Journal Description
Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials
is an international, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary scholarly open access journal, published semimonthly online by MDPI. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, communications, and short notes that are relevant to any field of study that involves nanomaterials, with respect to their science and application. The Spanish Carbon Group (GEC) is affiliated with Nanomaterials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Physics, Applied) / CiteScore - Q1 (General Chemical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.5 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion journals for Nanomaterials include: Nanomanufacturing and Applied Nano.
Impact Factor:
5.3 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.4 (2022)
Latest Articles
Cytosine-Rich Oligonucleotide and Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite for Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Ag+ Sensing
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 775; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090775 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2024
Abstract
Silver ions (Ag+) are crucial in various fields, but pose environmental and health risks at high concentrations. This study presents a straightforward approach for the ultra-trace detection of Ag+, utilizing a composite of a cytosine-rich oligonucleotide (CRO) and an
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Silver ions (Ag+) are crucial in various fields, but pose environmental and health risks at high concentrations. This study presents a straightforward approach for the ultra-trace detection of Ag+, utilizing a composite of a cytosine-rich oligonucleotide (CRO) and an electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). Initially, ERGO was synthesized on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) through the reduction of graphene oxide (GO) via cyclic voltammetry. A methylene blue-tagged CRO (MB-CRO) was then anchored to the ERGO surface through π–π interactions, resulting in the formation of an MB-CRO-modified ERGO electrode (MB-CRO/ERGO-GCE). The interaction with Ag+ ions induced the formation of silver-mediated C-Ag+-C coordination, prompting the MB-CRO to adopt a hairpin structure. This conformational change led to the desorption of the MB-CRO from the ERGO-GCE, causing a variation in the redox current of the methylene blue associated with the MB-CRO. Electrochemical assays revealed that the sensor exhibits extraordinary sensitivity to Ag+ ions, with a linear detection range from 1 femtomolar (fM) to 100 nanomolars (nM) and a detection limit of 0.83 fM. Moreover, the sensor demonstrated high selectivity for Ag+ ions and several other benefits, including stability, reproducibility, and straightforward fabrication and operational procedures. Additionally, real sample analyses were performed using the modified electrode to detect Ag+ in tap and pond water samples, yielding satisfactory recovery rates.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanocomposites for Sensing Applications)
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Performance Prediction and Optimization of Nanofluid-Based PV/T Using Numerical Simulation and Response Surface Methodology
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Sreehari Sreekumar, Supriya Chakrabarti, Neil Hewitt, Jayanta Deb Mondol and Nikhilkumar Shah
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090774 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
A numerical investigation was carried out in ANSYS Fluent® on a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with MXene/water nanofluid as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The interaction of different operating parameters (nanofluid mass fraction, mass flow rate, inlet temperature and incident radiation) on the output
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A numerical investigation was carried out in ANSYS Fluent® on a photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with MXene/water nanofluid as heat transfer fluid (HTF). The interaction of different operating parameters (nanofluid mass fraction, mass flow rate, inlet temperature and incident radiation) on the output response of the system (thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, thermal exergy efficiency, and electrical exergy efficiency) was studied using a predictive model generated using response surface methodology (RSM). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) method was used to evaluate the significance of input parameters affecting the energy and exergy efficiencies of the nanofluid-based PV/T system. The nanofluid mass flow rate was discovered to be having an impact on the thermal efficiency of the system. Electrical efficiency, thermal exergy efficiency, and electrical exergy efficiency were found to be greatly influenced by incident solar radiation. The percentage contribution of each factor on the output response was calculated. Input variables were optimized using the desirability function to maximize energy and exergy efficiency. The developed statistical model generated an optimum value for the mass flow rate (71.84 kgh−1), the mass fraction (0.2 wt%), incident radiation (581 Wm−2), and inlet temperature (20 °C). The highest overall energy and exergy efficiency predicted by the model were 81.67% and 18.6%, respectively.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Enabled Materials for Clean Water and Energy Generation)
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Open AccessArticle
Repeated Injection of Very Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Particles (VSOPs) in Murine Atherosclerosis: A Safety Study
