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19 pages, 5438 KB  
Article
Chlorophyll-a Retrieval in Turbid Inland Waters Using BC-1A Multispectral Observations: A Case Study of Taihu Lake
by Wen Jiang, Qiyun Guo, Chen Cao and Shijie Liu
Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2535; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082535 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Turbid Class II inland waters such as Taihu Lake exhibit a “spectral uplift” effect driven by suspended particulate matter (SPM) scattering and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption, which can obscure chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) signals in the visible–red-edge region and challenge retrieval under small-sample, [...] Read more.
Turbid Class II inland waters such as Taihu Lake exhibit a “spectral uplift” effect driven by suspended particulate matter (SPM) scattering and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption, which can obscure chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) signals in the visible–red-edge region and challenge retrieval under small-sample, collinear feature settings. Using multispectral observations from the BC-1A satellite (carrying the Lightweight Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imager, LHRSI) and synchronous satellite–ground in situ measurements acquired over Taihu Lake in late autumn, this study proposes Chl-a-oriented PCA–RF (COP-RF), a leakage-safe inversion framework integrating correlation screening, principal component analysis (PCA), and random forest (RF) regression. Candidate band-combination features are generated, and PCA is applied for orthogonal compression to mitigate collinearity before RF learning. A stratified five-fold cross-validation based on Chl-a quantile bins is adopted, with screening, standardization, and PCA fitted only on training folds. COP-RF achieves stable performance under the current dataset (R2=0.671, RMSE =1.80μg/L, MAE =1.25μg/L). Spatial inversion shows higher Chl-a near shores and bays and lower values in the lake center, consistent with Sentinel-2 hotspot ranks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Remote Sensors)
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15 pages, 3994 KB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Shape Measurement Using Speckle-Assisted Phase-Order Lines Without Phase Unwrapping
by Ziyou Zhang and Weipeng Yang
Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2534; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082534 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Achieving high-accuracy and high-speed 3D shape measurement remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a novel technique using phase-order lines (POLs), which eliminates the need for phase unwrapping in a binocular system. By combining phase-shifting for high resolution and speckle projection for robust [...] Read more.
Achieving high-accuracy and high-speed 3D shape measurement remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a novel technique using phase-order lines (POLs), which eliminates the need for phase unwrapping in a binocular system. By combining phase-shifting for high resolution and speckle projection for robust features, our method extracts POLs directly from the wrapped phase. The speckle patterns are then used to establish robust POL correspondences between stereo images. These matched POLs serve as reliable seeds to guide dense, sub-pixel matching directly on the wrapped phase, thus bypassing the complex phase unwrapping process. This approach significantly reduces the number of required patterns. The experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves a root-mean-square (RMS) error of 0.058 mm using only five patterns, delivering accuracy comparable to a 12-pattern temporal phase unwrapping (TPU) method while being significantly faster. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection 3D/4D Optical Imaging Sensors for Surface Measurement, Processing and Applications)
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20 pages, 3133 KB  
Article
Interfacial Friction-Controlled Fiber Failure Modes for Toughness Enhancement of Engineered Cementitious Composites
by Dachuan Zhang, Yingzi Yang, Zhendi Wang and Ling Wang
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1643; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081643 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Despite extensive advancements in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs), mixture design remains predominantly empirical, due to the absence of a quantitative parameter directly linking fiber–matrix interfacial mechanics to strain-hardening performance. This study identifies fiber–matrix interfacial friction as a quantifiable parameter and establishes a micromechanics-guided [...] Read more.
Despite extensive advancements in Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECCs), mixture design remains predominantly empirical, due to the absence of a quantitative parameter directly linking fiber–matrix interfacial mechanics to strain-hardening performance. This study identifies fiber–matrix interfacial friction as a quantifiable parameter and establishes a micromechanics-guided interfacial regulation framework to enhance the toughness of ECC by regulating fiber failure modes. First, a critical fiber–matrix interfacial frictional stress, (τ0)crit, corresponding to the transition between fiber pull-out and fracture, was theoretically derived based on energy dissipation maximization during crack propagation. A back-calculation approach was further developed to determine interfacial frictional stress (τ0) directly from tensile stress–crack opening responses under single-crack tension, eliminating reliance on single-fiber pull-out testing. Then, τ0 was tuned toward (τ0)crit through interfacial regulation using fly ash. Experimental results demonstrate that the toughness of ECC is maximized when τ0 approaches (τ0)crit, confirming the validity of the proposed toughness enhancement mechanism. The study establishes an explicit mechanistic linkage between interfacial micromechanics and macroscopic strain-hardening performance, providing a predictive and quantitative design pathway that transcends empirical mixture adjustment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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16 pages, 1348 KB  
Article
Development of a Percentile-Based Rating Scale for the GDLAM Protocol to Assess Functional Autonomy in Older Chilean Women
by Álvaro Huerta Ojeda, Emilio Jofré-Saldía, Sergio Galdames Maliqueo, Guillermo Barahona-Fuentes, Regina de Villa Garduño, Carlos Jorquera-Aguilera, Paola Ruiz-Araya, María-Mercedes Yeomans-Cabrera and Maximiliano Bravo Yapur
Women 2026, 6(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/women6020028 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
The Latin American Development Group for Maturity (GDLAM) protocol has been widely used to assess functional autonomy (FA) in community-dwelling older adults. However, to date, no percentile-based rating scale has been established for older Chilean women living in the community. The aim was [...] Read more.
