MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

22 pages, 6558 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coptidis Rhizoma Alkaloids Alleviate Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating GSH Metabolism and the TNF Signaling Pathway

by Xiaoyao Ma, Jiali Rao, Xuefei Li, Zibin Li, Xuan Lu, Yujie Lu, Juan Guo and Baomin Feng

Antioxidants 2026, 15(2), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox15020223 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major global cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and the rising incidence of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity has raised substantial concern in the medical community, highlighting an urgent need for effective therapeutic approaches. Coptidis Rhizoma alkaloids (CRAs) have shown hepatoprotective [...] Read more.

Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major global cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), and the rising incidence of APAP-induced hepatotoxicity has raised substantial concern in the medical community, highlighting an urgent need for effective therapeutic approaches. Coptidis Rhizoma alkaloids (CRAs) have shown hepatoprotective effects in multiple hepatic disease models. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy and the underlying mechanisms of CRA in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury. After identifying 18 alkaloid components in CRA, we employed an integrated strategy of untargeted metabolomics and network pharmacological analysis to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The potential mechanisms were subsequently validated through histopathological examination and molecular biology assays. Our results showed that CRA exerted dose-dependent protection against APAP-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo. This protective effect was mediated by enhanced hepatic glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis via increased intracellular cysteine (Cys) availability. In the mouse model, hepatic Cys and GSH levels were increased by 2.2-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively, relative to the model group, which consequently attenuated oxidative stress damage. Furthermore, CRA suppressed APAP-induced activation of ERK and NF-κB, reducing the phosphorylation levels by 39.2% and 38.0%, respectively. Accordingly, it also downregulated the subsequent expression of inflammatory mediators in the TNF signaling pathway. These findings provide crucial mechanistic insights into the hepatoprotective role of CRA against APAP-induced toxicity, establishing a valuable foundation for developing novel therapeutic or preventive strategies for APAP-induced liver injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

23 pages, 3227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characteristics of BVOCs from Fragrant Flowering Trees and Their Emission Along Urban Roadsides in Shanghai, China

by Xi Wang, Yin Wu, Yanting Zhang, Ruiqing Yang, Mengwei Fang, Benyao Wang, Yali Zhang and Meixian Wang

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020176 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Flowering street trees provide ecological services and health benefits to humans. In this study, three commonly used flowering street trees, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Melia azedarach L., and Magnolia grandiflora L., were selected for analysis of floral volatiles during different flowering stages along [...] Read more.

Flowering street trees provide ecological services and health benefits to humans. In this study, three commonly used flowering street trees, Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.) Steud., Melia azedarach L., and Magnolia grandiflora L., were selected for analysis of floral volatiles during different flowering stages along roadsides in Shanghai, China. Headspace sampling solid-phase microextraction (HS–SPME) coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify volatiles from different floral samples. Simultaneously, selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry (SIFT–MS) was employed to detect biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in roadside air samples. The results indicated that (1) P. tomentosa volatiles consisted predominantly of alcohols and phenolic ethers, M. azedarach volatiles consisted primarily of alcohols and aldehydes, and M. grandiflora volatiles consisted mainly of terpenes. (2) Air samples from P. tomentosa and M. azedarach were dominated by alcohols, whereas air samples from M. grandiflora were dominated by terpenes and aldehydes. The ozone formation potential (OFP) of some VOCs fluctuated throughout the flowering period. (3) Antibacterial and antioxidant volatiles released from the flowers of all species, such as eugenol, have demonstrated health-promoting effects in essential oils. The results of this study provide a foundation for optimizing the selection and planting of flowering street trees in urban roadside areas that will enhance ecological services and public health benefits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality and Health)

31 pages, 5624 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Well-Balanced Wet–Dry Front Reconstruction for Two-Layer Shallow Water Flows

by Xue Wang

Mathematics 2026, 14(4), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14040595 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

In this paper, a well-balanced and positivity-preserving scheme for the nonconservative two-layer shallow water equations is developed in the framework of the finite volume method. To address the challenges posed by wet–dry fronts, the focus of our study is on reconstructing them for [...] Read more.

In this paper, a well-balanced and positivity-preserving scheme for the nonconservative two-layer shallow water equations is developed in the framework of the finite volume method. To address the challenges posed by wet–dry fronts, the focus of our study is on reconstructing them for each layer to ensure a well-balanced property. To this end, a new numerical discretization and a special wet–dry front reconstruction are proposed. In addition, the draining time method is employed to ensure the positivity of the water depth. We prove that the proposed scheme is both well-balanced in steady-state solutions and positivity-preserving. Finally, numerical experiments demonstrate the robustness of the scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section E: Applied Mathematics)

33 pages, 4024 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Constructing a Dataset for Detecting VHF Signal Propagation Path Error

by Weichen Wang, Xiaoye Wang, Xiaowen Sun, Zhanpeng Yu and Qing Hu

Electronics 2026, 15(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15040726 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a dedicated dataset for the measurement and prediction of VHF signal propagation path error, aiming to mitigate their adverse effects on the ranging and positioning accuracy of terrestrial navigation systems. The Automatic Identification System (AIS), as a critical maritime collision-avoidance [...] Read more.

This paper presents a dedicated dataset for the measurement and prediction of VHF signal propagation path error, aiming to mitigate their adverse effects on the ranging and positioning accuracy of terrestrial navigation systems. The Automatic Identification System (AIS), as a critical maritime collision-avoidance technology, enables terrestrial-based positioning using coastal AIS stations, offering significant advantages in terms of deployment and maintenance costs. However, propagation path error remains one of the primary sources of positioning inaccuracies, and no specialized datasets have yet been developed to support its systematic measurement and prediction. To address this limitation, a comprehensive data acquisition and processing framework for AIS-related VHF-band propagation path error is proposed. Based on this framework, a multidimensional dataset is constructed, incorporating temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, instantaneous wind speed, salinity, and measured propagation path error. The measured propagation path error data are collected using a self-developed additional secondary phase correction system. Hydrometeorological parameters obtained from authoritative sources at the same time and location are integrated with the measured data to form experimental samples with rich feature representations. Data cleaning and preprocessing procedures are further applied to improve dataset quality. The final dataset comprises 1,296,000 samples and is suitable for training and evaluating machine learning and deep learning models for VHF signal propagation path error prediction, thereby supporting enhanced positioning accuracy and the improved reliability of maritime navigation systems. Full article

21 pages, 494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Folate Status Shaped by Taste Receptor Genetics and Sociobehavioral Modulation: Evidence from a Hungarian Cohort

by Peter Piko, Judit Dioszegi, Nora Kovacs and Roza Adany

Nutrients 2026, 18(4), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040562 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Folate is essential for one-carbon metabolism, yet deficiency remains common in non-fortified populations. Bitter-taste-receptor genetics may influence vegetable intake and thus folate status, but the cumulative impact of sensory genetics, diet, and sociodemographic factors is unclear. This study aimed to investigate how [...] Read more.