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Tobias Haase, Antje Ludwig, Anke Stach, Azadeh Mohtashamdolatshahi, Ralf Hauptmann, Lars Mundhenk, Harald Kratz, Susanne Metzkow, Avan Kader, Christian Freise, Susanne Mueller, Nicola Stolzenburg, Patricia Radon, Maik Liebl, Frank Wiekhorst, Bernd Hamm, Matthias Taupitz and Jörg Schnorr
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090773 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
Citrate-coated electrostatically stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs) have been successfully tested as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) contrast agents and are promising tools for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Their repeated use in the background of pre-existing hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis has not
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Citrate-coated electrostatically stabilized very small superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (VSOPs) have been successfully tested as magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) contrast agents and are promising tools for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Their repeated use in the background of pre-existing hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis has not yet been studied. This study aimed to investigate the effect of multiple intravenous injections of VSOPs in atherosclerotic mice. Taurine-formulated VSOPs (VSOP-T) were repeatedly intravenously injected at 100 µmol Fe/kg in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE KO) mice with diet-induced atherosclerosis. Angiographic imaging was carried out by in vivo MRI. Magnetic particle spectrometry was used to detect tissue VSOP content, and tissue iron content was quantified photometrically. Pathological changes in organs, atherosclerotic plaque development, and expression of hepatic iron-related proteins were evaluated. VSOP-T enabled the angiographic imaging of heart and blood vessels with a blood half-life of one hour. Repeated intravenous injection led to VSOP deposition and iron accumulation in the liver and spleen without affecting liver and spleen pathology, expression of hepatic iron metabolism proteins, serum lipids, or atherosclerotic lesion formation. Repeated injections of VSOP-T doses sufficient for MRA analyses had no significant effects on plaque burden, steatohepatitis, and iron homeostasis in atherosclerotic mice. These findings underscore the safety of VSOP-T and support its further development as a contrast agent and molecular imaging tool.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanotoxicology: Health and Safety)
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Surface-Pore-Modified N-Doped Amorphous Carbon Nanospheres Tailored with Toluene as Anode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries
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Shiran Shan, Chunze Yuan, Guangsu Tan, Chao Xu, Lin Li, Guoqi Li, Jihao Zhang and Tsu-Chien Weng
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090772 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2024
Abstract
The surface modification of amorphous carbon nanospheres (ACNs) through templates has attracted great attention due to its great success in improving the electrochemical properties of lithium storage materials. Herein, a safe methodology with toluene as a soft template is employed to tailor the
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The surface modification of amorphous carbon nanospheres (ACNs) through templates has attracted great attention due to its great success in improving the electrochemical properties of lithium storage materials. Herein, a safe methodology with toluene as a soft template is employed to tailor the nanostructure, resulting in ACNs with tunable surface pores. Extensive characterizations through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms elucidate the impact of surface pore modifications on the external structure, morphology, and surface area. Electrochemical assessments reveal the enhanced performance of the surface-pore-modified carbon nanospheres, particularly ACNs-100 synthesized with the addition of 100 μL toluene, in terms of the initial discharge capacity, rate performance, and cycling stability. The interesting phenomenon of persistent capacity increase is ascribed to lithium ion movement within the graphite-like interlayer, resulting in ACNs-100 experiencing a capacity upswing from an initial 320 mAh g−1 to a zenith of 655 mAh g−1 over a thousand cycles at a rate of 2 C. The findings in this study highlight the pivotal role of tailored nanostructure engineering in optimizing energy storage materials.
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(This article belongs to the Topic Advanced Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced Nanotwinned Copper Bonding through Epoxy-Induced Copper Surface Modification
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Tsan-Feng Lu, Pei-Wen Wang, Yuan-Fu Cheng, Yu-Ting Yen and YewChung Sermon Wu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090771 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
For decades, Moore’s Law has neared its limits, posing significant challenges to further scaling it down. A promising avenue for extending Moore’s Law lies in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), wherein multiple interconnected device layers are vertically bonded using Cu–Cu bonding. The primary