The Latin American Development Group for Maturity (GDLAM) protocol has been widely used to assess functional autonomy (FA) in community-dwelling older adults. However, to date, no percentile-based rating scale has been established for older Chilean women living in the community. The aim was to create a percentile-based rating scale for the GDLAM protocol in community-dwelling older Chilean women. 347 older women volunteered for this study. The sample was divided into five groups by age ranges (G1: 60.0–64.9 years, G2: 65.0–69.9 years, G3: 70.0–74.9 years, G4: 75.0–79.9 years, and G5: ≥80.0 years). The research had an observational, cross-sectional design with a descriptive strategy. The GDLAM protocol included (a) Putting on and taking off a T-shirt (PTS), (b) Standing up from the sitting position (SSP), (c) Standing up from the prone position (SPP), (d) Walking 10 m (W10 m), and (e) Sit-ting and getting up from the chair and moving around the house (SCMA), all assessed in seconds (s), while the General Index of Autonomy (GI) was calculated in points (p). The percentile-based classification was developed with the following thresholds: percentile ≤ 0.15: “Very Good,” percentile 0.16–0.49: “Good,” percentile 0.50–084: “Regular,” and percentile ≥ 0.85: “Poor.” After creating the percentile-based ranking scale for the five age ranges, it was observed that the older the age, the lower the FA, as represented by the five tests and the GI. The percentile-based ranking scale presented in this research will enable us to accurately assess and interpret the FA of older and community-dwelling women in Chile. However, the study is limited to women and cannot be generalized to older adults in general. Full article
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16 pages, 9505 KB  
Article
Extraction of Kinematic Parameters and Comparative Study of Endurance Levels in Mongolian Horses
by Yakai Shen, Lide Su, Yong Zhang, Jin Liu, Zhihao Zhang and Shun Zhang
Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(4), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13040404 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Mongolian horses are an indigenous Chinese breed known for their endurance capacity, yet quantitative descriptions of their gait-related kinematic characteristics remain limited. This pilot exploratory study aimed to describe the kinematics of Mongolian horses during walk, slow trot, and fast trot, and to [...] Read more.
Mongolian horses are an indigenous Chinese breed known for their endurance capacity, yet quantitative descriptions of their gait-related kinematic characteristics remain limited. This pilot exploratory study aimed to describe the kinematics of Mongolian horses during walk, slow trot, and fast trot, and to examine whether selected variables differed between race-result groups in a 12 km endurance race. Forty-six horses were classified into an excellent group and an ordinary group based on the result of a single race. Kinematic data were collected using optical motion capture and three-dimensional skeletal modelling. Separate gait-specific linear mixed-effects models were fitted, with horse identity as a random effect and group and speed as fixed effects. The results showed gait-dependent between-group differences. During walk, the excellent group had significantly greater range of motion of the tarsal, hip, and elbow joints, as well as a greater maximum forelimb retraction angle (all p < 0.001). During slow trot, the excellent group showed significantly greater stride length (p = 0.009), elbow joint range of motion (p < 0.001), minimum hindlimb forward extension angle (p = 0.033), and minimum forelimb forward extension angle (p = 0.004). During fast trot, the between-group differences were most pronounced, with significantly greater stride length (p < 0.001) and range of motion of the tarsal joint (p < 0.001), hip joint (p = 0.015), and elbow joint (p = 0.014), together with greater maximum hindlimb retraction angle (p = 0.001) and minimum forelimb forward extension angle (p = 0.026). Overall, these findings provide preliminary evidence that gait-related kinematic differences may exist between race-result groups in Mongolian horses. However, because this was an exploratory study based on a single race, the findings should be interpreted cautiously and require validation in larger and more diverse cohorts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond—Second Edition)
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12 pages, 684 KB  
Review
Machine Perfusion Across Marginal Liver Grafts: Benefits and Challenges
by Leandro Sierra, Maria Ortega Abad, Maria Saavedra-Martinez, Kanisha Bahierathan, Zainab Ifthikar, Ana Eliza Velez, Nikki Duong, Luis Antonio Diaz and Juan Pablo Arab
J. Pers. Med. 2026, 16(4), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm16040228 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the definitive therapy for end-stage liver disease, yet persistent organ shortages result in approximately 10% of recovered livers being discarded, with markedly higher discard rates among marginal grafts from elderly donors, donation after circulatory death (DCD), and those with macrovesicular [...] Read more.
Liver transplantation is the definitive therapy for end-stage liver disease, yet persistent organ shortages result in approximately 10% of recovered livers being discarded, with markedly higher discard rates among marginal grafts from elderly donors, donation after circulatory death (DCD), and those with macrovesicular steatosis. Machine perfusion (MP) has emerged as a paradigm-shifting preservation strategy with the potential to safely expand the usable donor pool. This narrative review examines the current evidence for three MP modalities—hypothermic machine perfusion (HMP), normothermic machine perfusion (NMP), and normothermic regional perfusion (NRP)—across various marginal donor populations, including elderly donors, steatotic grafts, donors with infectious diseases, and split liver transplantation. Current evidence demonstrates that MP significantly increases utilization of steatotic grafts with up to an eightfold rise in usage of severely steatotic organs. HMP consistently reduces non-anastomotic biliary strictures and early allograft dysfunction across donor types, while NMP enables real-time viability assessment and reduces post-reperfusion syndrome in steatotic grafts. NRP shows particular benefit in DCD organs, reducing biliary complications and improving one-year survival. Additionally, MP extends preservation times enabling next-day split liver transplantation and shows promise as a platform for ex situ antiviral therapy. Despite compelling evidence supporting MP in marginal grafts, widespread adoption remains constrained by high costs, logistical complexity, and the absence of standardized protocols. Future progress will require multicenter studies evaluating long-term outcomes alongside consensus-driven implementation frameworks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Challenges and Therapeutic Options for Digestive and Liver Diseases—2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 3904 KB  
Article
AcneFormer: A Lesion-Aware and Noise-Robust CNN–Transformer for Acne Image Classification
by Yongtao Zhou and Kui Zhao
Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2533; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082533 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely used for acne image classification due to their effectiveness in capturing local texture of skin lesions. However, the locality of convolution operations limits their ability to model long-range dependencies. Vision Transformer (ViT) methods address this issue [...] Read more.
Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely used for acne image classification due to their effectiveness in capturing local texture of skin lesions. However, the locality of convolution operations limits their ability to model long-range dependencies. Vision Transformer (ViT) methods address this issue to some extent but their high computational complexity and reliance on large-scale pre-training present challenges. Although CNN–Transformer architecture alleviates this conflict to some extent, acne images present task-specific challenges, including indistinct lesion boundaries, subtle inter-class variations, and various facial interference factors. In this paper, we propose AcneFormer, a lesion-aware and noise-robust CNN–Transformer architecture for acne image classification. We introduce three modules especially for acne tasks: a Lesion Cue Enhancement (LCE) module to highlight discriminative multi-scale spatial patterns, a Cross-Layer Feature Transmission (CLFT) module to enhance cross-layer information flow in Transformers, and a Differential Semantic Denoising (DSD) module to suppress irrelevant responses during deep feature interaction. Extensive experiments show that AcneFormer outperforms several strong baselines. Ablation and external lesion-annotated analyses further show a consistent pattern: LCE mainly improves lesion-sensitive localization and class-balanced recognition, CLFT expands valid cross-depth lesion evidence, and DSD suppresses off-lesion semantic responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Trends in Artificial Intelligence for Biomedical Image Analysis)
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24 pages, 577 KB  
Review
Empathy-Mediated Narrative Reconstruction of Autobiographical Memory: An Integrative Review of Theory, Evidence, and Applications
by Shigetada Hiraoka, Shuzo Kumagai and Takao Yamasaki
Brain Sci. 2026, 16(4), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci16040429 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Background: Autobiographical memory undergoes qualitative changes across the lifespan, influencing self-understanding, emotional regulation, and psychological adaptation. Research shows memory is a dynamic process, reconstructed through retrieval, narration, and social interaction. How narrative construction and empathic engagement shape memory reconsolidation and self-continuity remains [...] Read more.
Background: Autobiographical memory undergoes qualitative changes across the lifespan, influencing self-understanding, emotional regulation, and psychological adaptation. Research shows memory is a dynamic process, reconstructed through retrieval, narration, and social interaction. How narrative construction and empathic engagement shape memory reconsolidation and self-continuity remains insufficiently integrated. Objectives: This narrative review synthesizes theoretical, empirical, and applied findings on autobiographical memory, narrative processes, and empathy, proposing an integrative model linking memory reconsolidation, identity reconstruction, and adaptive functioning. Methods: A theory-oriented narrative review was conducted across psychology, neuroscience, gerontology, and narrative research, drawing on literature from PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, J-STAGE, and CiNii. Peer-reviewed empirical studies, systematic reviews, and theoretical papers were organized around three interrelated conceptual domains: (1) autobiographical memory and self-related processes, (2) neurobiological and emotional mechanisms relevant to memory updating and reconsolidation, and (3) narrative construction within empathically mediated social interaction contexts, with additional consideration of evidence from narrative-based and creative interventions. Results: The reviewed literature suggests that autobiographical memory functions as a plastic, socially embedded system supporting self-continuity, although the strength and consistency of evidence vary across studies and contexts. Narrativization within empathically responsive and psychologically safe contexts enhances narrative coherence, emotional integration, and perspective-taking, promoting psychological stability, although these effects are not uniformly observed across all populations and study designs. Creative narrative activities further facilitate retrieval and meaning reconstruction, extending memory updating beyond recall, while the underlying mechanisms and causal pathways remain to be fully established. Conclusions: We propose an empathy-mediated narrative reconstruction model in which creative activity, narration, empathic response, and retelling interact cyclically to support memory reconsolidation and self-narrative updating. By integrating cognitive, social, and creative dimensions, this model provides a theoretically grounded framework with implications for clinical, educational, gerontological, and creative applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Lifestyle on Brain Aging and Cognitive Function)
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10 pages, 208 KB  
Study Protocol
Assessment of Physical Activity During Radiation Therapy for Lung Cancer: Study Protocol of the APART-LUNG Study
by Dirk Rades, Maria Karolin Streubel, Laura Doehring, Stefan Janssen, Sabine Bohnet, Christian F. Schulz, Hanne Falk Grauslund and Charlotte Kristiansen
Clin. Pract. 2026, 16(4), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract16040080 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Radiation therapy is a common treatment modality for non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancer that can be associated with considerable side effects, mainly reactions of healthy tissues in the radiation field. Radiation therapy may lead to significant fatigue, which can potentially be [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Radiation therapy is a common treatment modality for non-small-cell and small-cell lung cancer that can be associated with considerable side effects, mainly reactions of healthy tissues in the radiation field. Radiation therapy may lead to significant fatigue, which can potentially be mitigated by maintaining or increasing physical activity during treatment. Since achieving this goal may be a challenge for patients, they may benefit from a mobile application reminding them daily to perform a predefined number of steps. Such a reminder app will be investigated prospectively in a phase 2 trial. The current APART-LUNG study (NCT07380815) is a mandatory study for designing the prospective trial. Methods: The main objective of the APART-LUNG (exploratory non-interventional) study is to report patterns of physical activity during radiation therapy for lung cancer patients and generate hypotheses based on our findings. Our primary endpoint is the within-patient difference in weekly average steps per wear hour of the smartphone (week 5 minus week 1 of radiation therapy), and our secondary aim is to estimate differences in operational measures (wear time of the smartphone) between week 5 and week 1. The sample size of approximately 20 patients (full analysis set) allows us to detect a moderate-to-large standardized within-patient difference and is driven by feasibility and the intent to obtain preliminary estimates of effect size and variability. The results of the APART-LUNG study will be very important for appropriately designing a phase 2 trial. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exercise and Sports for Chronic Diseases)
17 pages, 8176 KB  
Article
A Multi Scenario Simulation Study on the Systemic Benefits of Fleet Electrification for Urban Sustainability in Shanghai
by Wanxing Sheng, Keyan Liu, Dongli Jia, Jun Zhou, Zezhou Wang, Chenbo Wang, Xiang Li and Yuting Feng
Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4077; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084077 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Fleet electrification is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of urban decarbonization in high-density megacities. This study introduces a multi-scenario simulation framework integrating high-resolution mobile signaling data with traffic modeling to quantify the systemic environmental and energy impacts of road-based battery electric vehicle (BEV) [...] Read more.
