Cytotoxic Anthranilic Acid Derivatives from Deep Sea Sediment-Derived Fungus Penicillium paneum SD-44

Abstract

Five new anthranilic acid derivatives, penipacids A–E (1–5), together with one known analogue (6), which was previously synthesized, were characterized from the ethyl acetate extract of the marine sediment-derived fungus Penicillium paneum SD-44. Their structures were elucidated mainly by extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analysis. The cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the isolated compounds were evaluated. Compounds 1, and 5 exhibited inhibitory activity against human colon cancer RKO cell line, while compound 6 displayed cytotoxic activity against Hela cell line.

1. Introduction

Marine fungi have recently attracted great attention owing to their structurally unique and biologically active metabolites [1,2,3,4]. Our previous investigation of filamentous fungi from marine habitats [5,6,7,8,9,10] enabled us to obtain a fungus Penicillium paneum SD-44 from the sediment sample collected from the South China Sea. Chemical investigation of this fungus by static culture in solid rice medium led to the isolation of one novel triazole and two new quinazolinone alkaloids, penipanoids A–C [11]. During our ongoing exploration of new bioactive metabolites of this fungal strain by changing fermentation conditions, we had a chance to access a large-scale bioreactor, and, as a result, six anthranilic acid derivatives including five new ones (1–5) and one previously synthesized analogue (6) [12] (Figure 1) were isolated from the culture broth of the dynamic fermentation in a 500-L fermentator. All the isolated new compounds possess an amidine moiety, which is rare among naturally occurring compounds [13]. Details of the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activities are reported herein.

Figure 1. Structures of the isolated compounds 1–6.

Figure 1. Structures of the isolated compounds 1–6.

2. Results and Discussion

Structure Elucidation of the New Compounds

Penipacid A (1) was isolated as yellowish solid. Its molecular formula was demonstrated as C₁₃H₁₈N₂O₃ by HR-ESI-MS, with six degrees of unsaturation. Detailed analyses of the 1D NMR data (Table 1 and Table 2) indicated the presence of one carbonyl, one ortho-disubstituted benzene ring, two additional quaternary carbons (one sp² and one sp³), one methylene carbon and three methyls. Among them, the de-shielded sp³ quaternary carbon resonating at δ_C 70.8 was deduced to be oxygenated, while the two sp² carbons at δ_C 148.3 and 148.4 and the methylene at δ_C 49.7 were ascribed to be connected with nitrogen atoms. The characters of the 1D NMR data and the UV spectrum (λ_max 286 and 340 nm) as well as the observed ¹H–¹H COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 2) suggested that 1 might be an anthranilic acid derivative [14]. In the HMBC spectrum, the correlation from the double doublet aromatic proton H-3 to C-1 (δ_C 172.9) allowed the placement of the carboxyl group at C-2 (Figure 2). The observed HMBC cross-peaks from the exchangeable proton (H-8, δ_H 10.63), ascribed to nitrogenated atom, to the aromatic carbons C-2 and C-6 implied the presence of the 2-aminobenzoic acid moiety. Meanwhile, the HMBC correlations (Figure 2) from the symmetrical methyls (H₃-13 and H₃-14) to the oxygenated carbon C-12 (δ_C 70.8) and the nitrogen-bearing methylene C-11 (δ_C 49.7) and from singlet methyl H₃-15 to C-9 (δ_C 148.4/3) and C-11 as well as from H-8 to C-9 suggested the presence of N'-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)acetimidamide motif in the structure of 1. The observed NOE correlation of H₂-11 with H₃-15 ascribed the imine double bond C₉=N₁₀ to be E-configured. The structure of 1 was thus established to be (E)-2-(N'-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)acetimidamido)benzoic acid, named as penipacid A.

Penipacid B (2), yellowish powder, was revealed by HR-ESI-MS data to have the molecular formula C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₃, with a CH₂ unit more than that of 1. Comparison of the NMR data of 2 with those of 1 indicated that the structures of these two compounds are very similar, except that one methoxy group was present in 2. The resonance of the oxygenated quaternary carbon C-12 shifted downfield from δ_C 70.8 in 1 to δ_C 76.8 in 2, while the adjacent methyl carbon C-13/C-14 moved upfield from δ_C 29.4 in 1 to δ_C 25.6 in the ¹³C NMR spectrum of 2 (Table 2). Correspondingly, the methyl signal H-13/H-14 shifted from δ_H 1.35 in 1 to upfield at δ_H 1.23 in the ¹H NMR spectrum of 2 (Table 1). The observation implied that the hydroxy group at C-12 in 1 was replaced by a methoxy moiety in 2, which was verified by the obvious HMBC correlation from the protons of the methoxy (δ_H 3.27) to C-12. The NOE correlation of H₂-11 with H₃-15 also suggested the E-configured of C₉=N₁₀. Thus, the structure of 2 was established as (E)-2-(N'-(2-methoxy-2-methylpropyl)acetimidamido)benzoic acid.

