Journal Description
Biosensors
Biosensors
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on the technology and science of biosensors published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, MEDLINE, PMC, Embase, CAPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Chemistry, Analytical) / CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
5.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.7 (2022)
Latest Articles
Rapid Determination of Cr3+ and Mn2+ in Water Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Combined with Filter Paper Modified with Gold Nanoclusters
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060267 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Excessive emissions of heavy metals not only cause environmental pollution but also pose a direct threat to human health. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of heavy metals in the environment is of great significance. Herein, we propose a method based on laser-induced breakdown
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Excessive emissions of heavy metals not only cause environmental pollution but also pose a direct threat to human health. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection of heavy metals in the environment is of great significance. Herein, we propose a method based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with filter paper modified with bovine serum albumin-protected gold nanoclusters (LIBS-FP-AuNCs) for the rapid and sensitive detection of Cr3+ and Mn2+. The filter paper modified with AuNCs was used to selectively enrich Cr3+ and Mn2+. Combined with the multi-element detection capability of LIBS, this method achieved the simultaneous rapid detection of Cr3+ and Mn2+. Both elements showed linear ranges for concentrations of 10–1000 μg L−1, with limits of detection of 7.5 and 9.0 μg L−1 for Cr3+ and Mn2+, respectively. This method was successfully applied to the determination of Cr3+ and Mn2+ in real water samples, with satisfactory recoveries ranging from 94.6% to 105.1%. This method has potential application in the analysis of heavy metal pollution.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Microfluidics for Point-of-Care Blood Sensing
by
Amirmahdi Tavakolidakhrabadi, Matt Stark, Ulrike Bacher, Myriam Legros and Cedric Bessire
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060266 (registering DOI) - 23 May 2024
Abstract
Blood tests are widely used in modern medicine to diagnose certain illnesses and evaluate the overall health of a patient. To enable testing in resource-limited areas, there has been increasing interest in point-of-care (PoC) testing devices. To process blood samples, liquid mixing with
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Blood tests are widely used in modern medicine to diagnose certain illnesses and evaluate the overall health of a patient. To enable testing in resource-limited areas, there has been increasing interest in point-of-care (PoC) testing devices. To process blood samples, liquid mixing with active pumps is usually required, making PoC blood testing expensive and bulky. We explored the possibility of processing approximately 2 μL of whole blood for image flow cytometry using capillary structures that allowed test times of a few minutes without active pumps. Capillary pump structures with five different pillar shapes were simulated using Ansys Fluent to determine which resulted in the fastest whole blood uptake. The simulation results showed a strong influence of the capillary pump pillar shape on the chip filling time. Long and thin structures with a high aspect ratio exhibited faster filling times. Microfluidic chips using the simulated pump design with the most efficient blood uptake were fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyethylene oxide (PEO). The chip filling times were tested with 2 μL of both water and whole blood, resulting in uptake times of 24 s for water and 111 s for blood. The simulated blood plasma results deviated from the experimental filling times by about 35% without accounting for any cell-induced effects. By comparing the flow speed induced by different pump pillar geometries, this study offers insights for the design and optimization of passive microfluidic devices for inhomogenous liquids such as whole blood in sensing applications.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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Open AccessReview