Fleet electrification is increasingly recognized as a cornerstone of urban decarbonization in high-density megacities. This study introduces a multi-scenario simulation framework integrating high-resolution mobile signaling data with traffic modeling to quantify the systemic environmental and energy impacts of road-based battery electric vehicle (BEV) integration in Shanghai. By evaluating both a fixed-fleet baseline and dynamic-fleet growth scenarios focused on the urban road network, we find that aggressive fleet electrification leads to a profound reduction in aggregate carbon emissions and criteria pollutants, effectively decoupling transit-related environmental burdens from urban growth. However, results also highlight a significant energy trade-off: while fossil fuel displacement accelerates, grid-based electricity demand increases under fleet growth conditions. Within this context, the expanded vehicle population exacerbates urban congestion, which disproportionately inflates the fuel consumption of remaining internal combustion vehicles. Their operational efficiency is severely compromised by frequent stop-and-go cycles, leading to an intensification of idling losses. Ultimately, this research highlights the capability of the proposed simulation framework to provide granular insights into urban emission dynamics, offering a quantitative foundation for policymakers to harmonize electrification targets with proactive traffic management and grid infrastructure strengthening to evaluate the systemic trade-offs toward achieving long-term urban sustainability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)
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5 pages, 188 KB  
Editorial
Beyond Relative Risk: A Methodological Framework for Interpreting Measures of Effect and Improving Data Presentation in Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
by Giovanni Tripepi, Jolanta Malyszko, Michel Jadoul and Francesco Locatelli
Kidney Dial. 2026, 6(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/kidneydial6020027 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and safety of medical interventions. However, the interpretation of their results is often obscured by an overreliance on relative measures of effect, such as relative risk reduction (RRR) and hazard ratios [...] Read more.
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating the efficacy and safety of medical interventions. However, the interpretation of their results is often obscured by an overreliance on relative measures of effect, such as relative risk reduction (RRR) and hazard ratios (HRs). While statistically robust, these measures may mislead clinicians and patients when used in isolation. This article provides a methodological framework for the comprehensive interpretation of treatment effects in RCTs, emphasizing the importance of integrating absolute measures such as absolute risk reduction (ARR), number needed to treat (NNT), annualized NNT (aNNT), and number needed to harm (NNH). Additionally, we explore the conceptual differences between risk-based and rate-based measures, the clinical implications of time-to-event analyses, and the utility of composite metrics such as the likelihood of being helped or harmed (LHH). By adopting a multidimensional approach to effect estimation, researchers and clinicians can enhance the translation of statistical findings into meaningful clinical decisions. This approach also facilitates communication with patients. Full article
17 pages, 1553 KB  
Review
Dermoscopic Interface Features in Melanoma–Seborrheic Keratosis Collision Tumors: A Scoping Review with an Illustrative Case Report on Wood’s Lamp Dermoscopy
by Alexandre Raphael Meduri, Francesca Ambrogio, Lucia Lospalluti, Domenico Bonamonte, Giulia Ciccarese, Gerardo Cazzato, William Andrew Rosato, Paolo Romita, Mario Della Mura, Hugo Guillermou and Caterina Foti
Diagnostics 2026, 16(8), 1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16081226 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Collision tumors between seborrheic keratosis and melanoma represent a well-known diagnostic pitfall, particularly when the benign keratinocytic component constitutes the predominant portion of the lesion. In such cases, melanoma-specific dermoscopic clues may be obscured by typical seborrheic keratosis patterns, leading to potential [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Collision tumors between seborrheic keratosis and melanoma represent a well-known diagnostic pitfall, particularly when the benign keratinocytic component constitutes the predominant portion of the lesion. In such cases, melanoma-specific dermoscopic clues may be obscured by typical seborrheic keratosis patterns, leading to potential underestimation. The aim of this scoping review was to map and summarize the dermoscopic interface features reported in melanoma–seborrheic keratosis collision tumors. Secondary aims were to discuss diagnostic pitfalls, explore potential tumor microenvironment considerations, and assess the adjunctive role of Wood’s lamp-assisted dermoscopy. Methods: This review was conducted as a scoping review and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies reporting histologically confirmed melanoma–seborrheic keratosis collision tumors with available dermoscopic documentation were included. Eligible articles consisted of case reports and case series. Dermoscopic features at the interface between seborrheic keratosis and melanoma were qualitatively synthesized. Results: Five studies describing five melanoma-seborrheic keratosis collision tumors met the inclusion criteria. In all cases, the seborrheic keratosis component was dermoscopically recognizable. Asymmetric interface-related hyperpigmentation was consistently observed in collisions involving pigmented melanomas, whereas it was absent in the single reported case of hypopigmented melanoma. Conclusions: Asymmetric interface-related hyperpigmentation within seborrheic keratosis is a recurrent dermoscopic finding in melanoma–seborrheic keratosis collision tumors and could be considered a monitoring clue rather than a melanoma-specific diagnostic criterion. Given the dynamic nature of melanoma growth, longitudinal assessment of the dermoscopic interface may be particularly informative. Adjunctive techniques, including Wood’s lamp-assisted dermoscopy, may support interface-focused evaluation in selected equivocal cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin and Cutaneous Adnexal Tumors: Diagnosis and Management—2nd Edition)
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26 pages, 972 KB  
Article
How Does Green Location-Oriented Policy Enhance New Energy Technology Innovation? Evidence from Green Industrial Parks
by Mingfang Dong and Jiali Yu
Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 4076; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18084076 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” goals and rising global uncertainties, new energy technology innovation plays a critical role in advancing low-carbon transitions and ensuring energy security. However, existing studies mainly focus on single policy instruments, with limited attention to the causal [...] Read more.
