Water Treatment with Clean Technologies Using Moringa oleifera Seeds in Alternative Low-Cost Clarification Units
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preliminary Activities
2.1.1. Coagulant Definition
2.1.2. Definition and Preparation of Synthetic Water
2.1.3. Definition and Assembly of the HCTFs
2.1.4. Definition and Assembly of the Decanter
2.1.5. Assembly of the Alternative Water Clarification System
2.1.6. Turbidity Removal Efficiency Analysis
2.1.7. Preparation of Coagulant Solutions
2.2. Jar Test Experiments
2.2.1. Experimental Aspects to Define the Sedimentation Time
2.2.2. Experimental Aspects with Natural and Chemical Coagulants
2.3. Experiments with the Alternative Water Clarification System
Determining the Most Effective Configuration of the Alternative Water Clarification System
3. Results
3.1. Synthesis of Synthetic Water
3.2. Jar Test Experimental Outcomes
3.2.1. Sedimentation Time Determination Outcomes
3.2.2. Findings from Investigations with Natural and Chemical Coagulants
3.2.3. Findings from Experiments with the Alternative Water Clarification System
4. Conclusions
- A difference was observed in the sedimentation times between solutions derived from shelled and unshelled seeds. Solutions from shelled seeds showed shorter sedimentation times compared to solutions containing shells. This result suggests that using solutions from shelled seeds as a coagulant allows for a shorter water clarification process time.
- The highest turbidity removal efficiencies were achieved using the mortar and pestle processing method for both shelled seeds and seeds with shells, except for the dosage of 29.5 mL/L from shelled seeds.
- Dosages of coagulant solutions from shelled seeds required a smaller amount of coagulant compared to solutions from seeds with shells for turbidity removal.
- The optimal dosage of the natural coagulant was 30.0 mL/L of the SMP solution for the synthetic water with 50 UT used in this research, as it represented the lowest amount of coagulant that achieved the best turbidity removal efficiencies, above 90.0%.
- Experiments with aluminum sulfate exhibited a maximum efficiency of 100.0%, with no variation among the results.
- The highest turbidity removal efficiencies in the alternative water clarification system were achieved when using the flocculators in the horizontal orientation with the natural coagulant.
- The optimal configuration of the alternative water clarification system was with HCTF 2 in the horizontal orientation, as it achieved the highest turbidity removal efficiencies, above 90.0%, when the natural coagulant was used. Furthermore, HCTF 2 is associated with lower construction costs.
- The alternative water clarification system exhibited efficiencies above 90.0% when using both the natural and chemical coagulants.
- The alternative water clarification system, combined with the natural coagulant derived from shelled Moringa oleifera seeds, proved to be efficient in turbidity removal, presenting a viable option for those without access to conventional water treatment.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jar 1 | Jar 2 | Jar 3 | Jar 4 | Jar 5 | Jar 6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of prepared water (mL) | 60.00 | 50.00 | 40.00 | 30.00 | 20.00 | 10.00 |
Turbidity (UT) | 69.07 | 53.10 | 43.17 | 30.37 | 18.94 | 5.96 |
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Silva, J.R.; Oliveira, D.S. Water Treatment with Clean Technologies Using Moringa oleifera Seeds in Alternative Low-Cost Clarification Units. Clean Technol. 2024, 6, 625-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020033
Silva JR, Oliveira DS. Water Treatment with Clean Technologies Using Moringa oleifera Seeds in Alternative Low-Cost Clarification Units. Clean Technologies. 2024; 6(2):625-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020033
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Jéssica R., and Danieli S. Oliveira. 2024. "Water Treatment with Clean Technologies Using Moringa oleifera Seeds in Alternative Low-Cost Clarification Units" Clean Technologies 6, no. 2: 625-645. https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol6020033