalent Strain Method for Fatigue Life of Automobile Aluminum Alloy
by
Shanjie Zhi, Hejian Liu and Xintian Liu
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050200 - 6 May 2024
Abstract
Automotive parts are usually subjected to random loads with large mean tensile/compressive stresses under working conditions. It is important for automotive parts to have a long fatigue life under mean stress in practical engineering applications. An equivalent strain model is established here to
[...] Read more.
Automotive parts are usually subjected to random loads with large mean tensile/compressive stresses under working conditions. It is important for automotive parts to have a long fatigue life under mean stress in practical engineering applications. An equivalent strain model is established here to predict fatigue life considering the influence of mean strain and stress under asymmetric cycles. To predict the fatigue life more accurately, the coefficient of surface roughness and temperature correction is introduced in this model. The effectiveness of the improved equivalent strain (IES) model is verified by comparing it with multiple sets of experimental data. The IES is also compared with Smith–Watson–Topper (SWT), Manson–Coffin, and equivalent strain models. The results show that the developed model has a higher prediction accuracy than the other models. An improved fatigue strength exponent is introduced to modify the equivalent strain model, and the effectiveness of the model is verified by experimental data. The IES model demonstrates significantly reduced standard deviations under various strain ratios (−0.06, 0.06, 0.5), with measurements of 0.0936, 0.0721, and 0.0636, respectively. The method provides a certain reference for the life prediction of automotive parts.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electric Vehicle Networking and Traffic Control)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Direct Torque Control of Dual Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on Master–Slave Virtual Vectors
by
Qiang Geng, Ziteng Qin, Xuefeng Jin, Guozheng Zhang and Zhanqing Zhou
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050199 - 4 May 2024
Abstract
In order to further reduce the torque, flux-linkage fluctuation, and current harmonic content of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, this paper proposes a direct torque control strategy combined with a master–slave virtual vector duty cycle assignment. Two types of virtual voltage vectors
[...] Read more.
In order to further reduce the torque, flux-linkage fluctuation, and current harmonic content of dual three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors, this paper proposes a direct torque control strategy combined with a master–slave virtual vector duty cycle assignment. Two types of virtual voltage vectors with different amplitudes are used to form a harmonic suppression switching table. The virtual vectors are classified into master and slave virtual vectors according to the degree of influence on the torque and the flux-linkage. Then, the duty cycle of the master and slave virtual vectors is recalculated and allocated through the evaluation function to achieve accurate control of the torque and the flux-linkage. Finally, the switching sequences of the master and slave virtual vectors that act together in one control cycle are rearranged into a symmetrical waveform. It is experimentally verified that the phase current THD of the proposed strategy is reduced by 69.4%, the 5th and 7th current harmonics content is significantly reduced, and the torque fluctuation and flux-linkage fluctuation can also be effectively suppressed, which provides better dynamic performance and steady-state performance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Temperature Field, Electromagnetic Field, and Operation Control of Permanent Magnet Motor for Electric Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Personalized Path-Tracking Approach Based on Reference Vector Field for Four-Wheel Driving and Steering Wire-Controlled Chassis
by
Changhua Dai, Changfu Zong, Dong Zhang, Hongyu Zheng, Chuyo Kaku, Dingheng Wang and Kai Zhao
World Electr. Veh. J. 2024, 15(5), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj15050198 - 3 May 2024
Abstract
It is essential and forward-thinking to investigate the personalized use of four-wheel driving and steering wire-controlled unmanned chassis. This paper introduces a personalized path-tracking approach designed to adapt the vehicle’s control system to human-like characteristics, enhancing the fit and maximizing the potential of
[...] Read more.
It is essential and forward-thinking to investigate the personalized use of four-wheel driving and steering wire-controlled unmanned chassis. This paper introduces a personalized path-tracking approach designed to adapt the vehicle’s control system to human-like characteristics, enhancing the fit and maximizing the potential of the chassis’ multi-directional driving and steering capabilities. By modifying the classic vehicle motion controller design, this approach aligns with individual driving habits, significantly improving upon traditional path-tracking control methods that rely solely on reference vector fields. First, the classic reference vector field’s logic was expanded upon, and it is shown that a personalized upgrade is feasible. Then, driving behavior data from multiple drivers were collected using a driving simulator. The fuzzy c-means clustering method was used to categorize drivers based on typical states that match vehicle path-tracking performance. Additionally, the random forest algorithm was used as the method for recognizing driving style. Subsequently, a personalized path-tracking control strategy based on the reference vector field was developed and a distributed execution architecture for four-wheel driving and steering wire-controlled unmanned chassis was established. Finally, the proposed personalized path-tracking approach was validated using a driving simulator. The results of the experimental tests demonstrated that the personalized path-tracking control approach not only fits well with various driving styles but also delivers high accuracy in driving style identification, making it highly suitable for application in four-wheel driving and steering wire-controlled chassis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamics Modelling and Control of Electrified Chassis for Intelligent Vehicles)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- WEVJ Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Society Collaborations
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Energies, Materials, Electronics, Machines, WEVJ
Advanced Electrical Machine Design and Optimization Ⅱ
Topic Editors: Youguang Guo, Gang Lei, Xin BaDeadline: 31 May 2024
Topic in
Energies, Processes, Electronics, Applied Sciences, WEVJ
Energy Management and Efficiency in Electric Motors, Drives, Power Converters and Related Systems
Topic Editors: Mario Marchesoni, Alfonso DamianoDeadline: 15 October 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Batteries, Electricity, Electronics, Sensors, WEVJ, Technologies, Chips
Advanced Wireless Charging Technology
Topic Editors: Chong Zhu, Kailong LiuDeadline: 31 October 2024
Topic in
Computation, Electronics, Energies, Sensors, Sustainability, WEVJ
Modern Power Systems and Units
Topic Editors: Jan Taler, Ali Cemal Benim, Sławomir Grądziel, Marek Majdak, Moghtada Mobedi, Tomasz Sobota, Dawid Taler, Bohdan WęglowskiDeadline: 30 November 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Recent Advances in Electric Motor Drives for Electrified Mobility
Guest Editors: Mohamed Diab, Xing Zhao, Ayman Abdel-KhalikDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Dynamic Control of Traction Motors for EVs
Guest Editors: Rezkallah Miloud, Ambrish ChandraDeadline: 20 June 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Data Exchange between Vehicle and Power System for Optimal Charging
Guest Editors: Jennifer Leijon, Boel Ekergård, Valeria CastellucciDeadline: 30 June 2024
Special Issue in
WEVJ
Dynamics Modelling and Control of Electrified Chassis for Intelligent Vehicles
Guest Editors: Junnian Wang, Hongqing ChuDeadline: 31 July 2024