Background: Folate is essential for one-carbon metabolism, yet deficiency remains common in non-fortified populations. Bitter-taste-receptor genetics may influence vegetable intake and thus folate status, but the cumulative impact of sensory genetics, diet, and sociodemographic factors is unclear. This study aimed to investigate how taste-related genetic variants, aggregated into a polygenic score (PGS), together with dietary behavior and sociodemographic factors, modulate serum folate levels in a Hungarian adult population, including Roma ethnic minority participants. Methods: In a cross-sectional sample of 626 adults (312 from the Hungarian general population and 314 from the Roma ethnic minority), serum folate was quantified by chemiluminescent immunoassay, and eight taste-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. A four-SNP PGS (TAS2R19 rs10772420, OR10G4 rs1527483, TRPV1 rs8065080, and CD36 rs1761667) was optimized via the stepwise method (ΔR² criterion, FDR q < 0.05). Multivariable linear regression was used to assess associations with continuous folate, and logistic models were used to evaluate deficiency risk (≤13 µmol/L; area under the curve, AUC). Interaction terms were tested for effect modification by education and vegetable intake, and mediation pathways were examined by structural equation modeling with 1000 bootstrap replications. Results: TAS2R19 rs10772420 was found to be the strongest predictor of serum folate level. This effect remained significant even after adjusting for vegetable intake (β = 1.12 nmol/L; p = 0.003), suggesting a persistent genetic association independent of vegetable intake. The taste-related PGS exhibited a significant dose–response relationship with folate levels (p < 0.001) but had only modest discriminatory power for deficiency (AUC = 0.569). Higher educational attainment amplified the associations between the PGS and folate levels (p for interaction < 0.05), whereas vegetable intake did not mediate genetic effects. The associations were consistent across Hungarian general and Roma population subgroups. Conclusions: Bitter-taste-receptor genetics are associated with serum folate levels in a pattern not substantially mediated by self-reported vegetable intake, and this influence is further modified by education. These findings support the development of genome-informed, culturally tailored nutrition strategies for non-fortified populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Insights into Genome-Based Personalized Nutrition Technology)

17 pages, 470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization of Carbapenemases in Providencia Species from Croatia: The Results of the Multicenter Study

by Jasmina Vraneš, Branka Bedenić, Gernot Zarfel, Josefa Luxner, Andrea Grisold, Rocio Arazo del Pino, Tessa Burgwinkel, Haris Car, Maja Anušić, Vladimira Tičić, Marina Bubonja-Šonje, Sanda Sardelić and Paul G. Higgins

Genes 2026, 17(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020203 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/objectives: A rise in infections associated with carbapenem-resistant Providencia species (CRPS) has been observed worldwide. This study presents a genomic analysis of CRPS isolates from four hospitals in Croatia and the outpatient setting, in order to determine the extent of the spread of [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: A rise in infections associated with carbapenem-resistant Providencia species (CRPS) has been observed worldwide. This study presents a genomic analysis of CRPS isolates from four hospitals in Croatia and the outpatient setting, in order to determine the extent of the spread of CRPS in Croatia. In the present study, we applied a combination of phenotypic characterization and molecular analysis of resistance traits to determine the mechanisms and the routes of spread of CRPS. Material and methods: The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk-diffusion and broth dilution methods. The nature of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases, and fluoroquinolone resistance determinants was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to obtain an insight into the whole resistome, selected isolates were subjected to the Interarray Genotyping Kit CarbaResist and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results: In total, 30 isolates were collected from four centers, located in different geographic regions of Croatia. There was uniform resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefuroxime, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Immunochromatographic testing and PCR revealed OXA-48 and NDM carbapenemase in 15 isolates, respectively. Phenotypic tests for ESBLs were positive in all OXA-48 and one NDM-positive organism (16 isolates). The isolates were categorized as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). OXA-48-producing isolates were susceptible only to ceftazidime-avibactam, whereas NDM producers were susceptible to cefiderocol and, in the majority of cases, also to amikacin. WGS identified a plethora of genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, such as aadA1 and aadA2, (aph(3″)-Ib and aph(6)-Id, sulfonamides sul1 and sul2, trimethoprim dfrA1, dfrA10, and dfrA12, tetracyclines tet(A) and tet(B), and chloramphenicol catA3 and catA5. Conclusions: Providencia spp., in spite of being a rare pathogen, should be included in the surveillance studies across the medical centers in Croatia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Genetics and Genomics)

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20 pages, 1439 KB

Open AccessReview

Roles of Mutation, Ploidy, and Recombination in Adaptive Evolution in Two Divergent Model Yeasts

by Megan Hitchcock and Jianping Xu

Genes 2026, 17(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020204 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Genetic variation underlies the capacity of populations to adapt, yet what drives how this variation is generated and maintained in natural populations remains poorly understood. Fundamental processes such as mutation, ploidy, and recombination are known to shape genetic variation and adaptive potential but [...] Read more.

Genetic variation underlies the capacity of populations to adapt, yet what drives how this variation is generated and maintained in natural populations remains poorly understood. Fundamental processes such as mutation, ploidy, and recombination are known to shape genetic variation and adaptive potential but are typically studied in isolation and under controlled laboratory conditions. How these processes act together under varying environmental conditions to structure genetic variation across complex natural populations remains unresolved. In yeasts, these processes are dependent on reproductive mode, ploidy shifts, and environmental stressors, which jointly shape genomic stability and adaptive potential. Here, we review our current knowledge on the roles of mutation, ploidy, and recombination in adaptation in the model yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the human pathogenic Cryptococcus. We highlight heterogeneity in mutation rates, recombination, and ploidy states across strains, environments, and populations, challenging the assumption that these parameters are uniform. We argue that fluctuating environments, increasingly driven by climate change, are likely to intensify interactions among these processes to impact evolution in ways that remain difficult to predict. Integrating population genomics with ecologically realistic frameworks will be essential for understanding natural evolutionary dynamics and anticipating fungal adaptation and disease emergence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Microbial Genetics and Genomics)

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39 pages, 8743 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Aggregation-Based Colorimetric and SERS Sensing of Metal Ions Utilizing Au/Ag Nanoparticles

by Shu Wang, Lin Yin, Yanlong Meng, Han Gao, Yuhan Fu, Jihui Hu and Chunlian Zhan

Biosensors 2026, 16(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios16020110 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The accurate monitoring and dynamic analysis of metal ions are of considerable practical significance in environmental toxicology and life sciences. Colorimetric analysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing technologies, utilizing the aggregation effect of gold and silver nanoparticles (Au/Ag NPs), have emerged as [...] Read more.