Against the backdrop of China’s “dual carbon” goals and rising global uncertainties, new energy technology innovation plays a critical role in advancing low-carbon transitions and ensuring energy security. However, existing studies mainly focus on single policy instruments, with limited attention to the causal effects of comprehensive, location-based policies. This study treats the establishment of National Green Industrial Parks (GIPs) as a quasi-natural experiment and employs a multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) approach based on panel data from 289 Chinese cities over 2008–2023. The results show that GIPs significantly increase local new energy innovation by approximately 19.1%, and this effect remains robust across multiple tests. Mechanism analysis indicates that fiscal support, green innovation, and industrial agglomeration are the main driving channels. Heterogeneity analysis further reveals stronger effects in the biomass (ρ = 0.243, p < 0.01) and wind energy (ρ = 0.179, p < 0.01) sectors, as well as in cities located southeast of the Hu Huanyong Line, with higher fiscal expenditure, and in non-resource-based cities. These findings provide empirical evidence for optimizing industrial park policies and promoting energy transition through localized policy diffusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Recent Progress of Sustainable Energy Economics, Energy Policy and Energy Transition, 2nd Edition)
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24 pages, 988 KB  
Review
Plant Bioactive Compounds at the Interface of Extraction Science, Green Nanoparticles and Applied Biotechnology: A Narrative Review
by Cristina-Ștefania Gălbău, Lorena Dima, Andrea Elena Neculau, Marius Irimie, Lea Pogačnik da Silva, Oana Bianca Oprea, Liviu Gaceu and Mihaela Badea
Molecules 2026, 31(8), 1351; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081351 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
In the contemporary era, nanotechnology has become a central pillar in numerous domains, particularly in cosmetics, nanoelectronics, nanomedicine, and nanobiotechnology. Defined by its focus on materials with dimensions ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm, nanotechnology offers unique physicochemical properties—such as enhanced reactivity, conductivity, [...] Read more.
In the contemporary era, nanotechnology has become a central pillar in numerous domains, particularly in cosmetics, nanoelectronics, nanomedicine, and nanobiotechnology. Defined by its focus on materials with dimensions ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm, nanotechnology offers unique physicochemical properties—such as enhanced reactivity, conductivity, and permeability—attributable to the nanoscale. These properties facilitate greater interaction with biological systems, notably improving cellular uptake and functional efficacy. The increasing demand for eco-friendly and biocompatible nanomaterials has driven interest in green synthesis routes, particularly those utilising plant extracts. These methods stand out due to their low toxicity and environmental impact, positioning it as a safer alternative to conventional chemical or microbial methods. Plant-extract-mediated nanoparticles demonstrate promising applications in diagnostics, drug delivery, regenerative medicine, and neurotherapeutics. Their role in precision medicine, including gene and drug delivery and the imaging of neurological disorders, underscores green nanotechnology’s transformative potential. This review highlights recent advances in the synthesis, functionality, and biomedical applications of plant-based nanoparticles, emphasizing their relevance in in vitro models and prospective clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Plants: Extraction and Application)
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17 pages, 2003 KB  
Article
Glycosyl Coumarins as Selective Inhibitors of Tumor-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII: Synthesis, Structure–Activity Relationships, and Molecular Modeling
by Macarena Le Pors, Ignacio Aznar, Simone Giovannuzzi, Claudiu T. Supuran, Martin J. Lavecchia and Pedro A. Colinas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3659; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083659 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Coumarins represent a distinctive class of non-classical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that interact with the entrance region of the catalytic pocket rather than directly coordinating the catalytic Zn2+ ion. In this study, a series of glycosylated coumarins was synthesized through a copper-catalyzed multicomponent [...] Read more.
Coumarins represent a distinctive class of non-classical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors that interact with the entrance region of the catalytic pocket rather than directly coordinating the catalytic Zn2+ ion. In this study, a series of glycosylated coumarins was synthesized through a copper-catalyzed multicomponent reaction involving propargyl glycosides, salicylaldehyde, and tosyl azide, providing efficient access to iminocoumarin-based glycosides derived from natural carbohydrates. The inhibitory activity of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against human carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II, IX, and XII using a stopped-flow CO2 hydrase assay. The compounds showed negligible inhibition of the cytosolic isoforms hCA I and hCA II, while displaying moderate activity toward the tumor-associated isoforms hCA IX and hCA XII, with Ki values ranging from 12.9 to 41.8 μM. Among the series, 6-O-(2H-chromene-2-one-3-yl-methyl)-D-galactopyranose (10a) emerged as the most potent inhibitor of hCA IX and XII. Structure–activity relationship analysis indicated that deprotected glycosyl derivatives exhibit improved inhibitory activity compared to protected analogues. To rationalize these observations, molecular docking followed by molecular dynamics simulations and MM-GBSA binding free energy calculations were performed for both anomeric forms of compound 10a. The computational results revealed a clear preference for the β-anomer, particularly in hCA IX and XII, where favorable interactions with catalytic threonine residues and isoform-specific aromatic residues stabilize the ligand within the active-site entrance. These findings provide a molecular explanation for the experimentally observed selectivity and highlight glycosyl coumarins as potential starting points for further optimization toward selective inhibitors of tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Glyco-Based Anticancer Agents)
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14 pages, 1708 KB  
Article
Establishment of Laboratory Bioassay System for Phyllotreta striolata Larvae and Screening of Novel Bt Cry Proteins
by Leqi Wang, Zhenyi Liu, Ivan M. Dubovskiy, Changlong Shu, Jie Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Wenmei Du and Qi Peng
Toxins 2026, 18(4), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18040191 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Phyllotreta striolata is a global pest of cruciferous vegetables, and controlling its soil-dwelling larvae is challenging. The lack of standardized larval bioassay methods hinders the screening of effective biocontrol agents. In this study, we established a stable and standardized laboratory-efficacy trial system for [...] Read more.
