Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Protocol Registration
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Sources of Information
2.4. Search Strategy
2.5. Selection Process
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Assessment of Risk of Bias in Primary Studies
2.8. Measures of Effect and Data Analysis
2.9. Assessment of Evidence
3. Results
3.1. Selection of the Dtudies
3.2. Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. Risk of Bias in the Included Studies
3.4. Meta-Analysis
3.4.1. Anxiety
3.4.2. Depression
3.4.3. Other Psychological Outcomes
3.4.4. Publication Bias
3.4.5. Certainty of the Evidence
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Implications for Practice
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Author/Year | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Final Quality Score | Rating |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cao et al., 2020 [35] | Y | Y | Y | Y | NA | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Chen et al., 2020 [36] | Y | Y | N | N | NA | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 5 | Fair |
Gritsenko et al., 2020 [37] | Y | Y | N | N | NA | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 5 | Fair |
Hou et al., 2020 [38] | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | NA | N | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Husky et al., 2020 [39] | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 5 | Fair |
Kaparounaki et al., 2020 [40] | Y | Y | NR | N | NA | Y | N | N | Y | NA | NA | NA | NA | N | 4 | Fair |
Li et al., 2020 [41] | Y | Y | Y | N | NA | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Lin et al., 2020 [42] | Y | Y | NR | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Liu et al., 2020 [43] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Liu et a., 2020 [44] | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Liu et al., 2020 [45] | Y | Y | NR | N | N | Y | N | Y | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Majumdar et al., 2020 [46] | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | N | Y | NR | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 5 | Fair |
Author/Year | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | Q11 | Q12 | Q13 | Q14 | Final quality score | Rating |
Marelli et al., 2020 [47] | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Mechil et al., 2020 [48] | Y | Y | NR | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Meo et al., 2020 [49] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Olaimat et al., 2020 [50] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Ozdede et al., 2020 [51] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Peloso et al., 2020 [52] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Qi et al., 2020 [53] | Y | Y | N | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Savitsky et al., 2020 [54] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | N | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Sogut et al., 2020 [55] | Y | Y | NR | N | N | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Tang et al., 2020 [25] | Y | Y | NR | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 8 | Good |
Wang and Zhao et al., 2020 [56] | Y | Y | NR | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Wang et al., 2020 [19] | Y | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 8 | Good |
Xiao et al., 2020 [57] | Y | Y | NR | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | N | NA | NA | N | 6 | Fair |