Table 1. ¹H NMR data for compounds 1–6 (500 MHz, δ in ppm, J in Hz).

No.	1 a	2 b	3 c	4 b	5 b	6 b
3	7.97 dd (7.9, 0.8)	7.89 dd (8.0, 1.3)	7.89 d (7.9)	7.98 d (7.7)	7.92 d (7.8)	7.99 dd (7.9, 1.2)
4	6.76 br t (7.9)	6.70 br t (8.0)	6.94 t (7.4)	6.93 t (7.5)	6.77 t (7.5)	6.94 td (8.0, 0.9)
5	7.45 td ( 8.2, 1.0)	7.38 td (8.5, 1.4)	7.55 t (7.4)	7.48 t (7.5)	7.42 t (7.5)	7.46 td (8.0, 1.5)
6	7.50 br d (8.2)	7.58 br d (8.5)	7.81 d (8.4)	7.80 d (8.4)	7.66 br d (8.5)	7.76 br d (8.4)
8	10.63 s	-	11.36 s	-	-
9					7.82 s
11	2.53 s	2.53 s				2.47 s
12			2.04 s	2.14 s	6.63 d (3.1)	2.01 s
13	1.35 s	1.23 s			6.50 dd (2.8, 1.7)
14	1.35 s	1.23 s			7.55 br s
15	2.00 s	1.97 s
OMe		3.27 s

^a Recorded in CDCl₃; ^b Recorded in methanol-d₄; ^c Recorded in DMSO-d₆.

Table 1. ¹H NMR data for compounds 1–6 (500 MHz, δ in ppm, J in Hz).

No.	1 a	2 b	3 c	4 b	5 b	6 b
3	7.97 dd (7.9, 0.8)	7.89 dd (8.0, 1.3)	7.89 d (7.9)	7.98 d (7.7)	7.92 d (7.8)	7.99 dd (7.9, 1.2)
4	6.76 br t (7.9)	6.70 br t (8.0)	6.94 t (7.4)	6.93 t (7.5)	6.77 t (7.5)	6.94 td (8.0, 0.9)
5	7.45 td ( 8.2, 1.0)	7.38 td (8.5, 1.4)	7.55 t (7.4)	7.48 t (7.5)	7.42 t (7.5)	7.46 td (8.0, 1.5)
6	7.50 br d (8.2)	7.58 br d (8.5)	7.81 d (8.4)	7.80 d (8.4)	7.66 br d (8.5)	7.76 br d (8.4)
8	10.63 s	-	11.36 s	-	-
9					7.82 s
11	2.53 s	2.53 s				2.47 s
12			2.04 s	2.14 s	6.63 d (3.1)	2.01 s
13	1.35 s	1.23 s			6.50 dd (2.8, 1.7)
14	1.35 s	1.23 s			7.55 br s
15	2.00 s	1.97 s
OMe		3.27 s

^a Recorded in CDCl₃; ^b Recorded in methanol-d₄; ^c Recorded in DMSO-d₆.

Table 2. ¹³C NMR data for compounds 1–6 (125 MHz, δ in ppm).

No.	1 a	2 b	3 c	4 b	5 b	6 b
1	172.9 s	172.3 s d	170.4 s	172.7 s	172.2 s	173.3 s d
2	108.4 s	111.1 s	112.4 s	112.1 s	112.2 s	117.6 s
3	131.8 d	132.5 d	131.6 d	132.6 d	132.5 d	132.7 d
4	117.5 d	117.9 d	120.2 d	121.0 d	118.7 d	121.3 d
5	135.7 d	135.2 d	135.0 d	135.0 d	135.1 d	134.2 d
6	113.1 d	114.1 d	114.3 d	115.0 d	114.4 d	114.5 d
7	148.3 s	149.7 s	146.4 s	147.5 s	148.7 s	146.8 s
9	148.4 s	147.9 s	136.5 s	135.4 s	131.5 d	143.4 s
10						199.3 s
11	49.7 t	48.7 t	166.2 s	167.4 s	152.3 s	8.5 q
12	70.8 s	76.8 s	11.4 q	11.4 q	110.8 d	24.2 q
13	29.4 q	25.6 q			112.7 d
14	29.4 q	25.6 q			144.5 d
15	17.9 q	17.3 q
OMe		49.0 q		52.7 q

^a Recorded in CDCl₃; ^b Recorded in methanol-d₄; ^c Recorded in DMSO-d₆; ^d Data deduced from HMBC.

