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Antibiotics
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Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis
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Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis

A special issue of Antibiotics (ISSN 2079-6382). This special issue belongs to the section "Antibiotics in Animal Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2024 | Viewed by 4431

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Juliano Leonel Gonçalves

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Veterinarian Microbiologist, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
Interests: udder health; antimicrobial resistance
Dr. Vera Lucia Mores Rall

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences-Microbiology and Immunology Sector University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-691, SP, Brazil
Interests: antimicrobial resistance biofilms; staphylococcal enterotoxins
Dr. Rinosh Joshua Mani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
Interests: vector borne disease; antimicrobial resistance; diagnostic microbiology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mastitis is a bovine disease that causes great economic losses to the milk quality and dairy products production chain. The major consequences include the effect not only on milk quality and yield but also on animal welfare and the amount of antibiotics used for treatment. Antibiotics are essential for combatting bacterial diseases, and their use has contributed to the improved welfare of both humans and animals. However, antimicrobial usage (AMU) can select for resistant bacterial pathogens and clinically relevant resistance genes that threaten public health worldwide. While overuse of antibiotics for treating human disease is an important driver of resistance, the large mass of antimicrobials used in animals also contributes to the emergence and dissemination of resistant bacteria. Many classes of antimicrobials are used in both human and veterinary medicine, and several organizations have categorized them based on the importance in treating selected diseases of humans. The term ‘critically important antimicrobial’ (CIA) generally refers to classes of antimicrobials that are the only compound or one of a limited number used to treat specific diseases in humans. A review on antimicrobial resistance showed a prediction that, by 2050, more than 10 million people will die each year from superbugs, the name given to those that are resistant to antibiotics. Therefore, the increased use of antibiotics in farms worldwide suggests that further research studies would be recommended in order to help the dairy producers to benefit from antimicrobial stewardship programs and to avoid potential bacterial resistance. This Special Issue seeks manuscript submissions that further our understanding of AMU on dairy farms and how AMU is associated with the dissemination of resistant pathogens and their genetic elements on farms as well as the impact of using CIA on the development and dissemination of resistance. Submissions on the response of bovine mastitis pathogens to antimicrobials and any outcome related to antimicrobial resistance are especially encouraged.

Dr. Juliano Leonel Gonçalves
Dr. Vera Lucia Mores Rall
Dr. Rinosh Joshua Mani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Antibiotics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antimicrobial usage
  • antimicrobial stewardship
  • mastitis
  • antimicrobial resistance
  • epidemiology
  • genomics