Recent Advances in and Application of Fluorescent Microspheres for Multiple Nucleic Acid Detection
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Zhu Chen, Gaoming Luo, Jie Ren, Qixuan Wang, Xinping Zhao, Linyu Wei, Yue Wang, Yuan Liu, Yan Deng and Song Li
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060265 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
Traditional single nucleic acid assays can only detect one target while multiple nucleic acid assays can detect multiple targets simultaneously, providing comprehensive and accurate information. Fluorescent microspheres in multiplexed nucleic acid detection offer high sensitivity, specificity, multiplexing, flexibility, and scalability advantages, enabling precise,
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Traditional single nucleic acid assays can only detect one target while multiple nucleic acid assays can detect multiple targets simultaneously, providing comprehensive and accurate information. Fluorescent microspheres in multiplexed nucleic acid detection offer high sensitivity, specificity, multiplexing, flexibility, and scalability advantages, enabling precise, real-time results and supporting clinical diagnosis and research. However, multiplexed assays face challenges like complexity, costs, and sample handling issues. The review explores the recent advancements and applications of fluorescent microspheres in multiple nucleic acid detection. It discusses the versatility of fluorescent microspheres in various fields, such as disease diagnosis, drug screening, and personalized medicine. The review highlights the possibility of adjusting the performance of fluorescent microspheres by modifying concentrations and carrier forms, allowing for tailored applications. It emphasizes the potential of fluorescent microsphere technology in revolutionizing nucleic acid detection and advancing health, disease treatment, and medical research.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Biosensors)
Open AccessArticle
Fluorescence Multi-Detection Device Using a Lensless Matrix Addressable microLED Array
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Victor Moro, Joan Canals, Sergio Moreno, Steffen Bornemann, Oscar Alonso, Andreas Waag, J. Daniel Prades and Angel Dieguez
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060264 - 22 May 2024
Abstract
A Point-of-Care system for molecular diagnosis (PoC-MD) is described, combining GaN and CMOS chips. The device is a micro-system for fluorescence measurements, capable of analyzing both intensity and lifetime. It consists of a hybrid micro-structure based on a 32 × 32 matrix addressable
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A Point-of-Care system for molecular diagnosis (PoC-MD) is described, combining GaN and CMOS chips. The device is a micro-system for fluorescence measurements, capable of analyzing both intensity and lifetime. It consists of a hybrid micro-structure based on a 32 × 32 matrix addressable GaN microLED array, with square LEDs of 50 µm edge length and 100 µm pitch, with an underneath wire bonded custom chip integrating their drivers and placed face-to-face to an array of 16x16 single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) CMOS. This approach replaces instrumentation based on lasers, bulky optical components, and discrete electronics with a full hybrid micro-system, enabling measurements on 32 × 32 spots. The reported system is suitable for long lifetime (>10 ns) fluorophores with a limit of detection ~1/4 µM. Proof-of-concept measurements of streptavidin conjugate Qdot™ 605 and Amino PEG Qdot™ 705 are demonstrated, along with the device ability to detect both fluorophores in the same measurement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Fluorescence Biosensors)
Open AccessArticle
A Portable Fluorescent Lateral Flow Immunoassay Platform for Rapid Detection of FluA
by
Xu Chen, Xuhui Huang, Saima Kanwal, Jian Wang, Jing Wen and Dawei Zhang
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060263 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
The spread of the FluA virus poses significant public health concerns worldwide. Fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strips have emerged as vital tools for the early detection and monitoring of influenza infections. However, existing quantitative virus-detection methods, particularly those utilizing smartphone-based sensing
[...] Read more.