Phyllotreta striolata is a global pest of cruciferous vegetables, and controlling its soil-dwelling larvae is challenging. The lack of standardized larval bioassay methods hinders the screening of effective biocontrol agents. In this study, we established a stable and standardized laboratory-efficacy trial system for P. striolata larvae. Indoor rearing techniques were optimized for Brassica juncea var. foliosa and Brassica juncea var. megarrhiza were identified as the optimal host plants, with ideal oviposition conditions at 26–28 °C using black flannel substrate, and soil-cultured Brassica rapa var. pekinensis as the host plant. Based on these findings, a larval bioactivity assay was established using B. juncea var. megarrhiza slices on water-agar. This system maintained a natural larval mortality rate below 5% within 48 h, meeting the bioassay requirements. The reliability of the system was validated by evaluating the activity of the engineered Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strain G033A against larvae, where the LC50 value decreased from 23.013 mg/mL to 7.295 mg/mL with an extended treatment time (12–48 h). Using this standardized method, novel Cry proteins with high activity against P. striolata larvae were screened. Cry8Ca and Cry8Ga proteins exhibited LC50 values of 2.243 mg/mL and 1.649 mg/mL, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identification, Toxicity and Insecticidal Protein of Bacillus thuringiensis)
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25 pages, 4559 KB  
Article
Research on Urban Functional Zone Identification and Spatial Interaction Characteristics in Lhasa Based on Ride-Hailing Trajectory Data
by Junzhe Teng, Shizhong Li, Jiahang Chen, Junmeng Zhao, Xinyan Wang, Lin Yuan, Jiayi Lin, Chun Lang, Huining Zhang and Weijie Xie
Land 2026, 15(4), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15040677 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Accurately identifying urban functional zones and revealing their spatial interaction characteristics is crucial for understanding urban operational mechanisms and optimizing spatial layouts. Addressing the limitations of traditional research in simultaneously capturing static functional attributes and dynamic resident travel behaviors, this study takes the [...] Read more.
Accurately identifying urban functional zones and revealing their spatial interaction characteristics is crucial for understanding urban operational mechanisms and optimizing spatial layouts. Addressing the limitations of traditional research in simultaneously capturing static functional attributes and dynamic resident travel behaviors, this study takes the central urban area of Lhasa as the research object, integrating ride-hailing trajectory data with Point of Interest (POI) data to conduct research on urban functional zone identification and spatial interaction characteristics. First, Thiessen polygons were used to quantify the spatial influence range of POIs, and an address matching algorithm was employed to associate ride-hailing origins and destinations (ODs) with POIs. A weighted land use intensity index was constructed, and functional zones were precisely identified using information entropy and K-Means clustering. Secondly, with basic research units as nodes and OD flows as edges, a directed weighted spatial interaction network was constructed. Complex-network indicators and the Infomap community detection algorithm were utilized to analyze network characteristics, node importance, and community interaction patterns. The results show that: (1) The functional mixing degree in the study area exhibits a pattern of “highly composite core, relatively differentiated periphery.” Eight functional zone types, including commercial–residential mixed, science–education–culture, and transportation service zones, were ultimately identified. Residential areas form the base, while the core area features multi-functional agglomeration. (2) The spatial interaction network exhibits typical small-world effects, while its degree distribution is better characterized by a lognormal distribution rather than a power law. Node importance is dominated by betweenness centrality, with Lhasa Station, the Potala Palace, and core commercial areas constituting key hubs. (3) The network can be divided into four functionally coupled communities: the core multi-functional area, the western industry–residence integrated area, the eastern science–education-dominated area, and the southern transportation hub area, forming a “core leading, two wings supporting” center–subcenter spatial organization pattern. This study verifies the effectiveness of integrating trajectory and POI data for identifying urban functional zones and provides a new perspective for understanding the spatial structure and planning of plateau cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Innovative Approaches in Geospatial Analysis and Modeling of Urban Environments)
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18 pages, 1394 KB  
Article
Impact of Biofloc on Life Characteristics, Fecundity, and Innate Immunity of Fairy Shrimp (Branchinella thailandensis, Sanoamuang, Saengphan and Murugan, 2002)
by Watcharapong Tharapan, Pattira Kasamesiri, Zhongliang Wang, Laorsri Sanoamuang and Wipavee Thaimuangphol
Biology 2026, 15(8), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology15080650 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
This study examined the life characteristics, fecundity, and innate immune response of fairy shrimp (Branchinella thailandensis Sanoamuang, Saengphan and Murugan, 2002) cultivated on Chlorella vulgaris, biofloc, dried powder Spirulina sp., and a formulated feed. These feeds were selected to compare traditional [...] Read more.