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For decades, Moore’s Law has neared its limits, posing significant challenges to further scaling it down. A promising avenue for extending Moore’s Law lies in three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D ICs), wherein multiple interconnected device layers are vertically bonded using Cu–Cu bonding. The primary bonding mechanism involves Cu solid diffusion bonding. However, the atomic diffusion rate is notably low at temperatures below 300 °C, maintaining a clear and distinct weak bonding interface, which, in turn, gives rise to reliability issues. In this study, a new method of surface modification using epoxy resin to form fine grains on a nanotwinned Cu film was proposed. When bonded at 250 °C, the interfacial grains grew significantly into both sides of the Cu film. When bonded at 300 °C, the interfacial grains extended extensively, eventually eliminating the original bonding interface.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano Surface Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Oxygen Defects Containing TiN Films for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: A Robust Thin-Film Electrocatalyst with Outstanding Performance
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Ayoub Laghrissi and Mohammed Es-Souni
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090770 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2024
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of hydrogen adsorption on titanium nitride had previously shown that hydrogen may adsorb on both titanium and nitrogen sites with a moderate adsorption energy. Further, the diffusion barrier was also found to be low. These findings may qualify
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Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of hydrogen adsorption on titanium nitride had previously shown that hydrogen may adsorb on both titanium and nitrogen sites with a moderate adsorption energy. Further, the diffusion barrier was also found to be low. These findings may qualify TiN, a versatile multifunctional material with electronic conductivity, as an electrode material for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This was the main impetus of this study, which aims to experimentally and theoretically investigate the electrocatalytic properties of TiN layers that were processed on a Ti substrate using reactive ion sputtering. The properties are discussed, focusing on the role of oxygen defects introduced during the sputtering process on the HER. Based on DFT calculations, it is shown that these oxygen defects alter the electronic environment of the Ti atoms, which entails a low hydrogen adsorption energy in the range of −0.1 eV; this leads to HER performances that match those of Pt-NPs in acidic media. When a few nanometer-thick layers of Pd-NPs are sputtered on top of the TiN layer, the performance is drastically reduced. This is interpreted in terms of oxygen defects being scavenged by the Pd-NPs near the surface, which is thought to reduce the hydrogen adsorption sites.
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(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
Open AccessArticle
Gadolinium Doping Modulates the Enzyme-like Activity and Radical-Scavenging Properties of CeO2 Nanoparticles
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Madina M. Sozarukova, Taisiya O. Kozlova, Tatiana S. Beshkareva, Anton L. Popov, Danil D. Kolmanovich, Darya A. Vinnik, Olga S. Ivanova, Alexey V. Lukashin, Alexander E. Baranchikov and Vladimir K. Ivanov
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090769 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Their unique physicochemical properties and multi-enzymatic activity make CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) the most promising active component of the next generation of theranostic drugs. When doped with gadolinium ions, CeO2 NPs constitute a new type of contrast agent for magnetic
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Their unique physicochemical properties and multi-enzymatic activity make CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) the most promising active component of the next generation of theranostic drugs. When doped with gadolinium ions, CeO2 NPs constitute a new type of contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging, possessing improved biocatalytic properties and a high level of biocompatibility. The present study is focused on an in-depth analysis of the enzyme-like properties of gadolinium-doped CeO2 NPs (CeO2:Gd NPs) and their antioxidant activity against superoxide anion radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and alkylperoxyl radicals. Using an anion-exchange method, CeO2:Gd NPs (~5 nm) with various Gd-doping levels (10 mol.% or 20 mol.%) were synthesized. The radical-scavenging properties and biomimetic activities (namely SOD- and peroxidase-like activities) of CeO2:Gd NPs were assessed using a chemiluminescent method with selective chemical probes: luminol, lucigenin, and L-012 (a highly sensitive luminol analogue). In particular, gadolinium doping has been shown to enhance the radical-scavenging properties of CeO2 NPs. Unexpectedly, both bare CeO2 NPs and CeO2:Gd NPs did not exhibit SOD-like activity, acting as pro-oxidants and contributing to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Gadolinium doping caused an increase in the pro-oxidant properties of nanoscale CeO2. At the same time, CeO2:Gd NPs did not significantly inhibit the intrinsic activity of the natural enzyme superoxide dismutase, and CeO2:Gd NPs conjugated with SOD demonstrated SOD-like activity. In contrast to SOD-like properties, peroxidase-like activity was observed for both bare CeO2 NPs and CeO2:Gd NPs. This type of enzyme-like activity was found to be pH-dependent. In a neutral medium (pH = 7.4), nanoscale CeO2 acted as a prooxidant enzyme (peroxidase), while in an alkaline medium (pH = 8.6), it lost its catalytic properties; thus, it cannot be regarded as a nanozyme. Both gadolinium doping and conjugation with a natural enzyme were shown to modulate the interaction of CeO2 NPs with the key components of redox homeostasis.