The spread of the FluA virus poses significant public health concerns worldwide. Fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) test strips have emerged as vital tools for the early detection and monitoring of influenza infections. However, existing quantitative virus-detection methods, particularly those utilizing smartphone-based sensing platforms, encounter accessibility challenges in resource-limited areas and among the elderly population. Despite their advantages in speed and portability, these platforms often lack user-friendliness for these demographics, impeding their widespread utilization. To address these challenges, this study proposes leveraging the optical pick-up unit (OPU) sourced from commercial optical drives as a readily available fluorescence excitation module for the quantitative detection of antibodies labeled with quantum-dot fluorescent microspheres. Additionally, we utilize miniaturized and high-performance optical components and 3D-printed parts, along with a customized control system, to develop an affordable point-of-care testing (POCT) device. Within the system, a stepping motor scans the test strip from the T-line to the C-line, enabling the calculation of the fluorescence-intensity ratio between the two lines. This simple yet effective design facilitates rapid and straightforward field or at-home testing for FluA. The proposed prototype platform demonstrates promising performance, achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of 2.91 ng/mL, a total detection time of no more than 15 min, and dimensions of 151 mm × 11.2 mm × 10.8 mm3. We believe that the proposed approach holds great potential for improving access to an accurate influenza diagnosis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Applications of Label-Free Optical Biosensors)
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Open AccessArticle
Utilizing a Disposable Sensor with Polyaniline-Doped Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes to Enable Dopamine Detection in Ex Vivo Mouse Brain Tissue Homogenates
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Thenmozhi Rajarathinam, Sivaguru Jayaraman, Jaeheon Seol, Jaewon Lee and Seung-Cheol Chang
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060262 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Disposable sensors are inexpensive, user-friendly sensing tools designed for rapid single-point measurements of a target. Disposable sensors have become more and more essential as diagnostic tools due to the growing demand for quick, easy-to-access, and reliable information related to the target. Dopamine (DA),
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Disposable sensors are inexpensive, user-friendly sensing tools designed for rapid single-point measurements of a target. Disposable sensors have become more and more essential as diagnostic tools due to the growing demand for quick, easy-to-access, and reliable information related to the target. Dopamine (DA), a prevalent catecholamine neurotransmitter in the human brain, is associated with central nervous system activities and directly promotes neuronal communication. For the sensitive and selective estimation of DA, an enzyme-free amperometric sensor based on polyaniline-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (PANI-MWCNTs) drop-coated disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) was fabricated. This PANI-MWCNTs-2/SPCE sensor boasts exceptional accuracy and sensitivity when working directly with ex vivo mouse brain homogenates. The sensor exhibited a detection limit of 0.05 μM (S/N = 3), and a wide linear range from 1.0 to 200 μM. The sensor’s high selectivity to DA amidst other endogenous interferents was recognized. Since the constructed sensor is enzyme-free yet biocompatible, it exhibited high stability in DA detection using ex vivo mouse brain homogenates extracted from both Parkinson’s disease and control mice models. This research thus presents new insights into understanding DA release dynamics at the tissue level in both of these models.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing Applications for Cell Monitoring)
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Open AccessArticle
Highly Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide in Cancer Tissue Based on 3D Reduced Graphene Oxide–MXene–Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Electrode
by
Shuai-Qun Yu, Pan Li, Hao-Jie Li, Ling-Jun Shang, Rui Guo, Xu-Ming Sun and Qiong-Qiong Ren
Biosensors 2024, 14(6), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14060261 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a signaling molecule that has the capacity to control a variety of biological processes in organisms. Cancer cells release more H2O2 during abnormal tumor growth. There has been a considerable amount of
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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a signaling molecule that has the capacity to control a variety of biological processes in organisms. Cancer cells release more H2O2 during abnormal tumor growth. There has been a considerable amount of interest in utilizing H2O2 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of cancer tissue. In this study, an electrochemical sensor for H2O2 was constructed based on 3D reduced graphene oxide (rGO), MXene (Ti3C2), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composite. Three-dimensional (3D) rGO–Ti3C2–MWCNTs sensor showed good linearity for H2O2 in the ranges of 1–60 μM and 60 μM–9.77 mM at a working potential of −0.25 V, with sensitivities of 235.2 µA mM−1 cm−2 and 103.8 µA mM−1 cm−2, respectively, and a detection limit of 0.3 µM (S/N = 3). The sensor exhibited long-term stability, good repeatability, and outstanding immunity to interference. In addition, the modified electrode was employed to detect real-time H2O2 release from cancer cells and cancer tissue ex vivo.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biosensors in Cell or Tissue Analysis)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of a DNA-Based Lateral Flow Strip Membrane Assay for Rapid Screening and Genotyping of Six High-Incidence STD Pathogens