This study examined the life characteristics, fecundity, and innate immune response of fairy shrimp (Branchinella thailandensis Sanoamuang, Saengphan and Murugan, 2002) cultivated on Chlorella vulgaris, biofloc, dried powder Spirulina sp., and a formulated feed. These feeds were selected to compare traditional live feed (Chlorella vulgaris), microbial-based feed (biofloc), and alternative dry feed in order to identify a sustainable feeding strategy for fairy shrimp culture. The lifespans of male and female fairy shrimp reared on the biofloc diet were the longest at 44 ± 6.00 and 44.33 ± 4.67 days, respectively. Fairy shrimp reared on the biofloc diet demonstrated significantly enhanced growth, with lengths of 25.66 ± 1.75 mm in males and 27.60 ± 2.08 mm in females. The highest fecundity was also observed in the biofloc treatment, with 25 ± 6.65 broods per female, an average of 229.57 ± 2.08 eggs per brood, and a total of 5726.33 ± 1518.11 eggs per female over their lifespan. Fairy shrimp fed with Chlorella vulgaris, biofloc, and Spirulina sp. showed significantly high levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and lysozyme activities compared to those fed on a formulated feed, while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, a marker of oxidative stress, were lower in these three groups. Results suggested that biofloc was a viable feed option for B. thailandensis, which positively influenced growth, lifespan, and fecundity while enhancing the innate immune function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Marine and Freshwater Biology)
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10 pages, 464 KB  
Article
NT-proBNP Discriminates Severe Systolic Dysfunction and Is Associated with Mortality in Advanced Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Marcello Marcì, Francesca Macaione and Grazia Crescimanno
Hearts 2026, 7(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/hearts7020013 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Background: Cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We evaluated whether N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) identifies severe systolic dysfunction and assessed its diagnostic performance. Methods: Male patients with genetically confirmed DMD and established [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiomyopathy is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We evaluated whether N-terminal pro–brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) identifies severe systolic dysfunction and assessed its diagnostic performance. Methods: Male patients with genetically confirmed DMD and established cardiomyopathy were included if NT-proBNP measurement and echocardiographic ejection fraction (EF) were available within one month. Severe systolic dysfunction was defined as EF < 40%. Clinical, cardiac, and respiratory variables were analysed. ROC analysis with bootstrap validation and exploratory logistic regressions was performed. Results: NT-proBNP levels were significantly higher in patients with EF < 40% (median 843 vs. 81 pg/mL). A cut-off >200 pg/mL identified severe systolic dysfunction with 90.5% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity (AUC 0.96, 95% CI 0.88–1.00). During 24 months of follow-up, five deaths occurred. NT-proBNP showed moderate discrimination for mortality (AUC 0.79) and was associated with mortality in exploratory analysis. Conclusions: NT-proBNP was associated with severe systolic dysfunction in Duchenne cardiomyopathy and may complement imaging. Prospective validation is warranted. Full article
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13 pages, 1208 KB  
Article
Natural Factors Driving Yield Variability of Camelina sativa L. Crantz and Brassica carinata L. Brown Yield on Sandy-Textured Soils—Case Study from Poland
by Bartłomiej Glina, Danuta Kurasiak-Popowska, Tomasz Piechota, Monika Grzanka, Sylwia Mikołajczyk, Agnieszka Tomkowiak, Kinga Stuper-Szablewska and Katarzyna Rzyska-Szczupak
Agriculture 2026, 16(8), 906; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture16080906 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Climate change-induced variability in temperature and precipitation increasingly constrains crop production on sandy-textured soils with low water-holding capacity and limited nutrient retention. Such soils, classified as Brunic Arenosols, are widespread across the temperate climate zone of Central Europe, particularly in post-glacial landscapes, where [...] Read more.
Climate change-induced variability in temperature and precipitation increasingly constrains crop production on sandy-textured soils with low water-holding capacity and limited nutrient retention. Such soils, classified as Brunic Arenosols, are widespread across the temperate climate zone of Central Europe, particularly in post-glacial landscapes, where they constitute a significant proportion of marginal agricultural lands. This study evaluated the relative influence of growing-season weather conditions and selected soil physicochemical properties on the yield of Camelina sativa and Brassica carinata cultivated under low-input management on Brunic Arenosols in northwestern Poland during the 2023 season. Yields varied markedly among sites. Camelina sativa produced yields from 300 to 930 kg ha−1, with the highest yield recorded at the site characterized by higher BS and phosphorus availability. Brassica carinata produced yields from 0 to 370 kg ha−1, including complete yield loss at one location due to severe pathogen infestation. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that temperature was a key determinant for both crops (r = 0.77 for C. sativa; r = 0.82 for B. carinata). For Camelina sativa, yield was strongly associated with BS (r = 0.80) and available P (r = 0.69), whereas Brassica carinata was more sensitive to climatic variability, showing a negative relationship with precipitation (r = −0.63). The results indicate species-specific responses to soil fertility and weather conditions under water- and nutrient-limited conditions typical of Central European sandy soils. While Camelina sativa performance was more closely linked to soil chemical status, Brassica carinata appeared predominantly climate-driven. These findings highlight the broader relevance of the study for temperate regions of Central Europe and support the integration of soil fertility management with climate-adaptive strategies when introducing alternative oilseed crops to marginal lands. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Soils)
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25 pages, 5297 KB  
Article
Self-Healing Coating with Ultrasound-Triggered On-Demand Osthole Release for Magnesium-Based Orthopedic Implants
by Yue Fan, Shiyu Jin, Yumeng Dong, Feiyang Wang, Junyan Yao, Juyi Yang, Lu Zhang, Shuyi Wang, Cheng Wang, Jing Bai, Feng Xue, Chenglin Chu, Junqing Ma, Yanbin Zhao and Paul K. Chu
Coatings 2026, 16(4), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16040499 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Magnesium alloys exhibit promising application prospects in medical orthopedic implants. However, their practical applications are limited by rapid corrosion, suboptimal osseointegration, and implant-related infections. Although conventional drug-eluting polymer coatings can provide various biological functions, the uncontrolled drug release often compromises long-term therapeutic efficacy. [...] Read more.
Magnesium alloys exhibit promising application prospects in medical orthopedic implants. However, their practical applications are limited by rapid corrosion, suboptimal osseointegration, and implant-related infections. Although conventional drug-eluting polymer coatings can provide various biological functions, the uncontrolled drug release often compromises long-term therapeutic efficacy. In this study, a self-healing Mg-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)@OHF coating is designed and prepared on WE43 Mg by spin coating to achieve ultrasound-triggered release of osthole. OHF consists of osthole-loaded hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSs) modified with Pluronic F127. Drug release studies show that the nanocapsules respond to ultrasound stimulation, with the cumulative release increasing from 39.94% to 75.93% after 7 days. Furthermore, the coating demonstrates intrinsic self-healing capacity upon thermal treatment at 50 °C. Electrochemical and immersion tests reveal that the composite coating provides good barrier protection for the WE43 Mg alloy, evidenced by a decrease in corrosion current density from 2.04 × 10−6 to 5.94 × 10−7 A/cm2. In vitro biological assays confirm the antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, as well as the ability to promote osteogenic differentiation. The results reveal a surface modification strategy that combines self-healing, anticorrosion, and on-demand drug release, offering a promising approach for advanced orthopedic implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Engineering of Bone Implants)
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20 pages, 3012 KB  
Article
A Two-Stage Deep Learning Framework for Automated Corrosion Detection and Severity Estimation in High-Resolution SEM Images
by Satyabrata Aich, Sudipta Mohapatra, Shrabani Nanda, Taqdees Khan, Ayushi Bharti, Hajra Sultana, Umashankari Kalaiarsan, Chea Senghuy, Okpete Uchenna Esther Ada, Proloy Kumar Mondal and Yong-Ki Lee
Automation 2026, 7(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/automation7020065 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Accurate detection and severity estimation of corrosion on metallic surfaces is essential for maintaining material integrity and ensuring operational safety in industrial systems. To address limitations in manual inspection methods, this study presents a two-stage deep learning pipeline tailored for high-resolution scanning electron [...] Read more.