Table 2. ¹³C NMR data for compounds 1–6 (125 MHz, δ in ppm).

No.	1 a	2 b	3 c	4 b	5 b	6 b
1	172.9 s	172.3 s d	170.4 s	172.7 s	172.2 s	173.3 s d
2	108.4 s	111.1 s	112.4 s	112.1 s	112.2 s	117.6 s
3	131.8 d	132.5 d	131.6 d	132.6 d	132.5 d	132.7 d
4	117.5 d	117.9 d	120.2 d	121.0 d	118.7 d	121.3 d
5	135.7 d	135.2 d	135.0 d	135.0 d	135.1 d	134.2 d
6	113.1 d	114.1 d	114.3 d	115.0 d	114.4 d	114.5 d
7	148.3 s	149.7 s	146.4 s	147.5 s	148.7 s	146.8 s
9	148.4 s	147.9 s	136.5 s	135.4 s	131.5 d	143.4 s
10						199.3 s
11	49.7 t	48.7 t	166.2 s	167.4 s	152.3 s	8.5 q
12	70.8 s	76.8 s	11.4 q	11.4 q	110.8 d	24.2 q
13	29.4 q	25.6 q			112.7 d
14	29.4 q	25.6 q			144.5 d
15	17.9 q	17.3 q
OMe		49.0 q		52.7 q

^a Recorded in CDCl₃; ^b Recorded in methanol-d₄; ^c Recorded in DMSO-d₆; ^d Data deduced from HMBC.

Penipacid C (3) was shown to have the molecular formula of C₁₀H₁₀N₂O₄ (seven degrees of unsaturation) by means of HR-ESI-MS. Detailed analysis of the ¹H-, ¹³C- as well as DEPT NMR data of 3 suggested that the molecule might possess the same 2-acetimidamido benzoic acid moiety as those of compounds 1 and 2. The remaining structural unit (COOH) with the quaternary carbon atom resonated at δ_C 166.2 (C-11) was ascribed to the presence of one carbonyl group. The obvious HMBC correlations from the only methyl group (δ_H 2.04, H₃-12) to C-9 (δ_C 136.5) and C-11 established the position of the remaining carbonyl group (Figure 2). The chemical atmosphere of the methyl (C-12) might be influenced by the carboxyl group (C-11), which was correspondingly affected by the configuration of the double bond (C₉=N₁₀). When the C₉=N₁₀ takes the E configuration, the methyl group (C-12) is at the shielding area of the carboxyl group, which implied the lower chemical shift of C-12 in this mode than in that of the Z configured C₉=N₁₀ molecule. The preliminary prediction of the chemical shift of C-12 by the software ChemBioDraw Ultra (V12.0) verified this deduction that C-12 was in a higher fielded atmosphere (δ_C 18.9) in the E-configured molecule, and in a lower one (δ_C 24.9) for the Z-configured model. The experimental value (δ_C 11.4) of the chemical shift of C-12 is closer to that of the predicted one of E-configured molecule than that of the Z-configured model. The configuration of the double bond C₉=N₁₀ was thus tentatively assigned to be E, which was biogenetically identical to those of compounds 1 and 2. A double bond isomer (C₉=N₁₀) of 3 was previously described in a complex with manganese [15].

Penipacid E (4) was isolated as yellowish solid. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₄ by HR-ESI-MS, possessing one more CH₂ moiety than that of 3. Comprehensive comparison of the 1D NMR data of 4 with those of 3 suggested that the two molecules were very similar, except that an O-methyl group (δ_H 3.84 and δ_C 52.7) was observed in the NMR spectra of 4, implying one of the COOH group in 3 was replaced by a COOMe group in 4. The HMBC correlation from the methoxy group to C-11 (δ_C 167.4) allowed the placement of the COOMe group at N-10. The geometry of the double bond (C₉=N₁₀) in 4 was also assigned by the chemical shift prediction using ChemBioDraw Ultra (version 12.0) software to be E-configured. The similarity of the chemical shifts of compounds 3 and 4 also implied that both of them should take the same configuration.