The accurate monitoring and dynamic analysis of metal ions are of considerable practical significance in environmental toxicology and life sciences. Colorimetric analysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensing technologies, utilizing the aggregation effect of gold and silver nanoparticles (Au/Ag NPs), have emerged as prominent methods for rapid metal ion detection. While sharing a common plasmonic basis, these two techniques serve distinct yet complementary analytical roles: colorimetric assays offer rapid, instrument-free visual screening ideal for point-of-care testing (POCT), whereas SERS provides superior sensitivity and structural fingerprinting for precise quantification in complex matrices. Furthermore, the synergistic integration of these modalities facilitates the development of dual-mode sensing platforms, enabling mutual signal verification for enhanced reliability. This article evaluates contemporary optical sensing methodologies utilizing aggregation effects and their advancements in the detection of diverse metal ions. It comprehensively outlines methodological advancements from nanomaterial fabrication to signal transduction, encompassing approaches such as biomass-mediated green synthesis and functionalization, targeted surface ligand engineering, digital readout systems utilizing intelligent algorithms, and multimodal synergistic sensing. Recent studies demonstrate that these techniques have attained trace-level identification of target ions regarding analytical efficacy, with detection limits generally conforming to or beyond applicable environmental and health safety regulations. Moreover, pertinent research has enhanced detection linear ranges, anti-interference properties, and adaptability for POCT, validating the usefulness and developmental prospects of this technology for analysis in complicated matrices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Biosensors)

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25 pages, 767 KB

Open AccessReview

Addressing the Cybersecurity Skills Shortage in Lithuania: Policy Insights from the United Kingdom

by Carlene Campbell, Sergio Jofre, Giedre Sabaliauskaite, Carolyne Obonyo and Odayne Haughton

J. Cybersecur. Priv. 2026, 6(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcp6010029 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Cybersecurity has become a critical challenge to policy as cyber threats continue to increase in frequency, sophistication, and societal impact, exposing the growing vulnerability of the critical infrastructure supporting vital societal functions. Globally, these risks are heightened by a persistent shortage of skilled [...] Read more.

Cybersecurity has become a critical challenge to policy as cyber threats continue to increase in frequency, sophistication, and societal impact, exposing the growing vulnerability of the critical infrastructure supporting vital societal functions. Globally, these risks are heightened by a persistent shortage of skilled cybersecurity professionals, which, in Europe, threatens the effective implementation of the Union’s Network and Information Security Directive 2 (NIS2) concerned with the enhancement and harmonization of the cybersecurity level across Member States, notably in terms of their critical infrastructure and involved entities. This article examines the cybersecurity skills landscape across the European Union (EU), with a specific focus on Lithuania, using the United Kingdom (UK) as a strategic benchmark subject. Adopting a comparative case study approach, the study explores and discusses governance arrangements, education and training pathways, labour-market dynamics, and quality-assurance mechanisms shaping cybersecurity workforce development. Technical, organisational, and transversal skills required to prepare an effective cybersecurity workforce in a rapidly evolving labour landscape are also discussed. Findings reveal that Lithuania faces an acute shortage of advanced practitioners and limited alignment between education provision, labour-market needs, and regulatory requirements. In response, the article proposes policy-informed strategies adapted from the UK’s structured and professionalised cybersecurity skills model, explicitly mapped to NIS2 workforce and capability requirements. Identified strategies emphasise the need of coordinated action across schools, higher education institutions, government, industry, and the wider community. Potential enablers and constraints for the operationalization of the identified strategies are further analysed and discussed. The study aims to contribute to ongoing policy debates by demonstrating how a strategic context-sensitive selection and adaptation of key components in established skills frameworks can support the development of a sustainable national cybersecurity skills ecosystem and enhance long-term digital resilience, not only in Lithuania but also in other Member States across the EU. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Community of Good Practice in Cybersecurity)

20 pages, 3030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Behavioral Features in Phelan–McDermid Syndrome: Characteristics and Genetic and Metabolic Contributions in a Cohort of 56 Individuals

by Emily Payne, Bridgette A. Moffitt, Lindsay M. Oberman, Laura Beamer, Sujata Srikanth, Lauren Nicole Cascio, Kelly Jones, Lavanya Jain, Rini Pauly, Melanie May, Cindy Skinner, Carrie Buchanan, Barbara G. DuPont, Rebekah R. Martin, R. Curtis Rogers, Katy Phelan, Sara M. Sarasua, Walter E. Kaufmann and Luigi Boccuto

Genes 2026, 17(2), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020202 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), caused by either chromosome 22q13.3 deletions or pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the SHANK3 gene, is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Behavioral issues greatly impair the quality of life for affected individuals and their families. This genotype–phenotype study intended to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), caused by either chromosome 22q13.3 deletions or pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in the SHANK3 gene, is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder. Behavioral issues greatly impair the quality of life for affected individuals and their families. This genotype–phenotype study intended to further characterize key behavioral features and their genetic and metabolic correlates in PMS. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data on 56 individuals with PMS. Autistic and related behaviors were assessed with the Autism Diagnosis Interview—Revised (ADI-R) and adaptive behavior skills were assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales-Third Edition (Vineland-3), both covering multiple aspects of communication, socialization and abnormal behaviors. Genetic diagnostic information on deletions or pathogenic variants was supplemented with the sequencing data of nine candidate genes on 22q13.3. Metabolic data were obtained using the Biolog Phenotype Mammalian MicroArray plates (PM-M). Results. Every subject in the cohort presented either prominent autistic behavior or adaptive behavior impairment, 55.4% of them meeting the ASD cutoff in every ADI-R domain and 92.9% scoring in the lowest level of adaptive behavior (range of 20–70). Individuals with SHANK3 variants had lower adaptive behavioral skills than those with 22q13 deletions regardless of deletion size, while genomic parameters were largely unrelated to ADI-R scores. Metabolic profiling identified unique profiles of individuals with PMS compared with controls, while distinct profiles distinguished those who met or did not meet the ADI-R ASD cutoff. Cluster analyses revealed groups of individuals with ASD and other clinical features. Conclusion. This study highlighted the importance of SHANK3 in adaptive behavioral skills and uncovered potential metabolic biomarkers of therapeutic relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 15th Anniversary of Genes: Feature Papers in “Neurogenetics and Neurogenomics”)

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19 pages, 984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Smoking, Non-Drinking Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with an Immune-Modulated Clinical Phenotype

by Marko Tarle, Marina Raguž, Koraljka Hat, Igor Čvrljević, Davor Brajdić and Ivica Lukšić

Cancers 2026, 18(4), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers18040553 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Non-smoking, non-drinking (NSND) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is increasingly recognized, yet its clinicopathologic and immune-related correlates remain incompletely defined. Methods: We retrospectively studied 243 surgically treated patients with previously untreated primary OSCC (2011–2020). Patients were classified as NSND or smoking and/or [...] Read more.