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Open AccessArticle
Toxicological Characteristics of Bacterial Nanocellulose in an In Vivo Experiment—Part 1: The Systemic Effects
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Vladimir A. Shipelin, Ekaterina A. Skiba, Vera V. Budayeva, Antonina A. Shumakova, Alexey I. Kolobanov, Ilya E. Sokolov, Kirill Z. Maisaya, Galina V. Guseva, Nikita V. Trusov, Alexander G. Masyutin, Yanina A. Delegan, Yulia N. Kocharovskaya, Alexander G. Bogun, Ivan V. Gmoshinski, Sergey A. Khotimchenko and Dmitry B. Nikityuk
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090768 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is being considered as a potential replacement for microcrystalline cellulose as a food additive and a source of dietary fiber due to its unique properties. However, studies on the risks of consuming BNC in food are limited, and it is
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Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is being considered as a potential replacement for microcrystalline cellulose as a food additive and a source of dietary fiber due to its unique properties. However, studies on the risks of consuming BNC in food are limited, and it is not yet approved for use in food in the US, EU, and Russia. Aim: This study aims to perform a toxicological and hygienic assessment of the safety of BNC in a subacute 8-week administration in rats. Methods: BNC was administered to male Wistar rats in doses of 0, 1.0, 10.0, and 100 mg/kg body weight for 8 weeks. Various parameters such as anxiety levels, cognitive function, organ masses, blood serum and liver biochemistry, oxidative stress markers, vitamin levels, antioxidant gene expression, and liver and kidney histology were evaluated. Results: Low and medium doses of BNC increased anxiety levels and liver glutathione, while high doses led to elevated LDL cholesterol, creatinine, and uric acid levels. Liver tissue showed signs of degeneration at high doses. BNC did not significantly affect vitamin levels. Conclusion: The adverse effects of BNC are either not dose-dependent or fall within normal physiological ranges. Any effects on rats are likely due to micronutrient deficiencies or impacts on intestinal microbiota.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanosafety and Nanotoxicology: Current Opportunities and Challenges)
Open AccessArticle
Binder-Free CNT-Modified Excellent Electrodes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
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Nitika Devi, Prabhakar Singh and Yong-Song Chen
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090767 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Electrodes are one of the key components that influence the performance of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). A porous graphite felt with modified fiber surfaces that can provide a high specific activation surface is preferred as the electrode of a VRFB. In this
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Electrodes are one of the key components that influence the performance of all-vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). A porous graphite felt with modified fiber surfaces that can provide a high specific activation surface is preferred as the electrode of a VRFB. In this study, a simple binder-free approach is developed for preparing stable carbon nanotube modified graphite felt electrodes (CNT-GFs). Heat-treated graphite felt electrodes (H-GFs) are dip-coated using CNT homogeneous solution. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results conclude that CNT-GFs have less resistance, better reaction currents, and reversibility as compared to H-GF. Cell performances showed that CNT-GFs significantly improve the performance of a VRFB, especially for the CNT-GF served in the positive side of the VRFB. CNT presence increases the electrochemical properties of the graphite electrode; as a result, reaction kinetics for both VO2+/VO2+ and V3+/V2+ are improved. Positive CNT-GF (P-CNT-GF) configured VRFB exhibits voltage efficiency, coulombic efficiency, and energy efficiency of 85%, 97%, and 82%, respectively, at the operating current density of 100 mA cm−2. At high current density of 200 mA cm−2, the VRFB with P-CNT-GF shows 73%, 98%, and 72% of the voltage, coulombic, and energy efficiencies, respectively. The energy efficiency of the CNT-GF is 6% higher when compared with that of B-H-GF. The VRFB with CNT-GF can provide stable performance for 300 cycles at 200 mA cm−2.
