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Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Plant Sciences".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 August 2024 | Viewed by 7952

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Prof. Dr. De-Guo Han

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College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
Interests: transcription factors in abiotic stress (cold, drought, salt, etc.) and response of fruit
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Dear Colleagues,

Plants are frequently exposed to variable environmental stresses, such as drought, salt, heat, cold and nutrient deficiency, which adversely affect the plants’ growth, development, and productivity. During the lengthy process of evolution, plants evolved a complex self-regulation mechanism to adapt to abiotic stresses, such as drought and salt, in which transcription factors play an irreplaceable role. Also, plant hormones are signalling compounds that regulate the crucial aspects of growth, development, and environmental stress responses. They activate a multitude of signalling cascades to elicit adaptive responses.

This Special Issue aims to provide a platform for molecular research on plant abiotic stress, with a special focus on plant stress resistance mechanism. We believe that this Special Issue will be helpful to researchers and for the improvement of plants’ tolerance to abiotic stresses in the future. We welcome your submission of original papers and reviews containing molecular results.

This Special Issue is supervised by Prof. Dr. Deguo Han and assisted by our Topical Advisory Panel Member Dr. Xingguo Li (College of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China).

Prof. Dr. De-Guo Han
Guest Editor

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Keywords

abiotic stress
cold
drought
salt
heat
nutrient deficiency
secondary metabolism
stress resistance
plant

Published Papers (11 papers)

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17 pages, 4452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Proteome Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles from Three Growth Phases of Haematococcus pluvialis under High Light and Sodium Acetate Stresses

by Qunju Hu, Yuanyuan Wang, Chaogang Wang and Xiaojun Yan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5421; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105421 - 16 May 2024

Viewed by 163

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized particles involved in intercellular communications that intrinsically possess many attributes as a modern drug delivery platform. Haematococcus pluvialis-derived EVs (HpEVs) can be potentially exploited as a high-value-added bioproduct during astaxanthin production. The encapsulation of HpEV cargo is a crucial key for the determination of their biological functions and therapeutic potentials. However, little is known about the composition of HpEVs, limiting insights into their biological properties and application characteristics. This study examined the protein composition of HpEVs from three growth phases of H. pluvialis grown under high light (350 µmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹) and sodium acetate (45 mM) stresses. A total of 2038 proteins were identified, the majority of which were associated with biological processes including signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell metabolism, and the cell response to stress. Comparative analysis indicated that H. pluvialis cells sort variant proteins into HpEVs at different physiological states. It was revealed that HpEVs from the early growth stage of H. pluvialis contain more proteins associated with cellular functions involved in primary metabolite, cell division, and cellular energy metabolism, while HpEVs from the late growth stage of H. pluvialis were enriched in proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and secondary metabolism. This is the first study to report and compare the protein composition of HpEVs from different growth stages of H. pluvialis, providing important information on the development and production of functional microalgal-derived EVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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25 pages, 5084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Mechanism of Exogenous ABA to Enhance UV-B Resistance in Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. by Modulating Flavonoid Accumulation