Background: Non-smoking, non-drinking (NSND) oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is increasingly recognized, yet its clinicopathologic and immune-related correlates remain incompletely defined. Methods: We retrospectively studied 243 surgically treated patients with previously untreated primary OSCC (2011–2020). Patients were classified as NSND or smoking and/or drinking (SD). Immune-modulating conditions and preoperative systemic immune–inflammatory indices (NLR, LMR, SIRI, AISI) were assessed, and overall (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed. Results: Eighty-five patients (35.0%) were NSND. NSND patients were more often female (58.8% vs. 12.7%) and slightly older (median 54 vs. 50 years). Subsite distribution differed (p < 0.001): tongue (52.9%), buccal mucosa (15.3%), and floor of mouth (3.5%) in NSND versus a predominance of floor of mouth tumors in SD (34.8%). NSND tumors showed smaller diameter, lower depth of invasion, less perineural invasion (40.5% vs. 55.1%), and more frequent inflammatory infiltrate (73.8% vs. 60.1%). Immune-modulating conditions were enriched in NSND (67.1% vs. 17.7%; p < 0.001; adjusted OR 6.25, 95% CI 3.23–12.11), particularly among NSND patients >50 years (79.2%). NSND patients showed lower NLR (p = 0.01), lower SIRI and AISI (p < 0.001), and higher LMR (p < 0.001). Median OS was 81.2 months; NSND showed a trend toward improved OS (p = 0.083) and improved OS after age/sex adjustment (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42–0.98), but not after full clinicopathologic adjustment; DSS did not differ (p = 0.59). Conclusions: NSND OSCC exhibits a distinct clinicopathologic presentation and is strongly associated with immune-modulating comorbidity and lower tumor-associated systemic inflammatory indices, consistent with an immune-modulated clinical phenotype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oral Cancer: The Latest Advances in Clinical and Basic Research (Second Edition))

22 pages, 6970 KB

Open AccessArticle

Limitations of Single Prediction Tools in miRNA Profiling of Grapevine Viral Coinfection

by Katja Jamnik, Hana Šinkovec, Jernej Jakše, Vanja Miljanić and Nataša Štajner

Genes 2026, 17(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17020201 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/objectives: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most economically and culturally important fruit crops worldwide and hosts more than 100 viruses. Viral infections can cause severe yield losses, but plants can adapt to infection through changes in miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways. [...] Read more.

Background/objectives: Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is one of the most economically and culturally important fruit crops worldwide and hosts more than 100 viruses. Viral infections can cause severe yield losses, but plants can adapt to infection through changes in miRNA-mediated regulatory pathways. MicroRNAs are key regulators of plant development and stress responses. Several prediction tools are available for miRNA detection from small RNA sequencing data, each relying on different algorithms. The aim of this study was to compare miRNA predictions generated by three widely used tools (miRador, ShortStack, and miRDeep2) and to evaluate how viral coinfections influence miRNA expression in grapevine. Methods: Two grapevine cultivars, Refošk (“Terrano”) and Zeleni Sauvignon (“Sauvignon Vert”), were analyzed. Small RNA sequencing was performed on virus-free plants and plants coinfected with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV), grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus (GRSPaV), and grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV). Three miRNA prediction tools were used to identify miRNAs annotated in public databases. Differential expression analysis was performed separately for each tool and by using an integrated approach that combined all three datasets. The expression of selected miRNAs was further evaluated using stem-loop RT-qPCR. Results: The three prediction tools detected markedly different numbers of miRNAs, resulting in largely distinct sets of differentially expressed miRNAs and limited overlap between individual analyses. The integrated approach yielded a separate set of differentially expressed miRNAs, most of which overlapped with at least one individual dataset. Stem-loop RT-qPCR analysis supported the differential expression of several selected miRNAs. Conclusions: This study provides new insight into miRNA expression in grapevine under mixed-virus infection and demonstrates that miRNA profiling outcomes are strongly influenced by the choice of bioinformatic prediction tool. Our results highlight the importance of integrated analytical strategies combined with experimental validation to obtain robust and biologically meaningful interpretations of miRNA expression in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics and Genomics)

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54 pages, 3186 KB

Open AccessReview

Hydrogen Compression Choices for Tomorrow’s Refueling Stations: Review of Recent Advances and Selection Guide

by Konstantinos Letsios, Nikolaos D. Charisiou, Georgios S. Skodras, Maria A. Goula and Savvas L. Douvartzides

Hydrogen 2026, 7(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen7010025 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

As hydrogen mobility gains increasing importance, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) worldwide is expanding rapidly. Hydrogen compression is a critical component of every HRS, exerting a direct and decisive influence on operability, performance, economic viability, downtime, safety, and public acceptance. Given [...] Read more.

As hydrogen mobility gains increasing importance, the number of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) worldwide is expanding rapidly. Hydrogen compression is a critical component of every HRS, exerting a direct and decisive influence on operability, performance, economic viability, downtime, safety, and public acceptance. Given this central role, this work presents a comprehensive overview of the hydrogen compression landscape, critically examining both conventional mechanical systems—such as piston and diaphragm compressors—and emerging non-mechanical technologies, including electrochemical and metal hydride compressors. The analysis also addresses novel hybrid approaches that combine methods to exploit their respective strengths. Each technology is assessed against a consistent set of practical criteria, encompassing not only fundamental performance metrics such as maximum discharge pressure and flow capacity but also key considerations relevant to real-world deployment. This review provides a detailed comparison of all hydrogen compression technologies with respect to energy efficiency, maintenance needs and intervals, capital expenditures (CAPEX), operating expenditures (OPEX), and Technology Readiness Level (TRL). Additional factors—including physical size, noise levels, and effects on hydrogen purity—are also evaluated, as they strongly influence the suitability for applications in urban or remote areas. By synthesizing recent scientific literature, industry data, and applicable technical standards, this work develops a structured multi-criteria framework that translates technical insights into practical guidance and a clear technology selection roadmap. The overarching objective is to equip engineers, station developers, operators, and policymakers with the knowledge needed to make informed and optimized decisions about hydrogen compression during HRS planning and design. Full article

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14 pages, 631 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes and Complication Rates of Crown Restorations with Various Endodontic Posts: A Retrospective Analysis

by Ali Alenezi and Hanin Alsalhi

J. Funct. Biomater. 2026, 17(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb17020084 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Objective: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate long-term outcomes lcomplication rates of crown restorations supported by different types of endodontic posts and to determine the influence of post material on biological and technical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Clinical and radiographic data from [...] Read more.