Penipacid G (5) was obtained as a yellowish solid. The molecular formula was deduced from the HR-ESI-MS data to be C₁₂H₁₀N₂O₃, with nine degrees of unsaturation. The similarity of the 1D NMR data of 5 with compounds 1–4 suggested that 5 should also be an anthranilic acid derivative. Besides the 2-aminobenzoic acid moiety, the remaining part (C₅H₄NO) of the structure was established by 2D NMR spectra. The COSY correlations from H-12 to H-13 and from H-13 to H-14 as well as the HMBC correlations from H-12 and H-13 to the oxygenated aromatic carbons C-11 (δ_C 152.3) and C-14 (δ_C 144.5) and from H-14 to C-11 and C-12 (Figure 2) implied the presence of the nitrogen substituted furan moiety. Moreover, the HMBC cross peak from H-9 to C-11 established the planar structure of compound 5 to be 2-(N'-(furan-2-yl)formimidamido)benzoic acid. The NOE correlation from H-9 to the furan proton H-12 implied the E-configuration of C₉=N₁₀.

To clarify whether the new compounds 2 and 4 are artifacts, which might be respectively derived from 1 and 3 during the purification procedures, compounds 1 and 3 were mixed with silica gel in CHCl₃–MeOH (1:1) for 24 hours and then checked by HPLC. Additionally, these compounds were respectively dissolved in MeOH and were stirred at room temperature for 48 hours and then also analyzed by HPLC. The results indicated that none of them showed obvious change compared with the standard samples. Based on the above experiments, compounds 2 and 4 are regarded as natural occurring products, rather than the artifacts.

Figure 2. Key HMBC (arrows) and ¹H–¹H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compounds 1, 3, and 5.

Figure 2. Key HMBC (arrows) and ¹H–¹H COSY (bold lines) correlations of compounds 1, 3, and 5.

Compounds 1–6 were evaluated for the cytotoxicity against Hela and RKO cell lines and the antimicrobial activity on two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and three plant-pathogenic fungi (Alternaria brassicae, Fusarium graminearum, and Rhizoctonia cerealis). In the cytotoxic assays, penipacids A (1) and E (5) exhibited inhibitory activity against RKO cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 8.4 and 9.7 µM, respectively, while compound 6 displayed cytotoxic activity against Hela cell line with the IC₅₀ value of 6.6 µM, which are all stronger than the positive control fluorouracil (with IC₅₀ values of 25.0 and 14.5 µM, respectively). In the antimicrobial screening, no obvious activity could be observed for the tested compounds.

3. Experimental Section

3.1. General

UV Spectroscopic data were obtained on a Lengguang Gold S54. NMR Spectra were recorded at 500 and 125 MHz for ¹H and ¹³C, respectively, on a Bruker Advance 500. Mass spectra were measured on a VG Autospec 3000 mass spectrometer. Column chromatography (CC) was performed with silica gel (200–300 mesh, Qingdao Marine Chemical Factory, Qingdao, China), Lobar LiChroprep RP-18 (40–63 µm; Merck), and Sephadex LH-20 (18–110 µm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). HPLC was performed using an Elite semi-preparative colume (10 × 300 mm, Elite, Dalian, China) on Dionex HPLC system.

3.2. Fungal Material

The procedures of isolation and identification of the fungal strain used in this experiment were described in an earlier report [11].

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The fresh mycelium was inoculated into 500 mL flask preloaded with 200 mL liquid medium (consisting of mannitol 20 g, maltose 20 g, monosodium glutamate 10 g, glucose 10 g, yeast extract 3 g, corn steep liquor 1 g, KH₂PO₄ 0.5 g, and MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.3 g, in 1 L filtered sea water) followed by a two-day culture incubation at 28 °C and 150 rpm/min. The whole liquid (15 × 200 mL) collected from the flask was inoculated into a 50-L seed fermentator containing 27 L sterilized medium for a one-day fermentation at 28 °C and 150 rpm/min. The cultured liquid was then transferred into a 500 L fermentator preloaded with 270 L sterilized medium and cultured for another 5 days at the same conditions.