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Gunho Choi, Keum-Soo Song, Satish Balasaheb Nimse and Taisun Kim
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050260 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a global concern because approximately 1 million new cases emerge daily. Most STDs are curable, but if left untreated, they can cause severe long-term health implications, including infertility and even death. Therefore, a test enabling rapid and accurate
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Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are a global concern because approximately 1 million new cases emerge daily. Most STDs are curable, but if left untreated, they can cause severe long-term health implications, including infertility and even death. Therefore, a test enabling rapid and accurate screening and genotyping of STD pathogens is highly awaited. Herein, we present the development of the DNA-based 6STD Genotyping 9G Membrane test, a lateral flow strip membrane assay, for the detection and genotyping of six STD pathogens, including Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma hominis, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Here, we developed a multiplex PCR primer set that allows PCR amplification of genomic materials for these six STD pathogens. We also developed the six ssDNA probes that allow highly efficient detection of the six STD pathogens. The 6STD Genotyping 9G Membrane test lets us obtain the final detection and genotyping results in less than 30 m after PCR at 25 °C. The accuracy of the 6STD Genotyping 9G membrane test in STD genotyping was confirmed by its 100% concordance with the sequencing results of 120 clinical samples. Therefore, the 6STD Genotyping 9G Membrane test emerges as a promising diagnostic tool for precise STD genotyping, facilitating informed decision-making in clinical practice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarker Biosensing: Analysis and Detection)
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Open AccessArticle
Parkinson’s Disease Recognition Using Decorrelated Convolutional Neural Networks: Addressing Imbalance and Scanner Bias in rs-fMRI Data
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Pranita Patil and W. Randolph Ford
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050259 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease that impacts the nerve cells in the brain and varies from person to person. The exact cause of PD is still unknown, and the diagnosis of PD does not include a specific objective test
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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative and progressive disease that impacts the nerve cells in the brain and varies from person to person. The exact cause of PD is still unknown, and the diagnosis of PD does not include a specific objective test with certainty. Although deep learning has made great progress in medical neuroimaging analysis, these methods are very susceptible to biases present in neuroimaging datasets. An innovative decorrelated deep learning technique is introduced to mitigate class bias and scanner bias while simultaneously focusing on finding distinguishing characteristics in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data, which assists in recognizing PD with good accuracy. The decorrelation function reduces the nonlinear correlation between features and bias in order to learn bias-invariant features. The publicly available Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset, referred to as a single-scanner imbalanced dataset in this study, was used to validate our method. The imbalanced dataset problem affects the performance of the deep learning framework by overfitting to the majority class. To resolve this problem, we propose a new decorrelated convolutional neural network (DcCNN) framework by applying decorrelation-based optimization to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). An analysis of evaluation metrics comparisons shows that integrating the decorrelation function boosts the performance of PD recognition by removing class bias. Specifically, our DcCNN models perform significantly better than existing traditional approaches to tackle the imbalance problem. Finally, the same framework can be extended to create scanner-invariant features without significantly impacting the performance of a model. The obtained dataset is a multiscanner dataset, which leads to scanner bias due to the differences in acquisition protocols and scanners. The multiscanner dataset is a combination of two publicly available datasets, namely, PPMI and FTLDNI—the frontotemporal lobar degeneration neuroimaging initiative (NIFD) dataset. The results of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) and scanner classification accuracy of our proposed feature extraction–DcCNN (FE-DcCNN) model validated the effective removal of scanner bias. Our method achieves an average accuracy of 77.80% on a multiscanner dataset for differentiating PD from a healthy control, which is superior to the DcCNN model trained on a single-scanner imbalanced dataset.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing and Imaging for Neurodegenerative Diseases)