Objective: This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate long-term outcomes lcomplication rates of crown restorations supported by different types of endodontic posts and to determine the influence of post material on biological and technical outcomes. Materials and Methods: Clinical and radiographic data from 437 crowned teeth retained by fiber, metallic, or custom-made posts were collected at Qassim University Dental Hospital between August and November 2025. Biological (secondary caries, periapical lesions) and technical (debonding, fracture, chipping) complications were recorded. Kaplan–Meier and life-table analyses were used to estimate complication-free survival, and Cox regression was employed to identify significant predictors (α = 0.05). Results: The mean observation period was 6.76 ± 4.88 years. The overall complication rate was 56.8%. Crowns restored with fiber posts exhibited the lowest complication rate (40.0%) and the highest 15-year cumulative survival (52%), followed by custom-made (38%) and metallic posts (15%). Fiber posts demonstrated a significantly lower hazard of complications than metal posts (HR = 1.70, p = 0.009). Female sex (HR = 1.69, p = 0.001) and mandibular location (HR = 1.36, p = 0.048) were associated with increased risk. Metal–ceramic crowns showed a protective effect compared to ceramic crowns (HR = 0.56, p = 0.001). Conclusions: The type of post significantly affected long-term prognosis of crowned endodontically treated teeth. Fiber posts provided the most favorable outcomes by minimizing catastrophic root fractures, while metallic and custom-made posts demonstrated higher complication hazards. Crown material, arch location, and patient factors further influenced survival outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Conservative Dentistry and Prosthodontics (2nd Edition))

12 pages, 3313 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dual-Band Acoustic Metasurface: Bimodal Resonance for Anomalous Reflections

by Xiaole Yan, Qingning Yang, Limei Hao, Xi Chen, Shijie Wu, You Xie and Zhi Chen

Acoustics 2026, 8(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/acoustics8010012 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

In fields such as noise control, medical ultrasound, and acoustic communication, the flexible regulation of reflected sound waves has significant application value. In this work, a dual-band acoustic metasurface was designed using a split hollow cuboid with an open-hole plate (OPSHC) structure, which [...] Read more.

In fields such as noise control, medical ultrasound, and acoustic communication, the flexible regulation of reflected sound waves has significant application value. In this work, a dual-band acoustic metasurface was designed using a split hollow cuboid with an open-hole plate (OPSHC) structure, which simultaneously achieves the direction control of reflected sound waves in both frequency bands. An OPSHC is a series structural unit, and the two center frequencies are mainly controlled by the diameters of the two openings in the structure and the position of the open-hole plate. Through finite element simulation, the influence of the center frequency of the metasurface and the position of the open-hole plate on the bandwidth of the anomalous reflection was studied. The results show that when the low-frequency center frequency is fixed, the low-frequency bandwidth of the metasurface increases with the increase in the high-frequency center frequency. When the position of the plate is moved, the low-frequency bandwidth increases and the high-frequency bandwidth decreases. This type of metasurface provides a new technical approach for broadband acoustic metasurface applications in noise control and underwater detection systems. Full article

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15 pages, 1180 KB

Open AccessArticle

PM_2.5 and Lung Cancer: An Ecological Study (2014–2023) Using Data from Brazilian Capitals

by Albery Batista de Almeida Neto, Fernando Rafael de Moura, Alicia da Silva Bonifácio, Vitória Machado da Silva, Rodrigo de Lima Brum, Ronan Adler Tavella, Ronabson Cardoso Fernandes, Glauber Lopes Mariano and Flavio Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Júnior

Atmosphere 2026, 17(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos17020175 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Air pollution remains a major global public health concern, with fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) recognized as an important environmental risk factor for lung cancer. This ecological study assessed lung cancer mortality attributable to long-term PM_2.5 exposure in the 26 Brazilian [...] Read more.

Air pollution remains a major global public health concern, with fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) recognized as an important environmental risk factor for lung cancer. This ecological study assessed lung cancer mortality attributable to long-term PM_2.5 exposure in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District (Brasília) from 2014 to 2023. Annual mean PM_2.5 concentrations were estimated using reanalysis-based PM_2.5 concentration estimates and atmospheric reanalysis data, ensuring consistent spatial and temporal coverage. Mortality data were obtained from the Brazilian Mortality Information System (SIM/DATASUS). Health impacts attributable to PM_2.5 exposure were estimated using the World Health Organization’s AirQ+ model, based on exposure–response functions from the Global Burden of Disease framework. During the study period, 97.41% of annual PM_2.5 means exceeded the WHO Air Quality Guideline of 5 µg/m³, and 28.52% surpassed the current Brazilian regulatory limit. Higher concentrations were observed mainly in capitals from the North and Southeast regions, reflecting the influence of biomass burning, urbanization, and regional atmospheric processes. Approximately 13.56% of lung cancer deaths in Brazilian capitals were attributable to PM_2.5 exposure, with the highest absolute numbers concentrated in the Southeast region. These findings demonstrate a substantial and spatially heterogeneous lung cancer burden associated with urban air pollution in Brazil and highlight the need for strengthened air quality management and targeted urban public health policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Quality and Health)

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19 pages, 2903 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated FTIR and Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveal Scale-Dependent Genotype–Phenotype Relationships in Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

by György Lengyel, Eszter Kaszab, Enikő Fehér, Szilvia Marton, László Orosz, Ágnes Sarkadi-Nagy, Katalin Burián and Krisztián Bányai