The fermented mycelia and broth were separated by centrifugation, and the mycelia were exhaustively extracted with acetone to afford the crude extract (70.0 g). The extract was fractionated by Si gel vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using petroleum ether (PE)–EtOAc (from 1:0 to 1:1) and CHCl₃–MeOH (from 20:1 to 0:1) gradient elution to afford 10 fractions (Fr.1–Fr.10). Fr.2 (6.1 g) eluted with PE–EtOAc (5:1) was further purified by column chromatography (CC) on reversed-phase silica gel C₁₈ eluted with a MeOH–H₂O gradient (20% to 100%) to obtain eight parts (P.1–P.8). P.4 (170.0 mg) was further purified by semi-preparative HPLC (Elite ODS-BP column, 10 μm; 10.0 × 300 mm; 3 mL/min; 70% MeOH/H₂O with 0.1% acetic acid in mobile phases) to obtain compounds 4 (5.7 mg, t_R 10.2 min), 1 (16.7 mg, t_R 17.5 min), and 2 (9.3 mg, t_R 27.6 min;). P.5 (110.0 mg) was then subjected to Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH), which was followed by semi-preparative HPLC (73% MeOH/H₂O) to get 5 (4.1 mg, t_R 19.6 min). P.6 (180.0 mg) was fractionated by Sephadex LH-20 (MeOH) and semi-preparative HPLC to yield compound 6 (8.7 mg, t_R 15.5 min; 65% MeOH/H₂O). Fr.3 (8.43 g) eluted with PE–EtOAc (2:1) was further separated by CC on reversed-phase silica gel C₁₈ eluted with a MeOH–H₂O gradient (20% to 100%) to afford eight parts (P.1–P.8). P.7 (125.0 mg) was separated by semi-preparative HPLC (75% MeOH/H₂O) to get 3 (21.2 mg, t_R 9.8 min).

Penipacid A (1): yellowish solid; UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 215 (4.50), 286 (4.40), 340 (3.85) nm; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; ESIMS m/z 251 [M + H]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 251.1393 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₃, 251.1390).

Penipacid B (2): yellowish powder; UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 215 (4.06), 286 (4.07), 336 (3.48) nm; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; ESIMS m/z 287 [M + Na]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 287.1365 [M + Na]⁺ (calcd for C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₃Na, 287.1371).

Penipacid C (3): yellowish solid; UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 218 (4.70) nm, 334 (4.66); ESIMS m/z 223 [M + H]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 223.0713 (calcd for C₁₀H₁₁N₂O₄, 223.0714).

Penipacid D (4): yellowish solid; UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 217 (4.31) nm, 334 (4.42); ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2; ESIMS m/z 237 [M + H]⁺; HRESIMS m/z 237.0869 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₁₁H₁₃N₂O₄, 237.0870).

PenipacidE (5): yellowish solid; UV (MeOH) λ_max (log ε) 215 (4.65), 350 (4.75) nm; ¹H and ¹³C NMR data, see Table 1 and Table 2, respectively; ESIMS m/z 229 [M − H]⁻; HRESIMS m/z 229.0629 [M − H]⁻ (calcd for C₁₂H₉N₂O₃, 229.0619).

3.4. Cytotoxic Assay

The cytotoxic activity against Hela (human epithelial carcinoma) and RKO (human colon cancer) cell lines was determined according to previously reported methods [16]. Briefly, cells were seeded onto 96-well plates at a density of 4 × 10³ cells/well for 24 h, and treated with gradient concentrations of the tested compounds for 48 h. MTT (100 µL, 0.5 mg/mL) was added to each well and the cells were incubated for further 4 h in the dark at 37 °C. Then, the dye crystals were dissolved in 150 µL dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) after careful removal of the medium. Absorbance was measured at 570 nm using a microplate reader (BioTek, USA). The viability of the treated groups was assessed as a percentage of non-treated control groups, which was assumed to be 100%. The cytotoxicity of the compounds was expressed as an IC₅₀, defined as the concentration causing a 50% reduction of cell growth compared with untreated cells.

3.5. Antimicrobial Assays

The antimicrobial activities against two bacteria (S. aureus and E. coli) and three plant-pathogenic fungi (A. brassicae, F. graminearum, and R. cerealis) were carried out using the disk diffusion method [17]. Chloramphenicol and amphotericin B were used as antibacterial and antifungal positive controls, respectively.

4. Conclusions

Five new anthranilic acid derivatives, penipacids A–E (1–5), along with one known analogue (6), were identified from P. paneum SD-44 fermented in a 500 L bioreactor. Compounds 1, 5, and 6 exhibited cytotoxic activities. The biosynthetic potential of filamentous fungi is proven to be under exploited [18,19]. The strategy of changing culture conditions of fungi for inducing the production of new metabolites has been successfully applied in recent years [20,21,22,23]. Detailed HPLC-DAD analysis of the crude extract and VLC fractions of fungus SD-44 cultured in rice medium revealed that none of the penipacid compounds could be detected. However, the penipanoids, which were isolated from the static fermentation [11] were also isolated from the dynamic cultured products in the present investigation. Since there is no more powerful evidence to prove whether the penipacid compounds could be metabolized by SD-44 in the static fermentation, the discovery of penipacids could not be definitely ascribed to the change of fermentation condition of the fungus SD-44.