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Co-Circulation of Host-Specialist and Host-Generalist Lineages of Group B Streptococcus in Brazilian Dairy Cattle with Heterogeneous Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles
by Laura Maria Andrade de Oliveira, Leandro Correia Simões, Chiara Crestani, Natália Silva Costa, José Carlos de Figueiredo Pantoja, Renata Fernandes Rabello, Lucia Martins Teixeira, Uzma Basit Khan, Stephen Bentley, Dorota Jamrozy, Tatiana de Castro Abreu Pinto and Ruth N. Zadoks
Antibiotics 2024, 13(5), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13050389 - 25 Apr 2024
Viewed by 441
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of contagious bovine mastitis (CBM) in Brazil. The GBS population is composed of host-generalist and host-specialist lineages, which may differ in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonotic potential, and the surveillance of bovine GBS is crucial [...] Read more.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a major cause of contagious bovine mastitis (CBM) in Brazil. The GBS population is composed of host-generalist and host-specialist lineages, which may differ in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonotic potential, and the surveillance of bovine GBS is crucial to developing effective CBM control and prevention measures. Here, we investigated bovine GBS isolates (n = 156) collected in Brazil between 1987 and 2021 using phenotypic testing and whole-genome sequencing to uncover the molecular epidemiology of bovine GBS. Clonal complex (CC) 61/67 was the predominant clade in the 20th century; however, it was replaced by CC91, with which it shares a most common recent ancestor, in the 21st century, despite the higher prevalence of AMR in CC61/67 than in CC91, and high selection pressure for AMR from indiscriminate antimicrobial use in the Brazilian dairy industry. CC103 also emerged as a dominant CC in the 21st century, and a considerable proportion of herds had two or more GBS strains, suggesting poor biosecurity and within-herd evolution due to the chronic nature of CBM problems. The majority of bovine GBS belonged to serotype Ia or III, which was strongly correlated with CCs. Ninety-three isolates were resistant to tetracycline (≥8 μg/mL; tetO = 57, tetM = 34 or both = 2) and forty-four were resistant to erythromycin (2.0 to >4 μg/mL; ermA = 1, ermB = 38, mechanism unidentified n = 5). Only three isolates were non-susceptible to penicillin (≥8.0 μg/mL), providing opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship through the use of narrow-spectrum antimicrobials for the treatment of dairy cattle. The common bovine GBS clades detected in this study have rarely been reported in humans, suggesting limited risk of interspecies transmission of GBS in Brazil. This study provides new data to support improvements to CBM and AMR control, bovine GBS vaccine design, and the management of public health risks posed by bovine GBS in Brazil. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis)
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16 pages, 840 KiB  
Article
Genetic and Phenotypic Characterization of Subclinical Mastitis-Causing Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
by Amanda Thaís Ferreira Silva, Juliano Leonel Gonçalves, Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas, Vera Lúcia Mores Rall, Pollyanne Raysa Fernandes de Oliveira, Marcos Veiga dos Santos, Rodolfo de Moraes Peixoto and Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
Antibiotics 2023, 12(9), 1353; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12091353 - 23 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1282
Abstract
The core objective of this study was to genetically and phenotypically characterize subclinical mastitis-causing multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). In addition, risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis caused by MDRSA were investigated. Bacterial cultures were performed on 2120 mammary quarters, 40 swabs of milk [...] Read more.
The core objective of this study was to genetically and phenotypically characterize subclinical mastitis-causing multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA). In addition, risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis caused by MDRSA were investigated. Bacterial cultures were performed on 2120 mammary quarters, 40 swabs of milk utensils, 5 bulk tank milk samples, and 11 nostril and 11 hand swabs from milkers from five dairy farms. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was conducted for S. aureus identification. Antimicrobial resistance was screened phenotypically using the disk diffusion test in all S. aureus isolates. A biofilm formation assay; detection of genes associated with beta-lactam resistance, efflux pump, and biofilm formation; and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were performed in all MDRSA isolates. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) was carried out in cefoxitin-resistant MDRSA isolates. A total of 188 S. aureus isolates from milk as well as two from milking utensils and one from bulk tank milk were identified. Most of the isolates (92.7%; 177 of 191) showed beta-lactam resistance, and 7% (14 of 191) were MDRSA. Interestingly, 36% (5 of 14) of MDRSA isolates were cefoxitin-resistant, but none carried mecA or mecC genes. Based on PFGE results, it was observed that S. aureus strains were more likely to be unique to a specific herd. Two clonal complexes were identified, CC97 (ST126; commonly livestock-associated) and CC1 (ST7440; usually community-associated). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of ST7440 isolated from bovine mastitis in Brazil. The risk factor results underscored the importance of considering parity, stage of lactation, SCC, milk production, and herd size when studying the risk of subclinical mastitis and antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus. Thus, to implement effective strategies to prevent subclinical mastitis in dairy herds and to minimize MDRSA spread, it is important to understand MDRSA strains’ distribution and their antimicrobial resistance profile. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis)
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14 pages, 2418 KiB  
Article
The Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Characteristics in Enterococcus Species Isolated from Bovine Milk
by Beatriz Rizzo Paschoalini, Karen Vanessa Munive Nuñez, Juliana Takahashi Maffei, Hélio Langoni, Felipe Freitas Guimarães, Clarice Gebara, Natylane Eufransino Freitas, Marcos Veiga dos Santos, Carlos Eduardo Fidelis, Roberto Kappes, Mônica Correia Gonçalves and Nathália Cristina Cirone Silva
Antibiotics 2023, 12(8), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12081243 - 28 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1361
Abstract
Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis and E. faecium, pose risks to dairy farms as opportunistic pathogens. The study evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Bile esculin agar was used to assess 1471 milk samples, [...] Read more.
Enterococcus spp., including E. faecalis and E. faecium, pose risks to dairy farms as opportunistic pathogens. The study evaluates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence characteristics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from bovine milk. Bile esculin agar was used to assess 1471 milk samples, followed by colony identification, gram staining, catalase tests, and 45 °C incubation. PCR analysis targeted E. faecalis and E. faecium in characteristic Enterococcus spp. colonies, with MALDI-TOF used for negative samples. Multiple tests, including disk diffusion, chromogenic VRE agar for vancomycin resistance, Vancomycin Etest® for MIC determination, and PCR for virulence factors (cylA, esp, efaA, ace, asa1, gelE, and hyl genes), were performed. Out of 100 identified strains, E. durans (30.66%), E. faecium (26.28%), and E. faecalis (18.25%) were predominant. AMR in Enterococcus spp. varied, with the highest rates against rifampicin (27%), tetracycline (20%), and erythromycin (18%). Linezolid (5%), vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and teicoplanin (3% each) had lower prevalence. E. faecium and E. faecalis showed high AMR to rifampicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline. Thirty-two strains (18.98%) grew on VRE Chromoselect agar, while 4 (2 E. faecalis and 2 E. faecium) showed vancomycin resistance by MIC values. E. faecalis carried gelE (45.5%) and asa1 (36%), and E. gallinarum had 9.1% with the asa1 gene. Detecting resistant Enterococcus in bovine milk supports control strategies for enterococci on dairy farms, highlighting AMR concerns in the food chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis)
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Review

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16 pages, 366 KiB  
Review
Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli and Other Antimicrobial-Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis: A One Health Perspective
by Breno Luis Nery Garcia, Stéfani Thais Alves Dantas, Kristian da Silva Barbosa, Thatiane Mendes Mitsunaga, Alyssa Butters, Carlos Henrique Camargo and Diego Borin Nobrega
Antibiotics 2024, 13(5), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13050391 - 25 Apr 2024
Viewed by 332
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an imminent threat to global public health, driven in part by the widespread use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals. Within the dairy cattle industry, Gram-negative coliforms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae stand out as major [...] Read more.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses an imminent threat to global public health, driven in part by the widespread use of antimicrobials in both humans and animals. Within the dairy cattle industry, Gram-negative coliforms such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae stand out as major causative agents of clinical mastitis. These same bacterial species are frequently associated with severe infections in humans, including bloodstream and urinary tract infections, and contribute significantly to the alarming surge in antimicrobial-resistant bacterial infections worldwide. Additionally, mastitis-causing coliforms often carry AMR genes akin to those found in hospital-acquired strains, notably the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes. This raises concerns regarding the potential transmission of resistant bacteria and AMR from mastitis cases in dairy cattle to humans. In this narrative review, we explore the distinctive characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. strains implicated in clinical mastitis and human infections. We focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying AMR in these bacterial populations and critically evaluate the potential for interspecies transmission. Despite some degree of similarity observed in sequence types and mobile genetic elements between strains found in humans and cows, the existing literature does not provide conclusive evidence to assert that coliforms responsible for mastitis in cows pose a direct threat to human health. Finally, we also scrutinize the existing literature, identifying gaps and limitations, and propose avenues for future research to address these pressing challenges comprehensively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis)
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