by Wang Yu, Fushuai Gong, Hongwei Xu and Xiaofu Zhou

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105248 - 11 May 2024

Viewed by 340

Abstract

With the depletion of the ozone layer, the intensity of ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface increases, which in turn causes significant stress to plants and affects all aspects of plant growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of response to UV-B radiation in the endemic species of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) in the Changbai Mountains and to study how exogenous ABA regulates the response of R. chrysanthum to UV-B stress. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence images and OJIP kinetic curves showed that UV-B radiation damaged the PSII photosystem of R. chrysanthum, and exogenous ABA could alleviate this damage to some extent. A total of 2148 metabolites were detected by metabolomics, of which flavonoids accounted for the highest number (487, or 22.67%). KEGG enrichment analysis of flavonoids that showed differential accumulation by UV-B radiation and exogenous ABA revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis and flavone and flavonol biosynthesis were significantly altered. GO analysis showed that most of the DEGs produced after UV-B radiation and exogenous ABA were distributed in the cellular process, cellular anatomical entity, and catalytic activity. Network analysis of key DFs and DEGs associated with flavonoid synthesis identified key flavonoids (isorhamnetin-3-O-gallate and dihydromyricetin) and genes (TRINITY_DN2213_c0_g1_i4-A1) that promote the resistance of R. chrysanthum to UV-B stress. In addition, multiple transcription factor families were found to be involved in the regulation of the flavonoid synthesis pathway under UV-B stress. Overall, R. chrysanthum actively responded to UV-B stress by regulating changes in flavonoids, especially flavones and flavonols, while exogenous ABA further enhanced its resistance to UV-B stress. The experimental results not only provide a new perspective for understanding the molecular mechanism of the response to UV-B stress in the R. chrysanthum, but also provide a valuable theoretical basis for future research and application in improving plant adversity tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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24 pages, 8864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The ZmbHLH47-ZmSnRK2.9 Module Promotes Drought Tolerance in Maize

by Zhenwei Yan, Fajun Zhang, Chunhua Mu, Changle Ma, Guoqi Yao, Yue Sun, Jing Hou, Bingying Leng and Xia Liu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4957; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094957 - 1 May 2024

Viewed by 419

Abstract

Drought stress globally poses a significant threat to maize (Zea mays L.) productivity and the underlying molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance remain elusive. In this study, we characterized ZmbHLH47, a basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor, as a positive regulator of drought tolerance in maize. ZmbHLH47 expression was notably induced by both drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA). Transgenic plants overexpressing ZmbHLH47 displayed elevated drought tolerance and ABA responsiveness, while the zmbhlh47 mutant exhibited increased drought sensitivity and reduced ABA sensitivity. Mechanistically, it was revealed that ZmbHLH47 could directly bind to the promoter of ZmSnRK2.9 gene, a member of the subgroup III SnRK2 kinases, activating its expression. Furthermore, ZmSnRK2.9-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced ABA sensitivity and drought tolerance, whereas the zmsnrk2.9 mutant displayed a decreased sensitivity to both. Notably, overexpressing ZmbHLH47 in the zmsnrk2.9 mutant closely resembled the zmsnrk2.9 mutant, indicating the importance of the ZmbHLH47-ZmSnRK2.9 module in ABA response and drought tolerance. These findings provided valuable insights and a potential genetic resource for enhancing the environmental adaptability of maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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18 pages, 2603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological, Transcriptome, and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Tolerance to Cu Toxicity in Red Macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis

by Xiaojiao Chen, Yueyao Tang, Hao Zhang, Xiaoqian Zhang, Xue Sun, Xiaonan Zang and Nianjun Xu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(9), 4770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094770 - 27 Apr 2024

Viewed by 366

Abstract

Heavy metal copper (Cu) will inevitably impact the marine macroalgae Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (G. lemaneiformis), which is a culture of economic importance along China’s coastline. In this study, the detoxification mechanism of Cu stress on G. lemaneiformis was revealed by assessing physiological indicators in conjunction with transcriptome and metabolome analyses at 1 d after Cu stress. Our findings revealed that 25 μM Cu stimulated ROS synthesis and led to the enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid residues. This process subsequently impeded G. lemaneiformis growth by suppressing photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism, protein synthesis, etc. The entry of Cu ions into the algae was facilitated by ZIPs and IRT transporters, presenting as Cu²⁺. Furthermore, there was an up-regulation of Cu efflux transporters HMA5 and ABC family transporters to achieve compartmentation to mitigate the toxicity. The results revealed that G. lemaneiformis elevated the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and ascorbate-glutathione cycle to maintain ROS homeostasis. Additionally, metabolites such as flavonoids, 3-O-methylgallic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-keto-gama-carotene, and eicosapentaenoic acid were up-regulated compared with the control, indicating that they might play roles in response to Cu stress. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive insight into the detoxification mechanisms driving the responses of G. lemaneiformis to Cu exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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19 pages, 6740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of a Fragaria vesca NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) Transcription Factor Gene (FvNAC29) Increases Salt and Cold Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Wenhui Li, Huiwen Li, Yangfan Wei, Jiaxin Han, Yu Wang, Xingguo Li, Lihua Zhang and Deguo Han