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Ti3C2 Nanosheets Functionalized with Ferritin–Biomimetic Platinum Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Biosensors of Nitrite
by
Rongqiu Mu, Danzhu Zhu and Gang Wei
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050258 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Nitrites widely exist in human life and the natural environment, but excessive contents of nitrites will result in adverse effects on the environment and human health; hence, sensitive and stable nitrite detection systems are needed. In this study, we report the synthesis of
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Nitrites widely exist in human life and the natural environment, but excessive contents of nitrites will result in adverse effects on the environment and human health; hence, sensitive and stable nitrite detection systems are needed. In this study, we report the synthesis of Ti3C2 nanosheets functionalized with apoferritin (ApoF)–biomimetic platinum (Pt) nanoparticle (Pt@ApoF/Ti3C2) composite materials, which were formed by using ApoF as a template and protein-inspired biomineralization. The formed nanohybrid exhibits excellent electrochemical sensing performance towards nitrite (NaNO2). Specifically, the Pt@ApoF catalyzes the conversion of nitrites into nitrates, converting the chemical signal into an electrical signal. The prepared Pt@ApoF/Ti3C2-based electrochemical NaNO2 biosensors demonstrate a wide detection range of 0.001–9 mM with a low detection limit of 0.425 μM. Additionally, the biosensors possess high selectivity and sensitivity while maintaining a relatively stable electrochemical sensing performance within 7 days, enabling the monitoring of NaNO2 in complex environments. The successful preparation of the Pt@ApoF/Ti3C2 nanohybrid materials provides a new approach for constructing efficient electrochemical biosensors, offering a simple and rapid method for detecting NaNO2 in complex environments.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors to Support the One Health Concept)
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Open AccessArticle
Introducing Triplex Forming Oligonucleotide into Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Developing a Lateral Flow Biosensor for Streptococci Detection
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Wei Chang, Po-Hao Chou, Cai-Tong Wu, Jheng-Da Song, Kun-Nan Tsai and Chiuan-Chian Chiou
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050257 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology is extensively utilized for the detection of infectious diseases owing to its rapid processing and high sensitivity. Nevertheless, conventional LAMP signaling methods frequently suffer from a lack of sequence specificity. This study integrates a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) probe
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Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology is extensively utilized for the detection of infectious diseases owing to its rapid processing and high sensitivity. Nevertheless, conventional LAMP signaling methods frequently suffer from a lack of sequence specificity. This study integrates a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) probe into the LAMP process to enhance sequence specificity. This TFO-LAMP technique was applied for the detection of Group B Streptococcus (GBS). The TFO probe is designed to recognize a specific DNA sequence, termed the TFO targeting sequence (TTS), within the amplified product, facilitating detection via fluorescent instrumentation or lateral flow biosensors. A screening method was developed to identify TFO sequences with high affinity to integrate TFO into LAMP, subsequently incorporating a selected TTS into an LAMP primer. In the TFO-LAMP assay, a FAM-labeled TFO is added to target the TTS. This TFO can be captured by an anti-FAM antibody on lateral flow test strips, thus creating a nucleic acid testing biosensor. The efficacy of the TFO-LAMP assay was confirmed through experiments with specimens spiked with varying concentrations of GBS, demonstrating 85% sensitivity at 300 copies and 100% sensitivity at 30,000 copies. In conclusion, this study has successfully developed a TFO-LAMP technology that offers applicability in lateral flow biosensors and potentially other biosensor platforms.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Application of Novel Nucleic Acid Probe)
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Open AccessReview
Microfluidic Mechanoporation: Current Progress and Applications in Stem Cells
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Rubing Wang, Ziqi Wang, Lingling Tong, Ruoming Wang, Shuo Yao, Di Chen and Huan Hu
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050256 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Intracellular delivery, the process of transporting substances into cells, is crucial for various applications, such as drug delivery, gene therapy, cell imaging, and regenerative medicine. Among the different approaches of intracellular delivery, mechanoporation stands out by utilizing mechanical forces to create temporary pores
