WiFi Indoor Localization with CSI Fingerprinting-Based Random Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. CSI Data Analysis
2.1. Location Correlation
2.2. Time-Varying
2.3. Incompleteness
3. RFFP System
3.1. Proposed Algorithm
3.1.1. Feedback Decision Tree
Algorithm 1. Building phase of the Feedback Decision Tree |
|
3.1.2. Random Forest
Algorithm 2. Random Forest construction with Feedback Decision Tree |
|
3.2. RFFP System Architecture
4. Experiments and Discussion
4.1. Experiment Setting
4.2. Localization Precision
4.2.1. Impact of Wireless Channel Circumstances
4.2.2. Impact of Channel Environment
4.2.3. Impact of Input Datasets
4.3. Effects of Different Hyperparameters
4.3.1. Impact of Maximum Depths of FDT
4.3.2. Impact of the Number of FDTs in RFFP
4.3.3. Impact of the Number of Features
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Algorithm | KNN | WKNN | RFFP | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
InPut Data | RSSI | CSI | RSSI | CSI | CSI |
MAE in chamber (m) | 1.7085 | 0.7608 | 1.1255 | 0.1767 | 0.1033 |
MAE in office, LOS (m) | 2.8724 | 1.8421 | 2.1812 | 0.8164 | 0.1708 |
MAE in office, NLOS (m) | 2.9463 | 1.7782 | 2.3071 | 1.0517 | 0.4033 |
Algorithm | J48 | CART | REPTree | Ensemble of BPNNs | RFFP |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accuracy (chamber) | 91.64% | 92.08% | 89.68% | 96.36% | 96.04% |
Accuracy (office, LOS) | 71.44% | 67.68% | 63.76% | 92.52% | 93.12% |
Accuracy (office, NLOS) | 65.74% | 60.20% | 61.13% | 77.88% | 84.18% |
Number of APs | Accuracy | OOBE | MAE (m) | TP Rate | FP Rate | Precision | F-Measure | Build Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 75.28% | 13.44% | 0.5864 | 0.753 | 0.01 | 0.758 | 0.751 | 27.42 |
2 | 89.92% | 9.76% | 0.2548 | 0.899 | 0.004 | 0.902 | 0.899 | 28.63 |
3 | 92.48% | 7.2% | 0.1930 | 0.925 | 0.03 | 0.927 | 0.925 | 29.5 |
4 | 93.12% | 6.56% | 0.1708 | 0.931 | 0.03 | 0.934 | 0.931 | 30.3 |
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Wang, Y.; Xiu, C.; Zhang, X.; Yang, D. WiFi Indoor Localization with CSI Fingerprinting-Based Random Forest. Sensors 2018, 18, 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092869
Wang Y, Xiu C, Zhang X, Yang D. WiFi Indoor Localization with CSI Fingerprinting-Based Random Forest. Sensors. 2018; 18(9):2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092869
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yanzhao, Chundi Xiu, Xuanli Zhang, and Dongkai Yang. 2018. "WiFi Indoor Localization with CSI Fingerprinting-Based Random Forest" Sensors 18, no. 9: 2869. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18092869