Pathogens 2026, 15(2), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens15020189 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in high-burden clinical settings where rapid tools to capture clinically relevant resistance and virulence phenotypes are needed. In this study, we applied an integrated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of healthcare-associated infections, particularly in high-burden clinical settings where rapid tools to capture clinically relevant resistance and virulence phenotypes are needed. In this study, we applied an integrated whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy approach to evaluate genotype–phenotype relationships in multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates collected during the COVID-19 pandemic. High-quality WGS data were used to characterize antimicrobial resistance determinants, mobile genetic elements, and virulence gene repertoires, while FTIR spectroscopy provided culture-based phenotypic fingerprints reflecting cell envelope composition. Genomic analyses revealed a conserved efflux-centered intrinsic resistance backbone, variably supplemented by acquired β-lactamases and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, alongside a largely conserved core virulome with heterogeneity driven primarily by type III secretion system effector profiles. Comparison of FTIR- and WGS-derived distance matrices revealed a weak but statistically significant global association, indicating a non-linear relationship between genomic relatedness and phenotypic similarity. Cluster-level concordance was strongly scale-dependent, with high agreement emerging only at finer clustering resolutions, consistent with FTIR capturing phenotypic variation linked to regulatory, metabolic, and cell envelope adaptations rather than deep phylogenetic structure. Together, these findings show that multidrug resistance and virulence in P. aeruginosa are shaped by a modular genomic architecture that manifests as distinct, measurable phenotypic states. The observed scale-dependent concordance supports FTIR spectroscopy as a rapid, cost-effective phenotypic screening tool for outbreak-oriented surveillance, complementing WGS in integrated antimicrobial resistance monitoring workflows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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24 pages, 1043 KB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning-Based Dry Gas Reservoirs Z-Factor Prediction for Sustainable Energy Transitions to Net Zero

by Progress Bougha, Foad Faraji, Parisa Khalili Nejad, Niloufar Zarei, Perk Lin Chong, Sajid Abdullah, Pengyan Guo and Lip Kean Moey

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1742; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041742 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Dry gas reservoirs play a pivotal transitional role in meeting the net-zero target worldwide. Accurate modelling and simulation of this energy source require fast and reliable prediction of the gas compressibility factor (Z-factor). The experimental measurements of Z-factor are the most reliable source; [...] Read more.

Dry gas reservoirs play a pivotal transitional role in meeting the net-zero target worldwide. Accurate modelling and simulation of this energy source require fast and reliable prediction of the gas compressibility factor (Z-factor). The experimental measurements of Z-factor are the most reliable source; however, they are expensive and time-consuming. This makes developing accurate predictive models essential. Traditional methods, such as empirical correlations and Equations of States (EoSs), often lack accuracy and computational efficiency. This study aims to address these limitations by leveraging the predictive power of machine learning (ML) techniques. Hence in this study three ML models of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), and Genetic Programming (GP) were developed. These models were trained on a comprehensive dataset comprising 1079 samples where pseudo-reduced pressure (Ppr) and pseudo-reduced temperature (Tpr) served as input and experimentally measured Z-factors as output. The performance of the developed ML models was benchmarked against two cubic EoSs of Peng–Robinson (PR) and van der Waals (vdW), and two semi-empirical correlations of Dranchuk-Abou-Kassem (DAK) and Hall and Yarborough (HY), and recent developed ML based models, using statistical metrics of Mean Squared Error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R²), and Average Absolute Relative Deviation Percentage (AARD%). The proposed ANN model reduces average prediction error by approximately 70% relative to the PR equation of state and by over 35% compared with the DAK correlation, while maintaining robust performance across the full Ppr and Tpr of dry gas systems. Additionally paired t-tests and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests performed on the ML results confirmed that the ANN model achieved statistically significant improvements over the other models. Moreover, two physical equations using the white-box models of GMDH and GP were proposed as a function of Ppr and Tpr for prediction of the dry gas Z-factor. The sensitivity analysis of the data shows that the Ppr has the highest positive effect of 88% on Z-factor while Tpr has a moderate effect of 12%. This study presents the first unified, statistically validated comparison of ANN, GMDH, and GP models for accurate and interpretable Z-factor prediction. The developed models can be used as an alternative tool to bridge the limitation of cubic EoSs and limited accuracy and applicability of empirical models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reimagining Sustainability: Green Mobility, Natural Ventilation and Artificial Intelligence-Driven Design)

15 pages, 4524 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation on Behavior and NMDA Receptor Subunits in the Trimethyltin-Induced Alzheimer’s-like Disease Model

by Marina Zaric Kontic, Milica Zeljkovic Jovanovic, Andjela Stekic, Jelena Stanojevic, Ivana Stevanovic, Dejan Stevic, Milica Ninkovic and Milorad Dragic

Biomedicines 2026, 14(2), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14020391 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background: Trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurodegeneration leads to molecular and behavioral changes resembling those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making it a relevant model for investigating potential therapeutic interventions. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) has shown promise in psychiatric and neurological disorders but remains largely [...] Read more.

Background: Trimethyltin (TMT)-induced neurodegeneration leads to molecular and behavioral changes resembling those of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), making it a relevant model for investigating potential therapeutic interventions. Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) has shown promise in psychiatric and neurological disorders but remains largely unexplored in AD models. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: intact, TMT (8 mg/kg, ip) and TMT treated with cTBS or a sham protocol for three weeks. The open field test and novel object recognition test were used to assess anxiety-like behavior, memory, and learning, respectively. The extent of microgliosis in the hippocampus was assessed by immunohistochemistry, while protein expression was estimated by Western blot. Results: cTBS improved TMT-mediated changes in anxiety-like behavior, learning, and memory and reduced microgliosis in the CA1 hippocampal region. Both TMT and cTBS affected NMDAR subunits, with the most significant finding being a cTBS-mediated decrease in NR2B, which was previously increased by TMT. Conclusions: These are the first data on the beneficial effects of cTBS on behavioral and molecular changes in a model of neurodegeneration that mimics some of the key aspects of AD pathology. Further research is needed to clarify the therapeutic potential of cTBS in AD treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Techniques and Their Application in the Study of Cognitive Function Physiology and Neuro-Psychiatric Rehabilitation)

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16 pages, 1984 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cytological Image-Finding Generation Using Open-Source Large Language Models and a Vision Transformer

by Atsushi Teramoto, Yuka Kiriyama, Tetsuya Tsukamoto, Natsuki Yazawa, Kazuyoshi Imaizumi and Hiroshi Fujita

Computers 2026, 15(2), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers15020115 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

In lung cytology, screeners and pathologists examine many cells in cytological specimens and describe their corresponding imaging findings. To support this process, our previous study proposed an image-finding generation model based on convolutional neural networks and a transformer architecture. However, further improvements are [...] Read more.