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Intracellular delivery, the process of transporting substances into cells, is crucial for various applications, such as drug delivery, gene therapy, cell imaging, and regenerative medicine. Among the different approaches of intracellular delivery, mechanoporation stands out by utilizing mechanical forces to create temporary pores on cell membranes, enabling the entry of substances into cells. This method is promising due to its minimal contamination and is especially vital for stem cells intended for clinical therapy. In this review, we explore various mechanoporation technologies, including microinjection, micro–nano needle arrays, cell squeezing through physical confinement, and cell squeezing using hydrodynamic forces. Additionally, we highlight recent research efforts utilizing mechanoporation for stem cell studies. Furthermore, we discuss the integration of mechanoporation techniques into microfluidic platforms for high-throughput intracellular delivery with enhanced transfection efficiency. This advancement holds potential in addressing the challenge of low transfection efficiency, benefiting both basic research and clinical applications of stem cells. Ultimately, the combination of microfluidics and mechanoporation presents new opportunities for creating comprehensive systems for stem cell processing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications (Volume II))
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Open AccessArticle
Detection of Glutamate Decarboxylase Antibodies and Simultaneous Multi-Molecular Translocation Exploration by Glass Nanopores
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Chongxin Tao, Yun Bai, Jiang Chen, Jing Lu, Yan Bi and Jian Li
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050255 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb) has emerged as a significant biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we investigated the potential utilization of glass capillary solid-state nanopores as a cost-effective and easily preparable platform for the
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Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GADAb) has emerged as a significant biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis in type 1 diabetes (T1D). In this study, we investigated the potential utilization of glass capillary solid-state nanopores as a cost-effective and easily preparable platform for the detection of individual antigens, antibodies, and antigen-antibody complexes without necessitating any modifications to the nanopores. Our findings revealed notable characteristic variations in the translocation events of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) through nanopores under different voltage conditions, discovered that anomalous phenomenon of protein translocation events increasing with voltage may potentially be caused by the crowding of multiple proteins in the nanopores, and demonstrated that there are multiple components in the polyclonal antibodies (GADAb-poly). Furthermore, we achieved successful differentiation between GAD65, GADAb, and GADAb-GAD65 complexes. These results offer promising prospects for the development of a rapid and reliable GADAb detection method, which holds the potential to be applied in patient serum samples, thereby facilitating a label-free, cost-effective, and early diagnosis of type I diabetes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics for Biomedical Applications (Volume II))
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Open AccessReview
Development of Non-Invasive Biosensors for Neonatal Jaundice Detection: A Review
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Chandan Jyoti Hazarika, Alee Borah, Poly Gogoi, Shrimanta S. Ramchiary, Bethuel Daurai, Manashjit Gogoi and Manob Jyoti Saikia
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050254 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
One of the most common problems many babies encounter is neonatal jaundice. The symptoms are yellowing of the skin or eyes because of bilirubin (from above 2.0 to 2.5 mg/dL in the blood). If left untreated, it can lead to serious neurological complications.
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One of the most common problems many babies encounter is neonatal jaundice. The symptoms are yellowing of the skin or eyes because of bilirubin (from above 2.0 to 2.5 mg/dL in the blood). If left untreated, it can lead to serious neurological complications. Traditionally, jaundice detection has relied on invasive blood tests, but developing non-invasive biosensors has provided an alternative approach. This systematic review aims to assess the advancement of these biosensors. This review discusses the many known invasive and non-invasive diagnostic modalities for detecting neonatal jaundice and their limitations. It also notes that the recent research and development on non-invasive biosensors for neonatal jaundice diagnosis is still in its early stages, with the majority of investigations being in vitro or at the pre-clinical level. Non-invasive biosensors could revolutionize neonatal jaundice detection; however, a number of issues still need to be solved before this can happen. These consist of in-depth validation studies, affordable and user-friendly gadgets, and regulatory authority approval. To create biosensors that meet regulatory requirements, additional research is required to make them more precise and affordable.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of a Flexible Sensor-Integrated Tissue Patch to Monitor Early Organ Rejection Processes Using Impedance Spectroscopy
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Peter Ertl, Tibor Wladimir, Drago Sticker, Patrick Schuller, Mario Rothbauer, Georg Wieselthaler and Martin Frauenlob
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050253 - 17 May 2024
Abstract