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(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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Biopolymer Meets Nanoclay: Rational Fabrication of Superb Adsorption Beads from Green Precursors for Efficient Capture of Pb(II) and Dyes
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Jie Qi, Xue Wang, Huan Zhang, Xiangyu Liu, Wenbo Wang, Qingdong He and Fang Guo
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 766; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090766 (registering DOI) - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Renewable, green, and safe natural biopolymer-derived materials are highly desired for the purification of pollutants, but significantly improving their performance without the introduction of additional harmful chemicals remains a huge challenge. Based on the concept of “structure optimization design”, environment-friendly composite beads (named
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Renewable, green, and safe natural biopolymer-derived materials are highly desired for the purification of pollutants, but significantly improving their performance without the introduction of additional harmful chemicals remains a huge challenge. Based on the concept of “structure optimization design”, environment-friendly composite beads (named SA/PASP/RE) with excellent adsorption performance and recyclability were rationally constructed through a green ionic crosslinking route, using the completely green biopolymer sodium alginate (SA), sodium salt of polyaspartic acid (PASP), and the natural nanoclay rectorite (RE) as starting materials. The nano-layered RE was embedded in the polymer matrix to prevent the polymer chain from becoming over-entangled so that more adsorption sites inside the polymer network were exposed, which effectively improved the mass transfer efficiency of the adsorbent and the removal rate of contaminants. The composite beads embedded with 0.6% RE showed high adsorption capacities of 211.78, 197.13, and 195.69 mg/g for Pb(II) and 643.00, 577.80, and 567.10 mg/g for methylene blue (MB) in Yellow River water, Yangtze River water, and tap water, respectively. And the beads embedded with 43% RE could efficiently adsorb Pb(II) and MB with high capacities of 187.78 mg/g and 586.46 mg/g, respectively. This study provides a new route to design and develop a green, cost-effective, and efficient adsorbent for the decontamination of wastewater.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanostructured Materials and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment)
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Mixed Metal Oxide W-TiO2 Nanopowder for Environmental Process: Synergy of Adsorption and Photocatalysis
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Khley Cheng, Socheata Heng, Siteng Tieng, Ford David, Sarah Dine, Oriana Haddad, Christophe Colbeau-Justin, Mamadou Traore and Andrei Kanaev
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090765 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
A mixed metal oxide W-TiO2 nanopowder photocatalyst was prepared by using the sol–gel method with a broad range of elemental compositions x = CW/(CW + CTi), including TiO2 and WO3. The material was structurally
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A mixed metal oxide W-TiO2 nanopowder photocatalyst was prepared by using the sol–gel method with a broad range of elemental compositions x = CW/(CW + CTi), including TiO2 and WO3. The material was structurally characterized and evaluated in adsorption and photocatalytic processes by testing its removal capacity of a representative pollutant methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solutions and under UV-A and sunlight illuminations. The nanopowders appeared to be more effective adsorbents than pure TiO2 and WO3 materials, showing a maximum at 15 mol% W, which was set as the tungsten solubility limit in anatase titania. At the same time, the photocatalytic decomposition of MB peaked at 2 mol% W. The examination of different compositions showed that the most effective MB removal took place at 15 mol% W, which was attributed to the combined action of adsorption and heterogeneous photocatalysis. Moreover, MB decomposition under sunlight was stronger than under UV-A, suggesting photocatalyst activation by visible light. The pollutant removal efficiency of the material with 15 mol% W was enhanced by a factor of ~10 compared to pure TiO2 at the beginning of the process, which shows its high potential for use in depollution processes in emergency cases of a great pollutant leak. As a result, a Wx=0.15-TiO2 catalyst could be of high interest for wastewater purification in industrial plants.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation and Photocatalytic Properties of Nanocomposites)
Open AccessArticle
Development of Au Nanoparticle Two-Dimensional Assemblies Dispersed with Au Nanoparticle-Nanostar Complexes and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Activity
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Kosuke Sugawa, Kaichi Ono, Ritsurai Tomii, Yuka Hori, Yu Aoki, Koki Honma, Kaoru Tamada and Joe Otsuki
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 764; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090764 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
We recently found that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-protected metal nanoparticles dispersed in water/butanol mixture spontaneously float to the air/water interface and form two-dimensional assemblies due to classical surface excess theory and Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni convection induced by butanol evaporation. In this study, we found that by leveraging
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We recently found that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-protected metal nanoparticles dispersed in water/butanol mixture spontaneously float to the air/water interface and form two-dimensional assemblies due to classical surface excess theory and Rayleigh–Bénard–Marangoni convection induced by butanol evaporation. In this study, we found that by leveraging this principle, a unique structure is formed where hetero gold nanospheres (AuNPs)/gold nanostars (AuNSs) complexes are dispersed within AuNP two-dimensional assemblies, obtained from a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone-protected AuNPs and AuNSs that interact electrostatically with the AuNPs. These structures were believed to form as a result of AuNPs/AuNSs complexes formed in the water/butanol mixture floating to the air/water interface and being incorporated into the growth of AuNP two-dimensional assemblies. These structures were obtained by optimizing the amount of mixed AuNSs, with excessive addition resulting in the formation of random three-dimensional network structures. The AuNP assemblies dispersed with AuNPs/AuNSs complexes exhibited significantly higher Raman (surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering: SERRS) activity compared to simple AuNP assemblies, while the three-dimensional network structure did not show significant SERRS activity enhancement. These results demonstrate the excellent SERRS activity of AuNP two-dimensional assemblies dispersed with hetero AuNPs/AuNSs complexes.