In lung cytology, screeners and pathologists examine many cells in cytological specimens and describe their corresponding imaging findings. To support this process, our previous study proposed an image-finding generation model based on convolutional neural networks and a transformer architecture. However, further improvements are required to enhance the accuracy of these findings. In this study, we developed a cytology-specific image-finding generation model using a vision transformer and open-source large language models. In the proposed method, a vision transformer pretrained on large-scale image datasets and multiple open-source large language models was introduced and connected through an original projection layer. Experimental validation using 1059 cytological images demonstrated that the proposed model achieved favorable scores on language-based evaluation metrics and good classification performance when cells were classified based on the generated findings. These results indicate that a task-specific model is an effective approach for generating imaging findings in lung cytology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Generative AI in Medicine: Emerging Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions)

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12 pages, 1450 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Direct Photolithography Strategy for Full-Color QLEDs via a Bisazide Crosslinker

by Yiwu Zhu, Lei Jin, Yunpeng Wang, Zihao Deng and Xiao Wei Sun

Photonics 2026, 13(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13020165 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The direct photolithographic patterning of quantum dots (QDs) presents a promising route for high-resolution displays, while the associated loss in electroluminescence efficiency remains a significant challenge. This work addresses this challenge by introducing a fluorinated bisazide-derived photo-crosslinker, which enables high-fidelity patterning while preserving [...] Read more.

The direct photolithographic patterning of quantum dots (QDs) presents a promising route for high-resolution displays, while the associated loss in electroluminescence efficiency remains a significant challenge. This work addresses this challenge by introducing a fluorinated bisazide-derived photo-crosslinker, which enables high-fidelity patterning while preserving optoelectronic properties. Central to our strategy, this molecularly engineered crosslinker undergoes efficient nitrene-mediated crosslinking upon i-line (365 nm) exposure, forming robust networks between the QDs’ native ligands without compromising their electrical functionality. This approach achieves high-fidelity red, green, and blue (RGB) patterns with individual pixel sizes of 24 μm × 24 μm and a narrow pixel spacing of 2.5 μm. Combined with a Zn_1−xMg_xO electron-transport layer to optimize interfacial charge balance, the resulting red quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) retain an external quantum efficiency of 10.88%, representing 85.67% retention compared to unpatterned devices. This strategy is universally applicable, as demonstrated by the successful operation of green (8.46% external quantum efficiency (EQE)) and blue (2.25% EQE) devices. Our work establishes a scalable, lithography-compatible platform that effectively bridges the gap between high-resolution patterning and high-performance electroluminescence, paving the way for next-generation full-color microdisplays. Full article

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18 pages, 3313 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Activity of Rezafungin Against Planktonic and Biofilm Forms of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus Clinical Isolates from Vascular Infections in Poland: A Pilot Study

by Iwona Skiba-Kurek, Magdalena Namysł, Katarzyna Kania, Joanna Czekajewska, Anna Sepioło, Tomasz Gosiewski and Aldona Olechowska-Jarząb

Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(2), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18020213 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Certain yeast species are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens, capable of causing severe systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with disrupted physiological barriers. The rising incidence of invasive candidiasis associated with vascular infections poses a significant clinical challenge due [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Certain yeast species are recognized as significant opportunistic pathogens, capable of causing severe systemic infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals or those with disrupted physiological barriers. The rising incidence of invasive candidiasis associated with vascular infections poses a significant clinical challenge due to the high mortality rates and the limited efficacy of conventional antifungal therapies. The formation of resilient biofilms on vascular catheters by species such as Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus further complicates treatment, often leading to persistent fungemia and necessitating device removal. With the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, there is a critical need for new therapeutic agents like rezafungin—a novel, long-acting echinocandin with potential enhanced antibiofilm activity. Methods: This study tested susceptibility to antimycotics available in Poland (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin B, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin) using the commercial Micronaut-AM test (Bruker, Bremen, Germany). Susceptibility to rezafungin (Angene Chemical, Great Britain) was determined using the microdilution method in RPMI medium, recommended by European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), with amphotericin B as a control compound. We evaluated the biofilm-forming capacity and the in vitro activity of rezafungin against 42 clinical isolates of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus recovered from positive blood cultures. Results: The obtained minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values suggest rezafungin activity against all the tested isolates, with different susceptibility to echinocandins and other antifungal drugs (azoles, amphotericin B) currently registered and used in Poland. The MIC readings for rezafungin were in the range of 0.008–0.5, with MIC₅₀ = 0.016 and MIC₉₀ = 0.25. The isolates were categorized as low, moderate, or strong biofilm producers according to established Stepanović criteria (cut-off values OD₆₃₀ < 0.019, 0.19–0.38, >0.38, respectively). Furthermore, the higher minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBECs) compared to the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of planktonic cells confirm the reduced activity of rezafungin against biofilms. Conclusions: Critically, the high antibiofilm efficacy at clinically achievable concentrations suggests that rezafungin shows promise as a potential therapeutic option for catheter-related candidemia, though further clinical studies are needed. Furthermore, the high susceptibility of N. glabratus isolates—a species frequently associated with azole resistance—suggests rezafungin may be a valuable addition to the existing antifungal arsenal of multidrug-resistant (MDR) fungal infections in hospital settings. Future research should focus on in vivo models to confirm if these in vitro results translate into accelerated clearance of vascular biofilms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Combatting Infections: The Role of Antibacterial Natural Products and Nanoparticles)

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19 pages, 1045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fatty Acid Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Milk from the Bulgarian Local Donkey Breed

by Nikolina Naydenova, Petya Veleva, Ana Georgieva, Kamelia Petkova-Parlapanska, Ekaterina Georgieva, Galina Nikolova and Yanka Karamalakova

Foods 2026, 15(4), 614; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15040614 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Donkey milk has been increasingly studied in recent years and has been proposed to be a functional food. However, its components undergo changes during lactation, including its lipid profile and redox-related properties. This study analyzed the fatty acid composition, antioxidant parameters, and redox-modulating [...] Read more.