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 4088; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074088 - 6 Apr 2024

Viewed by 776

Abstract

The NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) family of transcription factors (TFs) is a vital transcription factor family of plants. It controls multiple parts of plant development, tissue formation, and abiotic stress response. We cloned the FvNAC29 gene from Fragaria vesca (a diploid strawberry) for this research. There is a conserved NAM structural domain in the FvNAC29 protein. The highest homology between FvNAC29 and PaNAC1 was found by phylogenetic tree analysis. Subcellular localization revealed that FvNAC29 is localized onto the nucleus. Compared to other tissues, the expression level of FvNAC29 was higher in young leaves and roots. In addition, Arabidopsis plants overexpressing FvNAC29 had higher cold and high-salinity tolerance than the wild type (WT) and unloaded line with empty vector (UL). The proline and chlorophyll contents of transgenic Arabidopsis plants, along with the activities of the antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) under 200 mM NaCl treatment or −8 °C treatment, were higher than those activities of the control. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde (MDA) and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content were higher in the WT and UL lines. FvNAC29 improves transgenic plant resistance to cold and salt stress by regulating the expression levels of AtRD29a, AtCCA1, AtP5CS1, and AtSnRK2.4. It also improves the potential to tolerate cold stress by positively regulating the expression levels of AtCBF1, AtCBF4, AtCOR15a, and AtCOR47. These findings suggest that FvNAC29 may be related to the processes and the molecular mechanisms of F. vesca response to high-salinity stress and LT stress, providing a comprehensive understanding of the NAC TFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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14 pages, 10147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling the Contribution of MulSOS2 in Conferring Salinity Tolerance in Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb)

by Hai-Rui Wang, Sheng-Mei Han, Dong-Hao Wang, Zhen-Rui Zhao, Hui Ling, Yun-Na Yu, Zhao-Yang Liu, Ying-Ping Gai and Xian-Ling Ji

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 3628; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25073628 - 24 Mar 2024

Viewed by 559

Abstract

Salinity is one of the most serious threats to sustainable agriculture. The Salt Overly Sensitive (SOS) signaling pathway plays an important role in salinity tolerance in plants, and the SOS2 gene plays a critical role in this pathway. Mulberry not only has important economic value but also is an important ecological tree species; however, the roles of the SOS2 gene associated with salt stress have not been reported in mulberry. To gain insight into the response of mulberry to salt stress, SOS2 (designated MulSOS2) was cloned from mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb), and sequence analysis of the amino acids of MulSOS2 showed that it shares some conserved domains with its homologs from other plant species. Our data showed that the MulSOS2 gene was expressed at different levels in different tissues of mulberry, and its expression was induced substantially not only by NaCl but also by ABA. In addition, MulSOS2 was exogenously expressed in Arabidopsis, and the results showed that under salt stress, transgenic MulSOS2 plants accumulated more proline and less malondialdehyde than the wild-type plants and exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress. Moreover, the MulSOS2 gene was transiently overexpressed in mulberry leaves and stably overexpressed in the hairy roots, and similar results were obtained for resistance to salt stress in transgenic mulberry plants. Taken together, the results of this study are helpful to further explore the function of the MulSOS2 gene, which provides a valuable gene for the genetic breeding of salt tolerance in mulberry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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16 pages, 6383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

FvMYB108, a MYB Gene from Fragaria vesca, Positively Regulates Cold and Salt Tolerance of Arabidopsis

by Penghui Song, Ruihua Yang, Kuibao Jiao, Baitao Guo, Lei Zhang, Yuze Li, Kun Zhang, Shuang Zhou, Xinjuan Wu and Xingguo Li

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3405; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063405 - 17 Mar 2024