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(This article belongs to the Section Nanofabrication and Nanomanufacturing)
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Investigation of Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotube Arrays of Different Morphologies
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Maksim A. Chumak, Alexander V. Shchegolkov, Eugeni O. Popov, Sergey V. Filippov, Anatoly G. Kolosko, Aleksei V. Shchegolkov and Arif A. Babaev
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090763 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents, for the first time, a comparative analysis of the emission characteristics of large-area field-effect cathodes (LAFE) based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of various morphologies according to key parameters using a unique computerized technique. The work presents a description of a
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This article presents, for the first time, a comparative analysis of the emission characteristics of large-area field-effect cathodes (LAFE) based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) of various morphologies according to key parameters using a unique computerized technique. The work presents a description of a technology for creating various CNT arrays and their comprehensive structure characterization. All CNT arrays synthesized by the catalytic PECVD method on a silicon substrate showed a high degree of chemical purity under the presented technological conditions. In some cases, nanoisland films of Fe were used as a catalyst; in others, thin films of NiO were used, which were deposited on a silicon wafer by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD), respectively. As a result of these studies, it turned out that an array with a thick CNT coating has good resistance to the action of strong electric fields, fairly good uniformity of distribution of emission centers, a fairly high selection current (2.88 mA/cm2 at 4.53 V/μm), and compliance with the normal current mode according to the “orthodox” test, which makes the morphology of such structures the most promising for further technological optimization of CNT-based cathodes for various practical applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano Surface Engineering)
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Open AccessArticle
Electronic and Molecular Adsorption Properties of Pt-Doped BC6N: An Ab-Initio Investigation
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Nada M. Alghamdi, Mohamed M. Fadlallah, Hind M. Al-qahtani and Ahmed A. Maarouf
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090762 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the last two decades, significant efforts have been particularly invested in two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron carbon nitride h-BxCyNz because of its unique physical and chemical characteristics. The presence of the carbon atoms lowers the large gap
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In the last two decades, significant efforts have been particularly invested in two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron carbon nitride h-BxCyNz because of its unique physical and chemical characteristics. The presence of the carbon atoms lowers the large gap of its cousin structure, boron nitride (BN), making it more suitable for various applications. Here, we use density functional theory to study the structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of Pt-doped BC6N (Pt-BC6N, as well as its adsorption potential of small molecular gases (NO, NO2, CO2, NH3). We consider all distinct locations of the Pt atom in the supercell (B, N, and two C sites). Different adsorption locations are also considered for the pristine and Pt-doped systems. The formation energies of all Pt-doped structures are close to those of the pristine system, reflecting their stability. The pristine BC6N is semiconducting, so doping with Pt at the B and N sites gives a diluted magnetic semiconductor while doping at the C1 and C2 sites results in a smaller gap semiconductor. We find that all doped structures exhibit direct band gaps. The studied molecules are very weakly physisorbed on the pristine structure. Pt doping leads to much stronger interactions, where NO, NO2, and NH3 chemisorb on the doped systems, and CO2 physiorb, illustrating the doped systems’ potential for gas purification applications. We also find that the adsorption changes the electronic and magnetic properties of the doped systems, inviting their consideration for spintronics and gas sensing.
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(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol/Antimony Tin Oxide Nanocomposites in Material Extrusion 3D Printing
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Markos Petousis, Nikolaos Michailidis, Vassilis Saltas, Vassilis Papadakis, Mariza Spiridaki, Nikolaos Mountakis, Apostolos Argyros, John Valsamos, Nektarios K. Nasikas and Nectarios Vidakis
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090761 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
In this study, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) was combined with Antimony-doped Tin Oxide (ATO) to create five different composites (2.0–10.0 wt.% ATO). The PETG/ATO filaments were extruded and supplied to a material extrusion (MEX) 3D printer to fabricate the specimens following international standards.
