Influence of Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids on the Temperature Distribution and Generated Heat Energy Inside Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker in Making Process
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Proposing the use of nanofluids in MOCB as a real application by investigating nanofluids’ impacts on their thermal performance.
- Developing a thermal model for MOCB using the finite element method with more detailed parameters.
- Investigating the impact of nanoparticle’s types and concentrations on heat energy generation and temperature distribution with clarifying the corresponding physical mechanisms.
2. Considered Oil-Based Nanofluids
3. Thermal Modelling of MOCB
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. A 150 mm Gap Distance
4.2. A 100 mm Gap Distance
4.3. A 50 mm Gap Distance
5. Physical Mechanisms
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclatures
MOCB | Minimum oil circuit breaker |
SF6 | Sulfur hexafluoride |
Al2O3 | Aluminum oxide (alumina) |
CCTO | Calcium copper titanium oxide (CaCu3Ti4O12) |
ZnO | Zinc oxide |
DDF | Dielectric dissipation factor |
SiO2 | Silicon dioxide |
TiO2 | Titanium dioxide |
MCB | Miniature circuit breaker |
MCCB | Molded case circuit breaker |
wt% | Weight percentages |
N-GS | Amorphous graphene nanosheets |
MONF | Mineral oil nanofluid samples |
EONF | Synthetic ester oil nanofluid samples |
MO | Mineral oil |
EO | Ester oil |
Fe3O4 | Iron oxide |
R1 | Radius of oil molecules |
R2 | Radius of oil molecules after good dispersion |
J | Current density |
σ | Electrical conductivity |
Je | Externally generated current density |
E | Electric field strength |
V | Electrical potential |
Vo | Boundary electrical potential of the fixed contact |
Q | Heating source |
ρ | Fluid density |
Cp | Fluid heat capacity at constant pressure |
kc | Fluid thermal conductivity |
u | Fluid velocity field |
T | Dependent variable temperature in the model |
Qe | Heating source term |
ΔT | Temperature difference between oil molecules |
U | Internal energy inside MOCB |
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Nanoparticles Concentration (wt%) | 0 | 0.0025 | 0.005 | 0.01 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maximum Temperature (K) × 103 | MONF/N-GS | 59.8 | 59 | 58.1 | 54.8 |
EONF/CCTO | 52.4 | 50.5 | 50 | 49.5 | |
Maximum internal energy (J/kg) × 107 | MONF/N-GS | 12.1 | 12 | 11.8 | 11.1 |
EONF/CCTO | 10.6 | 10.2 | 10. 1 | 10 |
Sample ID | Oil Type | Nano Type | wt% | kc | T × 103 | U × 107 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | MO | N-GS | 0.0025 | 0.137 | 59.0 | 12.0 |
S2 | MO | N-GS | 0.005 | 0.1395 | 58.1 | 11.8 |
S3 | MO | N-GS | 0.01 | 0.1486 | 54.8 | 11.1 |
S4 | EO | CCTO | 0.0025 | 0.1625 | 50.5 | 10.2 |
S5 | EO | CCTO | 0.005 | 0.1643 | 50.0 | 10.1 |
S6 | EO | CCTO | 0.01 | 0.1662 | 49.5 | 10.0 |
S7 | MO | BN | 0.05 | 0.12075 | 66.3 | 13.5 |
S8 | MO | BN | 0.1 | 0.1212 | 66.1 | 13.4 |
S9 | MO | Fe3O4 | 0.05 | 0.1204 | 66.5 | 13.5 |
S10 | MO | Fe3O4 | 0.1 | 0.1205 | 66.5 | 13.5 |
S11 | EO | TiO2 | 0.005 | 0.164 | 50.1 | 10.2 |
S12 | EO | TiO2 | 0.01 | 0.166 | 49.5 | 10.0 |
S13 | EO | TiO2 | 0.05 | 0.169 | 48.8 | 9.88 |
S14 | EO | graphene | 0.002 | 0.225 | 37.8 | 7.64 |
S15 | EO | graphene | 0.004 | 0.255 | 33.8 | 6.84 |
S16 | MO | Al2O3 | 0.5 | 0.142 | 57.1 | 11.6 |
S17 | MO | Al2O3 | 1 | 0.145 | 56.0 | 11.4 |
S18 | MO | Al2O3 | 2 | 0.151 | 54.0 | 11.0 |
S19 | MO | Al2O3 | 4 | 0.162 | 50.7 | 10.3 |
S20 | EO | TiO2 | 0.005 | 0.164 | 50.1 | 10.2 |
S21 | EO | TiO2 | 0.01 | 0.166 | 49.5 | 10.0 |
S22 | EO | TiO2 | 0.05 | 0.169 | 48.8 | 9.88 |
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Karaman, H.S.; El Dein, A.Z.; Mansour, D.-E.A.; Lehtonen, M.; Darwish, M.M.F. Influence of Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids on the Temperature Distribution and Generated Heat Energy Inside Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker in Making Process. Nanomaterials 2023, 13, 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131951
Karaman HS, El Dein AZ, Mansour D-EA, Lehtonen M, Darwish MMF. Influence of Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids on the Temperature Distribution and Generated Heat Energy Inside Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker in Making Process. Nanomaterials. 2023; 13(13):1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131951
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaraman, Hesham S., Adel Z. El Dein, Diaa-Eldin A. Mansour, Matti Lehtonen, and Mohamed M. F. Darwish. 2023. "Influence of Mineral Oil-Based Nanofluids on the Temperature Distribution and Generated Heat Energy Inside Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker in Making Process" Nanomaterials 13, no. 13: 1951. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131951