Heart failure represents a primary cause of hospitalization and mortality in both developed and developing countries, often necessitating heart transplantation as the only viable recovery path. Despite advances in transplantation medicine, organ rejection remains a significant post-operative challenge, traditionally monitored through invasive endomyocardial
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Heart failure represents a primary cause of hospitalization and mortality in both developed and developing countries, often necessitating heart transplantation as the only viable recovery path. Despite advances in transplantation medicine, organ rejection remains a significant post-operative challenge, traditionally monitored through invasive endomyocardial biopsies (EMB). This study introduces a rapid prototyping approach to organ rejection monitoring via a sensor-integrated flexible patch, employing electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) for the non-invasive, continuous assessment of resistive and capacitive changes indicative of tissue rejection processes. Utilizing titanium-dioxide-coated electrodes for contactless impedance sensing, this method aims to mitigate the limitations associated with EMB, including procedural risks and the psychological burden on patients. The biosensor’s design features, including electrode passivation and three-dimensional microelectrode protrusions, facilitate effective monitoring of cardiac rejection by aligning with the heart’s curvature and responding to muscle contractions. Evaluation of sensor performance utilized SPICE simulations, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, alongside experimental validation using chicken heart tissue to simulate healthy and rejected states. The study highlights the potential of EIS in reducing the need for invasive biopsy procedures and offering a promising avenue for early detection and monitoring of organ rejection, with implications for patient care and healthcare resource utilization.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biosensors in Cell or Tissue Analysis)
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Open AccessArticle
The Construction and Application of a New Screening Method for Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
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Chunhua Gao, Zhe Wang, Xiaojing Liu, Rongzhen Sun, Shengyao Ma, Zongchen Ma, Qi Wang, Guoqiang Li and Han-Ting Zhang
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050252 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), are recognized as a therapeutic target for various diseases. However, the current screening methods for PDE inhibitors usually experience problems due to complex operations and/or high
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Phosphodiesterases (PDEs), a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), are recognized as a therapeutic target for various diseases. However, the current screening methods for PDE inhibitors usually experience problems due to complex operations and/or high costs, which are not conducive to drug development in respect of this target. In this study, a new method for screening PDE inhibitors based on GloSensor technology was successfully established and applied, resulting in the discovery of several novel compounds of different structural types with PDE inhibitory activity. Compared with traditional screening methods, this method is low-cost, capable of dynamically detecting changes in substrate concentration in live cells, and can be used to preliminarily determine the type of PDEs affected by the detected active compounds, making it more suitable for high-throughput screening for PDE inhibitors.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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Validation of a New Ankle Brachial Index Measurement System Using Pulse Wave Velocity
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Juan David Romero-Ante, Esther Chicharro-Luna, Juliana Manrique-Córdoba, José María Vicente-Samper, Alba Gracia-Sánchez and José María Sabater-Navarro
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050251 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common circulatory disorder characterized by the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries that restrict blood flow to the extremities, especially the legs. The ankle brachial index (ABI) is a highly reliable and valid
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Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a common circulatory disorder characterized by the accumulation of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries that restrict blood flow to the extremities, especially the legs. The ankle brachial index (ABI) is a highly reliable and valid non-invasive test for diagnosing PAD. However, the traditional method has limitations. These include the time required, the need for Doppler equipment, the training of clinical staff, and patient discomfort. PWV refers to the speed at which an arterial pressure wave propagates along the arteries, and this speed is conditioned by arterial elasticity and stiffness. To address these limitations, we have developed a system that uses electrocardiogram (ECG) and photoplethysmography (PPG) signals to calculate pulse wave velocity (PWV). We propose determining the ABI based on this calculation. Validation was performed on 22 diabetic patients, and the results demonstrate the accuracy of the system, maintaining a margin of ±0.1 compared with the traditional method. This confirms the correlation between PWV and ABI and positions this technique as a promising alternative to overcome some of the limitations of the conventional method.