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In this study, poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PETG) was combined with Antimony-doped Tin Oxide (ATO) to create five different composites (2.0–10.0 wt.% ATO). The PETG/ATO filaments were extruded and supplied to a material extrusion (MEX) 3D printer to fabricate the specimens following international standards. Various tests were conducted on thermal, rheological, mechanical, and morphological properties. The mechanical performance of the prepared nanocomposites was evaluated using flexural, tensile, microhardness, and Charpy impact tests. The dielectric and electrical properties of the prepared composites were evaluated over a broad frequency range. The dimensional accuracy and porosity of the 3D printed structure were assessed using micro-computed tomography. Other investigations include scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, which were performed to investigate the structures and morphologies of the samples. The PETG/6.0 wt.% ATO composite presented the highest mechanical performance (21% increase over the pure polymer in tensile strength). The results show the potential of such nanocomposites when enhanced mechanical performance is required in MEX 3D printing applications, in which PETG is the most commonly used polymer.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Scale Microstructure Evolution, Micromechanics Behavior and Surface Control in Additive Manufacturing)
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Open AccessArticle
Graphene Oxide (GO)-Based Bioink with Enhanced 3D Printability and Mechanical Properties for Tissue Engineering Applications
by
Katarzyna Kosowska, Paulina Korycka, Kamila Jankowska-Snopkiewicz, Joanna Gierałtowska, Milena Czajka, Katarzyna Florys-Jankowska, Magdalena Dec, Agnieszka Romanik-Chruścielewska, Maciej Małecki, Kinga Westphal, Michał Wszoła and Marta Klak
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090760 - 26 Apr 2024
Abstract
Currently, a major challenge in material engineering is to develop a cell-safe biomaterial with significant utility in processing technology such as 3D bioprinting. The main goal of this work was to optimize the composition of a new graphene oxide (GO)-based bioink containing additional
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Currently, a major challenge in material engineering is to develop a cell-safe biomaterial with significant utility in processing technology such as 3D bioprinting. The main goal of this work was to optimize the composition of a new graphene oxide (GO)-based bioink containing additional extracellular matrix (ECM) with unique properties that may find application in 3D bioprinting of biomimetic scaffolds. The experimental work evaluated functional properties such as viscosity and complex modulus, printability, mechanical strength, elasticity, degradation and absorbability, as well as biological properties such as cytotoxicity and cell response after exposure to a biomaterial. The findings demonstrated that the inclusion of GO had no substantial impact on the rheological properties and printability, but it did enhance the mechanical properties. This enhancement is crucial for the advancement of 3D scaffolds that are resilient to deformation and promote their utilization in tissue engineering investigations. Furthermore, GO-based hydrogels exhibited much greater swelling, absorbability and degradation compared to non-GO-based bioink. Additionally, these biomaterials showed lower cytotoxicity. Due to its properties, it is recommended to use bioink containing GO for bioprinting functional tissue models with the vascular system, e.g., for testing drugs or hard tissue models.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Functional Materials and Devices for Biomedical Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
Structural, Optical and Dielectric Properties of Some Nanocomposites Derived from Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Embedded in Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Matrix
by
Carmen Gherasim, Mihai Asandulesa, Nicusor Fifere, Florica Doroftei, Daniel Tîmpu and Anton Airinei
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090759 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
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Polymer nanocomposite films based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) incorporated with different amounts of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the solution casting technique. The PVP/CuO nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. The XRD
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Polymer nanocomposite films based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) incorporated with different amounts of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared by the solution casting technique. The PVP/CuO nanocomposites were analyzed by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. The XRD analysis showed that the monoclinic structure of cupric oxide was maintained in the PVP host matrix. The key optical parameters, such as optical energy gap Eg, Urbach energy EU, absorption coefficient and refractive index, were estimated based on the UV-Vis data. The optical characteristics of the nanocomposite films revealed that their transmittance and absorption were influenced by the addition of CuO nanoparticles in the PVP matrix. Incorporation of CuO nanoparticles into the PVP matrix led to a significant decrease in band gap energy and an increase in the refractive index. The dielectric and electrical behaviors of the PVP/CuO nanocomposites were analyzed over a frequency range between 10 Hz and 1 MHz. The effect of CuO loading on the dielectric parameters (dielectric constant and dielectric loss) of the metal oxide nanocomposites was also discussed.