Zhang et al., 2020 [58] | Y | Y | NR | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 7 | Good |
Zhou et al., 2020 [59] | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | NA | Y | NA | NA | N | 8 | Good |
Author/Year [Reference #] | Sample Size | Quality Score | Country | Male (%) | Survey Tool | Outcomes (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n) | |||||||
Anxiety | Depression | ||||||
Cao et al, 2020 [35] | 7143 | 7 | China | 30 | GAD7 | 24.9 | NA |
−1776 | |||||||
Chen et al., 2020 [36] | 383 | 5 | China | NA | DSRS-C | 23.5 | 21.2 |
SCARED | −90 | −81 | |||||
Gritsenko et al., 2020 [37] | 939 | 5 | Russia and Belarus | 19 | FCV-19S | NA | NA |
Hou et al., 2020 [38] | 859 | 7 | China | 61 | PHQ9 | 54.5 | 71.5 |
GAD7 | −468 | −614 | |||||
IESR | |||||||
Husky et al., 2020 [39] | 291 | 5 | France | 25 | World Mental Health International College Student Survey | 57.7 | NA |
−168 | |||||||
Kaparounaki et al., 2020 [40] | 1000 | 4 | Greece | 31 | STAI | 42.5 | 74.3 |
CES-D | −425 | −743 | |||||
RASS | |||||||
Li et al., 2020 [41] | 1442 | 6 | China | NA | K6 | NA | NA |
IESR | |||||||
Lin et al., 2020 [42] | 2086 | 6 | China | NA | STAI | 38.1 | NA |
−795 | |||||||
Liu et al., 2020 [43] | 898 | 6 | USA | 14 | PHQ8 | 45.4 | 43.3 |
GAD7 | −408 | −389 | |||||
Liu et al., 2020 [44] | 217 | 7 | China | 41 | PHQ9 | 22.1 | 35.5 |
GAD7 | −48 | −77 | |||||
Liu et al., 2020 [45] | 198 | 6 | China | 34 | SSS | NA | NA |
Author/Year | Sample Size | Country | Male (%) | Survey Tool | Outcomes (%) | Author/Year | |
(n) | |||||||
Anxiety | Depression | ||||||
Majumdar et al., 2020 [46] | 325 | 5 | India | 39 | CES-D | NA | 30.77 |
−100 | |||||||
Marelli et al., 2020 [47] | 307 | 7 | Italy | 25 | BAI | 34.3 | 27.8 |
BDI-II | −105 | −85 | |||||
PSQI | |||||||
ISI | |||||||
Mechil et al, 2020 [48] | 863 | 7 | Albania | 11 | PHQ9 | NA | 25.2 |
−217 | |||||||
Meo et al., 2020 [49] | 530 | 6 | Saudi Arabia | 45 | Stress Allied Queries | NA | 23.6 |
−125 | |||||||
Olaimat et al., 2020 [50] | 2083 | 6 | Jordan | 25 | NA | 69.2 | NA |
−1441 | |||||||
Özdede et al., 2020 [51] | 249 | 6 | Turkey | 38 | STAI | 69.9 | NA |
−174 | |||||||
Peloso et al., 2020 [52] | 704 | 6 | Brazil (South America) | 20 | NA | 48.2 | NA |
−339 | |||||||
Qi et al., 2020 [53] | 9554 | 6 | China | NA | GAD7 | 19 | NA |
−1814 | |||||||
Savitsky et al., 2020 [54] | 215 | 6 | Israel | 12 | GAD7 | 55.9 | NA |
−120 | |||||||
Sogut et al., 2020 [55] | 972 | 6 | Turkey | 0 | BAI | −873 | NA |
Tang et al., 2020 [25] | 2485 | 8 | China | 39 | PHQ9 | NA | 9 |
−224 | |||||||
Wang and Zhao, 2020 [56] | 3611 | 7 | China | 40 | SAS | −557 | NA |
Author/Year | Sample Size | Country | Male (%) | Survey Tool | Outcomes (%) | Author/Year | |
(n) | |||||||
Anxiety | Depression | ||||||
Wang et al., 2020 [19] | 44447 | 8 | China | 45 | SAS | 7.7 | 12.2 |
CES-D | −3422 | −5422 | |||||
Xiao et al., 2020 [57] | 933 | 6 | China | 30 | GAD7 | 17.1 | 25.3 |
PHQ9 | −160 | −236 | |||||
Zhang et al., 2020 [58] | 66 | 7 | China | 38 | DASS21 | −30 | −15 |
PSQI | |||||||
Zhou et al., 2020 [59] | 8079 | 8 | China | 46 | PHQ-9 | 37.4 | 43.7 |
GAD-7 | −3020 | −3533 |
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Overall | Number of Studies | Proportion (%) | 95% CI | I2 | p-Value | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety prevalence | 20 | 34.4% | 29.5,39.7 | 99.1% | <0.0001 | [19,35,36,38,39,40,42,43,44,47,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59] | |
Subgroup Analysis | |||||||