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(This article belongs to the Section Biosensors and Healthcare)
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Blood Coagulation-Inspired Fibrin Hydrogel for Portable Detection of Thrombin Based on Personal Glucometer
by
Dan-Ni Yang, Shu-Yi Wu, Han-Yu Deng, Hao Zhang, Shan Shi and Shan Geng
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050250 - 16 May 2024
Abstract
As one of the biomarkers of coagulation system-related diseases, the detection of thrombin is of practical importance. Thus, this study developed a portable biosensor based on a personal glucometer for rapid detection of thrombin activity. Fibrinogen was used for the detection of thrombin,
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As one of the biomarkers of coagulation system-related diseases, the detection of thrombin is of practical importance. Thus, this study developed a portable biosensor based on a personal glucometer for rapid detection of thrombin activity. Fibrinogen was used for the detection of thrombin, and the assay principle was inspired by the blood coagulation process, where thrombin hydrolyzes fibrinogen to produce a fibrin hydrogel, and the amount of invertase encapsulated in the fibrin hydrogel fluctuates in accordance with the activity of thrombin in the sample solution. The quantitative assay is conducted by measuring the amount of unencapsulated invertase available to hydrolyze the substrate sucrose, and the signal readout is recorded using a personal glucometer. A linear detection range of 0–0.8 U/mL of thrombin with a limit of detection of 0.04 U/mL was obtained based on the personal glucometer sensing platform. The results of the selectivity and interference experiments showed that the developed personal glucometer sensing platform is highly selective and accurate for thrombin activity. Finally, the reliability of the portable glucometer method for rapid thrombin detection in serum samples was investigated by measuring the recovery rate, which ranged from 92.8% to 107.7%. In summary, the fibrin hydrogel sensing platform proposed in this study offers a portable and versatile means for detecting thrombin using a personal glucometer. This approach not only simplifies the detection process, but also eliminates the need for large instruments and skilled operators, and substantially reduces detection costs.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enzyme Biosensors: Challenges and Future Perspectives)
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Open AccessReview
Double-Sided Tape in Microfluidics: A Cost-Effective Method in Device Fabrication
by
Savanah Smith, Marzhan Sypabekova and Seunghyun Kim
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050249 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
The demand for easy-to-use, affordable, accessible, and reliable technology is increasing in biological, chemical, and medical research. Microfluidic devices have the potential to meet these standards by offering cost-effective, highly sensitive, and highly specific diagnostic tests with rapid performance and minimal sample volumes.
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The demand for easy-to-use, affordable, accessible, and reliable technology is increasing in biological, chemical, and medical research. Microfluidic devices have the potential to meet these standards by offering cost-effective, highly sensitive, and highly specific diagnostic tests with rapid performance and minimal sample volumes. Traditional microfluidic device fabrication methods, such as photolithography and soft lithography, are time-consuming and require specialized equipment and expertise, making them costly and less accessible to researchers and clinicians and limiting the applicability and potential of microfluidic devices. To address this, researchers have turned to using new low-cost materials, such as double-sided tape for microfluidic device fabrication, which offers simple and low-cost processes. The innovation of low-cost and easy-to-make microfluidic devices improves the potential for more devices to be transitioned from laboratories to commercialized products found in stores, offices, and homes. This review serves as a comprehensive summary of the growing interest in and use of double-sided tape-based microfluidic devices in the last 20 years. It discusses the advantages of using double-sided tape, the fabrication techniques used to create and bond microfluidic devices, and the limitations of this approach in certain applications.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microfluidics and MEMS for Diagnostics and Biomedical Applications)
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Open AccessEditorial
Advanced Functional Materials for Electrochemical and Biosensors
by
Khursheed Ahmad
Biosensors 2024, 14(5), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios14050248 - 15 May 2024
Abstract
Modern science and technology are central to the smooth running of daily life [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Functional Materials for Electrochemical Sensor and Biosensor Applications)
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