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Open AccessArticle
The Influence of the Mechanical Compliance of a Substrate on the Morphology of Nanoporous Gold Thin Films
by
Sadi Shahriar, Kavya Somayajula, Conner Winkeljohn, Jeremy K. Mason and Erkin Seker
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090758 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has found its use in applications ranging from catalysis to biosensing, where pore morphology plays a critical role in performance. While the morphology evolution of bulk np-Au has been widely studied, knowledge about its thin-film form is limited. This work
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Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has found its use in applications ranging from catalysis to biosensing, where pore morphology plays a critical role in performance. While the morphology evolution of bulk np-Au has been widely studied, knowledge about its thin-film form is limited. This work hypothesizes that the mechanical compliance of the thin film substrate can play a critical role in the morphology evolution. Via experimental and finite-element-analysis approaches, we investigate the morphological variation in np-Au thin films deposited on compliant silicone (PDMS) substrates of a range of thicknesses anchored on rigid glass supports and compare those to the morphology of np-Au deposited on glass. More macroscopic (10 s to 100 s of microns) cracks and discrete islands form in the np-Au films on PDMS compared to on glass. Conversely, uniformly distributed microscopic (100 s of nanometers) cracks form in greater numbers in the np-Au films on glass than those on PDMS, with the cracks located within the discrete islands. The np-Au films on glass also show larger ligament and pore sizes, possibly due to higher residual stresses compared to the np-Au/PDMS films. The effective elastic modulus of the substrate layers decreases with increasing PDMS thickness, resulting in secondary np-Au morphology effects, including a reduction in macroscopic crack-to-crack distance, an increase in microscopic crack coverage, and a widening of the microscopic cracks. However, changes in the ligament/pore widths with PDMS thickness are negligible, allowing for independent optimization for cracking. We expect these results to inform the integration of functional np-Au films on compliant substrates into emerging applications, including flexible electronics.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design, Fabrication and Applications of Nanoporous Materials)
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Open AccessCommunication
A MOF-Templated Double-Shelled Co3O4/NiCo2O4 Nanocomposite for Electrochemical Detection of Alfuzosin
by
Al-Amin, Gajapaneni Venkata Prasad, Seung Joo Jang, Jeong-Wook Oh and Tae Hyun Kim
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090757 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
We developed a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of alfuzosin (AFZ), a drug used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, using a double-shelled Co3O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposite-modified electrode. The nanocomposites were synthesized using a template-assisted approach, with zeolitic
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We developed a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection of alfuzosin (AFZ), a drug used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia, using a double-shelled Co3O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposite-modified electrode. The nanocomposites were synthesized using a template-assisted approach, with zeolitic imidazole framework-67 (ZIF-67) as the sacrificial template, involving the formation of uniform ZIF-67/Ni-Co layered double hydroxide (LDH) hollow structures followed by calcination to achieve the final nanocomposite. The nanocomposite was characterized by various techniques and showed high porosity, large surface area, and good conductivity. The nanocomposite-modified electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity towards AFZ oxidation, with a wide linear range of 5–180 µM and a low limit of detection of 1.37 µM. The sensor also demonstrated good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability selectivity in the presence of common interfering substances. The sensor was successfully applied to determine the AFZ in pharmaceutical tablets and human serum samples, with satisfactory recoveries. Our results suggest that the double-shelled Co3O4/NiCo2O4 nanocomposite is a promising material for the fabrication of electrochemical sensors for AFZ detection.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Electrochemical Nanosensing)
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Open AccessReview
The Effectiveness Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) as Reinforcements for Magnesium-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review
by
Abbas Saberi, Madalina Simona Baltatu and Petrica Vizureanu
Nanomaterials 2024, 14(9), 756; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano14090756 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
As a smart implant, magnesium (Mg) is highly biocompatible and non-toxic. In addition, the elastic modulus of Mg relative to other biodegradable metals (iron and zinc) is close to the elastic modulus of natural bone, making Mg an attractive alternative to hard tissues.
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As a smart implant, magnesium (Mg) is highly biocompatible and non-toxic. In addition, the elastic modulus of Mg relative to other biodegradable metals (iron and zinc) is close to the elastic modulus of natural bone, making Mg an attractive alternative to hard tissues. However, high corrosion rates and low strength under load relative to bone are some challenges for the widespread use of Mg in orthopedics. Composite fabrication has proven to be an excellent way to improve the mechanical performance and corrosion control of Mg. As a result, their composites emerge as an innovative biodegradable material. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have superb properties like low density, high tensile strength, high strength-to-volume ratio, high thermal conductivity, and relatively good antibacterial properties. Therefore, using CNTs as reinforcements for the Mg matrix has been proposed as an essential option. However, the lack of understanding of the mechanisms of effectiveness in mechanical, corrosion, antibacterial, and cellular fields through the presence of CNTs as Mg matrix reinforcements is a challenge for their application. This review focuses on recent findings on Mg/CNT composites fabricated for biological applications. The literature mentions effective mechanisms for mechanical, corrosion, antimicrobial, and cellular domains with the presence of CNTs as reinforcements for Mg-based nanobiocomposites.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation, Separation, Characterization and Application of Carbon Nanotubes)
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