Donkey milk has been increasingly studied in recent years and has been proposed to be a functional food. However, its components undergo changes during lactation, including its lipid profile and redox-related properties. This study analyzed the fatty acid composition, antioxidant parameters, and redox-modulating properties of donkey milk from the Bulgarian local donkey breed at three lactation stages (0–30, 31–60, and 61–90 days postpartum). Milk samples from 40 clinically healthy donkeys were grouped by days postpartum. A cross-sectional design with three lactation stage groups was used; one-way ANOVA tested group differences with Tukey’s post hoc test, and associations with days postpartum were evaluated using regression models. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by GC-FID, and the atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indices were calculated. Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx-1), GSH, MDA, TAC, and EPR-based redox markers (DPPH, Asc•, ROS, NO•, TEMPOL, and 5-MSL) were analyzed. During lactation, monounsaturated fatty acids decreased (approximately 32% in the first month to ~30% by the third month), while AI increased from ~1.9 to ~2.2, and TI increased to ~2.5. SOD and GPx-1 activities increased with advancing lactation, while total antioxidant capacity decreased (213.4 to 199.7 µmol). DPPH radical scavenging activity remained stable during lactation. EPR-detected ROS and NO• values increased with advancing lactation stage, while thiol-bound 5-MSL decreased, suggesting a shift in the balance between oxidative challenge and antioxidant defense during lactation. Regression modeling confirmed a significant effect of lactation period on multiple compositional and redox-related parameters. Therefore, the stage of lactation should be taken into account when interpreting the biological value, redox stability, and potential functional properties of milk, as well as when developing milk management and yield strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dairy)

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14 pages, 1640 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generation of an Insecticidal Human Domain Antibody from a Phage Library Targeting Plutella xylostella Brush-Border Membrane Vesicles

by Xiaodan Hu, Xiao Zhang, Junmin Fan, Wei Chen, Fang Ji, Qing Wang, Juanjuan Tian, Jinfeng Hou, Hong Wang, Shuting Yu, Wenwen Qi, Xianjin Liu, Yuan Liu and Chunqin Xie

Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(2), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48020192 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

The importance of protein-based materials in agricultural pest control has received increasing attention in recent years. Herein, Plutella xylostella brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) were used as a target to screen for human domain antibodies with insecticidal activity. Three rounds of panning of the [...] Read more.

The importance of protein-based materials in agricultural pest control has received increasing attention in recent years. Herein, Plutella xylostella brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMVs) were used as a target to screen for human domain antibodies with insecticidal activity. Three rounds of panning of the phage display library yielded the domain antibody C4D, which competed with the Cry1Ac toxin to bind to P. xylostella BBMVs. Against P. xylostella larvae, the recombinant soluble C4D protein showed an LC₅₀ of 1.57 μg/cm² (95% fiducial limits: 0.83–2.54). Using pull-down assays and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, we identified the C4D binding partner in P. xylostella midgut BBMVs to be a cadherin-like protein. Bio-Layer Interferometry assay revealed that the dissociation constant between soluble C4D and P. xylostella cadherin-like protein was 2.99 × 10⁻⁶ M. Thus, the present study explored strategies to generate insecticidal antibodies, and the human domain antibody C4D identified and characterized in this study can serve as a framework for generating novel insecticidal agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Dynamics Simulations in Structural Biology: From Proteins to Complex Biomolecular Systems)

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25 pages, 3190 KB

Open AccessReview

Environmental Pollution and Its Impact on Kidney Diseases: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence

by Seung Eun Lee and Yong Seek Park

Life 2026, 16(2), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020291 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Kidney disease is a growing global public health challenge that accounts for substantial morbidity, premature mortality, and rising healthcare costs. Although diabetes mellitus and hypertension remain the principal clinical risk factors for renal injury, accumulating evidence indicates that environmental pollution represents an independent [...] Read more.

Kidney disease is a growing global public health challenge that accounts for substantial morbidity, premature mortality, and rising healthcare costs. Although diabetes mellitus and hypertension remain the principal clinical risk factors for renal injury, accumulating evidence indicates that environmental pollution represents an independent and globally pervasive contributor to kidney disease burden. Long-term exposure to environmental toxicants, including heavy metals, ambient air pollutants, persistent organic pollutants, and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, has been consistently associated with acute kidney injury, an accelerated decline in renal function, and progression to end-stage kidney disease. The kidney is characterized by a high perfusion rate, specialized tubular transport systems, and a central role in xenobiotic metabolism and excretion, which confer heightened vulnerability to environmental insults. Experimental and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that pollutant exposure across the life course converges on shared pathogenic mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, mitochondrial dysfunction, fibrogenesis, and persistent epigenetic alterations. Importantly, environmental toxicants not only initiate renal injury, but they also impair intrinsic repair processes, exacerbating susceptibility to chronic and progressive kidney disease. This Review integrates population-based epidemiological data with experimental mechanistic evidence to define environmental exposures, renal cellular targets, and convergent molecular pathways underlying pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity, and aims to translate this knowledge into actionable strategies for kidney disease prevention, clinical risk stratification, and evidence-informed environmental policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress in Kidney Diseases)

42 pages, 2690 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Green Street Management Practices and Performance: A Global Review Integrating Bibliometric and Qualitative Analyses

by Lucian Dinca, Gabriel Murariu, Danut Chira and Boglarka Opra

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1732; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041732 (registering DOI) - 8 Feb 2026

Abstract

Green streets—streets that systematically integrate vegetation-based and nature-based solutions into the public right-of-way as part of contemporary urban green infrastructure and climate adaptation strategies—have become an increasingly important planning and design approach. While historical precedents of vegetated and tree-lined streets exist, modern green [...] Read more.

Green streets—streets that systematically integrate vegetation-based and nature-based solutions into the public right-of-way as part of contemporary urban green infrastructure and climate adaptation strategies—have become an increasingly important planning and design approach. While historical precedents of vegetated and tree-lined streets exist, modern green streets represent a more integrated and performance-oriented paradigm that combines stormwater management, ecosystem service provision, climate resilience, and social functions within coordinated policy and infrastructure frameworks. This review synthesizes current knowledge on green street management practices and their performance across environmental, hydrological, ecological, and socio-spatial dimensions. The analysis examines design strategies, maintenance regimes, governance arrangements, and performance assessment methods reported in the literature. Evidence indicates that well-managed green streets can significantly reduce stormwater runoff, improve water quality, mitigate urban heat, enhance biodiversity, and contribute to pedestrian comfort and neighborhood livability. However, reported outcomes vary widely depending on local climate, design specifications, maintenance intensity, and institutional capacity. Persistent research gaps include limited long-term monitoring, underrepresentation of cities in the Global South, insufficient integration of governance, economic, and social dimensions, and a lack of standardized performance metrics. Comparative and longitudinal studies remain scarce, constraining understanding of lifecycle performance and trade-offs. Future research should prioritize standardized evaluation frameworks, long-term empirical monitoring, socio-spatial equity assessments, and the integration of emerging digital technologies for real-time monitoring and decision support. Strengthening these areas is essential to support evidence-based planning and scalable implementation of green streets as a key component of sustainable urban development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Cities for Sustainable Development, Volume II)

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