Viewed by 721

Abstract

MYB (myoblast) protein comes in large quantities and a wide variety of types and plays a role in most eukaryotes in the form of transcription factors (TFs). One of its important functions is to regulate plant responses to various stresses. However, the role of MYB TFs in regulating stress tolerance in strawberries is not yet well understood. Therefore, in order to investigate the response of MYB family members to abiotic stress in strawberries, a new MYB TF gene was cloned from Fragaria vesca (a diploid strawberry) and named FvMYB108 based on its structural characteristics and evolutionary relationships. After a bioinformatics analysis, it was determined that the gene belongs to the R2R3-MYB subfamily, and its conserved domain, phylogenetic relationships, predicted protein structure and physicochemical properties, subcellular localization, etc. were analyzed. After qPCR analysis of the expression level of FvMYB108 in organs, such as the roots, stems, and leaves of strawberries, it was found that this gene is more easily expressed in young leaves and roots. After multiple stress treatments, it was found that the target gene in young leaves and roots is more sensitive to low temperatures and salt stimulation. After these two stress treatments, various physiological and biochemical indicators related to stress in transgenic Arabidopsis showed corresponding changes, indicating that FvMYB108 may be involved in regulating the plant’s ability to cope with cold and high-salt stress. Further research has found that the overexpression of this gene can upregulate the expression of AtCBF1, AtCOR47, AtERD10, and AtDREB1A related to low-temperature stress, as well as AtCCA1, AtRD29a, AtP5CS1, and AtSnRK2.4 related to salt stress, enhancing the ability of overexpressed plants to cope with stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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29 pages, 7247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Studies on the Kernel Row Number in a Multi-Parent Maize Population

by Yizhu Wang, Fengyun Ran, Xingfu Yin, Fuyan Jiang, Yaqi Bi, Ranjan K. Shaw and Xingming Fan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3377; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063377 - 16 Mar 2024

Viewed by 601

Abstract

Kernel row number (KRN) is a crucial trait in maize that directly influences yield; hence, understanding the mechanisms underlying KRN is vital for the development of high-yielding inbred lines and hybrids. We crossed four excellent panicle inbred lines (CML312, CML444, YML46, and YML32) with Ye107, and after eight generations of selfing, a multi-parent population was developed comprising four subpopulations, each consisting of 200 lines. KRN was accessed in five environments in Yunnan province over three years (2019, 2021, and 2022). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify quantitative trait loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with KRN through linkage and genome-wide association analyses using high-quality genotypic data, (2) identify candidate genes regulating KRN by identifying co-localized QTLs and SNPs, and (3) explore the pathways involved in KRN formation and identify key candidate genes through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Our study successfully identified 277 significant Quantitative trait locus (QTLs) and 53 significant Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) related to KRN. Based on gene expression, GO, and KEGG analyses, SNP-177304649, SNP-150393177, SNP-135283055, SNP-138554600, and SNP-120370778, which were highly likely to be associated with KRN, were identified. Seven novel candidate genes at this locus (Zm00001d022420, Zm00001d022421, Zm00001d016202, Zm00001d050984, Zm00001d050985, Zm00001d016000, and Zm00014a012929) are associated with KRN. Among these, Zm00014a012929 was identified using the reference genome Mo17. The remaining six genes were identified using the reference genome B73. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the association of these genes with KRN in maize. These findings provide a theoretical foundation and valuable insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying maize KRN and the development of high-yielding hybrids through heterosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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21 pages, 9560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Role of Genic-SSRs in Driving Ecological Adaptation Diversity in Caragana Plants

by Qinglang Wang, Xing’er Chen, Yue Meng, Miaomiao Niu, Yuanyuan Jia, Lei Huang, Wenhong Ma, Cunzhu Liang, Zhiyong Li, Liqing Zhao and Zhenhua Dang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(4), 2084; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25042084 - 8 Feb 2024