Categories | Subgroups | Number of Studies | Proportion (%) | 95% CI | I2 | p-Value | References |
Quality | Good | 9 | 29.3 | 16.8,45.8 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,35,38,43,44,47,56,58,59] |
Medium | 11 | 48.4 | 33.0,64.1 | 99.6% | <0.0001 | [36,39,40,42,50,51,52,53,54,55,57] | |
Continents | Asia | 13 | 30.4 | 20.0,43.4 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,35,36,38,42,44,50,53,54,56,57,58,59] |
Other | 7 | 57.5 | 38.6,74.4 | 98.8% | <0.0001 | [39,40,43,47,51,52,55]. | |
Countries | China | 11 | 25.5 | 16.7,36.9 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,35,36,38,42,44,53,56,57,58,59] |
Other | 9 | 58.7 | 44.0,72.0 | 98.7% | <0.0001 | [39,40,43,47,50,51,52,54,55] | |
Assessment | GAD | 8 | 33.0 | 18.1,52.3 | 99.4% | <0.0001 | [35,38,43,44,53,54,57,59] |
Other | 12 | 43.9 | 28.9,60.1 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,36,39,40,42,47,50,51,52,55,56,58] | |
Gender | Female | 5 | 34.6 | 20.5,52.0 | 99.0% | <0.0001 | [54,56,57,58,59] |
Male | 5 | 22.9 | 36.3,52.5 | 98.3% | <0.0001 | [54,56,57,58,59] | |
Level of Anxiety | Mild | 7 | 73.7 | 63.8,81.7 | 96.9 | <0.0001 | [44,53,54,55,56,57,59] |
Moderate | 7 | 23.1 | 16.2,31.8 | 97.7 | <0.0001 | [44,53,54,55,56,57,59] | |
Severe | 7 | 7.0 | 4.8,11.3 | 92.3 | <0.0001 | [44,53,54,55,56,57,59] |
Overall | Number of Studies | Proportion (%) | 95% CI | I2 | p-Value | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depression prevalence | 14 | 31.2 | 19.7,45.6 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,25,36,38,40,43,44,46,47,48,49,57,58,59] | |
Subgroup Analysis | |||||||
Categories | Subgroups | Number of Studies | Proportion (%) | 95% CI | I2 | p-Value | References |
Quality | Good | 9 | 29.7 | 16.4,47.7 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,25,38,43,44,47,48,58,59] |
Medium | 5 | 34.0 | 15.6,59.0 | 99.3% | <0.0001 | [36,40,46,49,57] | |
Continents | Asia | 10 | 27.3 | 15.6,43.2 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,35,36,38,42,44,50,53,54,56,57,58,59] |
Other | 4 | 42.2 | 19.3,69.1 | 99.3% | <0.0001 | [40,43,47,48] | |
Countries | China | 8 | 27.3 | 14.4,45.6 | 99.8% | <0.0001 | [19,25,36,38,44,57,58,59] |
Other | 6 | 36.8 | 18.8,59.5 | 99.1% | <0.0001 | [40,43,46,47,48,49] | |
Assessment | PHQ | 7 | 33.9 | 18.3,53.9 | 99.5% | <0.0001 | [25,38,43,44,48,57,59] |
Other | 7 | 28.7 | 14.9,48.0 | 99.6% | <0.0001 | [19,36,40,46,47,49,58] | |
Gender | Female | 5 | 32.4 | 20.0,44.8 | 96.4% | <0.0001 | [44,49,57,58,59] |
Male | 5 | 26.0 | 16.9,37.8 | 95.5% | <0.0001 | [44,49,57,58,59] | |
Level of Anxiety | Mild | 4 | 55.6 | 35.8,73.7 | 90.5% | <0.0001 | [44,48,57,59] |
Moderate | 4 | 30.4 | 17.5,47.5 | 97.4% | <0.0001 | [44,48,57,59] | |
Severe | 4 | 16.1 | 8.2,29.3 | 96.9% | <0.0001 | [44,48,57,59] |
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Batra, K.; Sharma, M.; Batra, R.; Singh, T.P.; Schvaneveldt, N. Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries. Healthcare 2021, 9, 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020222
Batra K, Sharma M, Batra R, Singh TP, Schvaneveldt N. Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries. Healthcare. 2021; 9(2):222. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020222
Chicago/Turabian StyleBatra, Kavita, Manoj Sharma, Ravi Batra, Tejinder Pal Singh, and Nena Schvaneveldt. 2021. "Assessing the Psychological Impact of COVID-19 among College Students: An Evidence of 15 Countries" Healthcare 9, no. 2: 222. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020222