Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash-Incorporated Concrete: One Step towards Environmental Justice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash and Concrete
2.1. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash
2.2. Concrete
2.3. MSWI Ash Incorporation in Concrete?
3. Leaching from MSWI Ash
4. Pretreatment of MSWI
4.1. Industrial Scale Pretreatment
4.1.1. Water-Washing
4.1.2. Aging
4.2. Lab- or Pilot-Scale Pretreatment
4.2.1. Thermal Pretreatments
4.2.2. Hydrothermal Pretreatment
4.2.3. Wet Grinding
4.2.4. Accelerated Carbonation
5. Use of MSWI Ash in Concrete
5.1. Use in OPC Production
5.2. Use in Special Cement Manufacture
5.3. Use as Cement Substitutes (Supplementary Cementitious Materials)
5.4. Use as Precursors in Alkali-Activated Materials
5.5. Use as Aggregates
6. Perspectives
7. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaO | SiO2 | MgO | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | P2O5 | Na2O | K2O | Cl | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fly ash | 16.4 | 27.2 | 2.5 | 11.7 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 5.9 | 5.8 | 7.2 | [47] |
Fly ash | 47.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 4.9 | 6.7 | 25.0 | [48] |
Fly ash | 45.4 | 13.6 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 9.7 | [49] |
Bottom ash | 50.4 | 13.4 | 2.3 | 1.3 | 8.8 | 3.2 | 12.7 | 1.8 | 3.2 | [49] |
Fly ash | 46.8 | 8.8 | 1.6 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 4.4 | 4.9 | N.P. | [50] |
Bottom ash | 27.9 | 35.5 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 2.7 | 1.7 | N.P. | [50] |
Fly ash | 46.3 | 8.4 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 6.2 | 5.2 | N.P. | [51] |
Bottom ash | 25.9 | 42.1 | 3.7 | 8.6 | 5.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 1.9 | N.P. | [51] |
Bottom ash | 49.8 | 10.8 | 2.4 | 5.7 | 9.6 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 10.7 | N.P. | [52] |
Bottom ash | 32.3 | 32.9 | 2.3 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 3.1 | 2.2 | N.P. | 2.1 | [43] |
Particle Size (μm) | Weight Fraction (%) | Chemical Compositions (wt.%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | CaO | TiO2 | P2O5 | MgO | Na2O | Cl | L.O.I | Others | ||
<0.425 | 8.5 | 16.8 | 10.8 | 4.6 | 47.4 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.7 | 4.9 | 2.5 |
0.425–0.85 | 15.4 | 26.9 | 11.3 | 6.2 | 39.5 | 1.8 | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.3 | 2.5 |
0.85–2.00 | 16.0 | 32.6 | 12.7 | 6.8 | 32.6 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 3.5 |
2.00–4.75 | 29.9 | 40.2 | 13.1 | 8.9 | 24.7 | 1.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 2.5 |
>4.75 | 30.3 | 48.9 | 11.5 | 5.2 | 17.6 | 0.8 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 8.6 |
Bulk | 100.0 | 32.9 | 12.2 | 6.0 | 32.3 | 1.5 | 3.1 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 1.6 |
Heavy Metal Content (mg/kg) | Ref. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zn | Ba | Cu | Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | ||
Bottom ash | 3016 | 3970 | 391 | 988 | 1360 | 139 | 634 | [44] |
Bottom ash | 3193 | 1126 | 2321 | 687 | 620 | 105 | 393 | [56] |
Bottom ash | 3800 | 1300 | 2700 | 1400 | 100 | 240 | 450 | [57] |
Fly ash | 17,000 | 140 | 840 | 3000 | 1100 | 220 | 490 | [57] |
Fly ash | 37,384 | N.P. | 3081 | 1356 | N.P. | 1584 | 566 | [58] |
Fly ash | 3692 | N.P. | 2817 | 826 | N.P. | 78 | 1369 | [59] |
Code | Zn | Ba | Cu | Pb | Mn | Ni | Cr | Hg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
United States | CFD40 216.3 | 70 | 7.6 | - | 0.15 | - | 1 | 5 | 0.009 |
China | GB18598-2019 | 1 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.05 | - | 0.05 | 0.1 | 0.001 |
Germany | EN12457-2 | 3 | - | 3 | 0.5 | - | 0.4 | 2 | 0.002 |
Netherlands | Column | 2.3 | 6 | 0.32 | 0.97 | - | 0.7 | 0.35 | 0.017 |
United Kingdoms | 2003/33/EC | 4 | 20 | 2 | 0.5 | - | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.01 |
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Li, J. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash-Incorporated Concrete: One Step towards Environmental Justice. Buildings 2021, 11, 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110495
Li J. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash-Incorporated Concrete: One Step towards Environmental Justice. Buildings. 2021; 11(11):495. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110495
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Jiaqi. 2021. "Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash-Incorporated Concrete: One Step towards Environmental Justice" Buildings 11, no. 11: 495. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11110495