Viewed by 821

Abstract

Caragana, a xerophytic shrub genus widely distributed in northern China, exhibits distinctive geographical substitution patterns and ecological adaptation diversity. This study employed transcriptome sequencing technology to investigate 12 Caragana species, aiming to explore genic-SSR variations in the Caragana transcriptome and identify their role as a driving force for environmental adaptation within the genus. A total of 3666 polymorphic genic-SSRs were identified across different species. The impact of these variations on the expression of related genes was analyzed, revealing a significant linear correlation (p < 0.05) between the length variation of 264 polymorphic genic-SSRs and the expression of associated genes. Additionally, 2424 polymorphic genic-SSRs were located in differentially expressed genes among Caragana species. Through weighted gene co-expression network analysis, the expressions of these genes were correlated with 19 climatic factors and 16 plant functional traits in various habitats. This approach facilitated the identification of biological processes associated with habitat adaptations in the studied Caragana species. Fifty-five core genes related to functional traits and climatic factors were identified, including various transcription factors such as MYB, TCP, ARF, and structural proteins like HSP90, elongation factor TS, and HECT. The roles of these genes in the ecological adaptation diversity of Caragana were discussed. Our study identified specific genomic components and genes in Caragana plants responsive to heterogeneous habitats. The results contribute to advancements in the molecular understanding of their ecological adaptation, lay a foundation for the conservation and development of Caragana germplasm resources, and provide a scientific basis for plant adaptation to global climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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17 pages, 9835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorylation of Thr-225 and Ser-262 on ERD7 Promotes Age-Dependent and Stress-Induced Leaf Senescence through the Regulation of Hydrogen Peroxide Accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana

by Rongrong Wu, Xiaolu Pan, Wei Li, Zenglin Zhang and Yongfeng Guo

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(2), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021328 - 22 Jan 2024

Viewed by 703

Abstract

As the final stage of leaf development, leaf senescence is affected by a variety of internal and external signals including age and environmental stresses. Although significant progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms of age-dependent leaf senescence, it is not clear how stress conditions induce a similar process. Here, we report the roles of a stress-responsive and senescence-induced gene, ERD7 (EARLY RESPONSIVE TO DEHYDRATION 7), in regulating both age-dependent and stress-induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. The results showed that the leaves of erd7 mutant exhibited a significant delay in both age-dependent and stress-induced senescence, while transgenic plants overexpressing the gene exhibited an obvious accelerated leaf senescence. Furthermore, based on the results of LC-MS/MS and PRM quantitative analyses, we selected two phosphorylation sites, Thr-225 and Ser-262, which have a higher abundance during senescence, and demonstrated that they play a key role in the function of ERD7 in regulating senescence. Transgenic plants overexpressing the phospho-mimetic mutant of the activation segment residues ERD7^T225D and ERD7^T262D exhibited a significantly early senescence, while the inactivation segment ERD7^T225A and ERD7^T262A displayed a delayed senescence. Moreover, we found that ERD7 regulates ROS accumulation by enhancing the expression of AtrbohD and AtrbohF, which is dependent on the critical residues, i.e., Thr-225 and Ser-262. Our findings suggest that ERD7 is a positive regulator of senescence, which might function as a crosstalk hub between age-dependent and stress-induced leaf senescence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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Review

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17 pages, 1172 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Progress of Small Plant Peptides on the Regulation of Plant Growth, Development, and Abiotic Stress

by Guocheng Ren, Yanling Zhang, Zengting Chen, Xin Xue and Hai Fan

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(7), 4114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25074114 - 8 Apr 2024

Viewed by 733

Abstract

Small peptides in plants are typically characterized as being shorter than 120 amino acids, with their biologically active variants comprising fewer than 20 amino acids. These peptides are instrumental in regulating plant growth, development, and physiological processes, even at minimal concentrations. They play a critical role in long-distance signal transduction within plants and act as primary responders to a range of stress conditions, including salinity, alkalinity, drought, high temperatures, and cold. This review highlights the crucial roles of various small peptides in plant growth and development, plant resistance to abiotic stress, and their involvement in long-distance transport. Furthermore, it elaborates their roles in the regulation of plant hormone biosynthesis. Special emphasis is given to the functions and mechanisms of small peptides in plants responding to abiotic stress conditions, aiming to provide valuable insights for researchers working on the comprehensive study and practical application of small peptides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Plant Abiotic Stress)

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