Accurate detection and severity estimation of corrosion on metallic surfaces is essential for maintaining material integrity and ensuring operational safety in industrial systems. To address limitations in manual inspection methods, this study presents a two-stage deep learning pipeline tailored for high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images. The framework combines instance-level corrosion segmentation using the YOLOv8-seg architecture with subsequent severity classification performed by EfficientNet-B0 and ResNet18. In the segmentation stage, models are trained using both manually annotated and automatically generated binary masks, enabling robust instance mask prediction through prototype-based mask decoding. The classification stage assesses the severity of corrosion by analyzing localized regions based on morphological features, leveraging convolutional neural networks optimized for binary output. The experimental results demonstrate strong performance: the segmentation model trained on manual annotations achieves a Mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 89.91, a mask mAP@50 of 98.6, and an ROC-AUC of 94.69. For severity classification, EfficientNet-B0 achieves an accuracy of 93.75% and an F1-score of 93.29, outperforming ResNet18. The proposed framework connects advanced SEM with state-of-the-art machine learning. It provides a scalable, annotation-efficient way to use intelligent and automated corrosion characterization in materials science and industrial applications. Full article
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24 pages, 4201 KB  
Article
Mining and Analysis of Salt Tolerance Genes in Maize at the Seedling Stage
by Zhenping Ren, Zelong Zhuang, Jianwen Bian, Wanling Ta, Xiaojia Hao, Lei Zhang and Yunling Peng
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2026, 48(4), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb48040423 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Salt stress represents a significant abiotic stress factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. It directly inhibits both vegetative and reproductive growth, resulting in substantial reductions in crop yield and quality. Consequently, the identification of salt tolerance genes and the elucidation of [...] Read more.
Salt stress represents a significant abiotic stress factor that adversely affects plant growth and development. It directly inhibits both vegetative and reproductive growth, resulting in substantial reductions in crop yield and quality. Consequently, the identification of salt tolerance genes and the elucidation of their underlying molecular mechanisms are crucial for improving crop salt tolerance and ensuring agricultural productivity. To investigate the molecular basis underlying differential salt tolerance between Zheng58 and PH4CV, we employed pooled sequencing (BSA-seq) using extreme phenotypic individuals from their F2 population and conducted a comparative transcriptome analysis at the seedling stage of the two genotypes. Phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and ion content analyses revealed that Zheng58 exhibited significantly superior performance compared to PH4CV under salt stress conditions. BSA-seq analysis identified six genomic regions associated with salt tolerance, encompassing a total of 391 genes. Functional annotation enabled the screening of 151 candidate genes potentially involved in salt stress responses. Transcriptome profiling indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in biological processes, particularly plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signaling pathways. Integrating BSA-seq and transcriptome data, key candidate gene ZmACC2 (Zm00001eb419400) was identified as potentially involved in the regulation of salt tolerance in maize. This gene may modulate Na+/K+/Ca2+ homeostasis and reactive oxygen species metabolism through defense responses mediated by ethylene (ETH) and hydrogen peroxide, as well as through ion homeostasis regulatory pathways. This study provides valuable candidate genes and a theoretical foundation for further dissection of the molecular mechanisms governing salt tolerance in maize. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Hormones, Development, and Stress Tolerance)
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42 pages, 754 KB  
Systematic Review
Decision-Making in Agile Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review of Models, Methods, Actors and Lifecycle Contexts
by Hannes Salin and Yves Rybarczyk
Software 2026, 5(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/software5020017 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Decision-making is a central activity in agile software engineering (SE), yet research on how decisions are made and supported in agile contexts remains fragmented across models, methods, roles, and lifecycle stages. While prior studies have examined isolated aspects such as prioritization or planning, [...] Read more.
Decision-making is a central activity in agile software engineering (SE), yet research on how decisions are made and supported in agile contexts remains fragmented across models, methods, roles, and lifecycle stages. While prior studies have examined isolated aspects such as prioritization or planning, a comprehensive synthesis of decision-making as a phenomenon in agile SE is lacking. This systematic literature review addresses this gap by consolidating and structuring existing research on agile decision-making and to identify dominant patterns, gaps, and future research directions. A systematic search was conducted in IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, and Web of Science, complemented by backward and forward snowballing, covering publications from 2014 to 2024. In total, 42 studies were included and analyzed using a structured coding scheme covering decision models, methods, actors, lifecycle contexts, and research methodologies. The results reveal a strong concentration of analytical and hybrid decision-making models in planning and requirements activities, while decision-making in coding, testing, and operations remains underexplored. Software developers are the most frequently studied decision-making actors, whereas managers are mainly discussed as external stakeholders rather than active decision-makers within agile workflows. The main contributions of this study are the following: a structured synthesis of agile decision-making research over multiple analytical dimensions, the identification of key research gaps in lifecycle coverage and actor perspectives, and the proposal of a coherent nomenclature for decision-making in agile SE. These contributions provide a foundation for future empirical studies and support the development of more comprehensive theories of decision-making in agile software engineering organizations. Full article
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19 pages, 15647 KB  
Article
Microstructure Evolution and Solute Segregation of Inconel 718 in Laser Additive Manufacturing: A Numerical and Experimental Investigation
by Hang Liu, Wenjia Xiao, Baolin Yan and Hui Xiao
Materials 2026, 19(8), 1642; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081642 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
The segregation of brittle Laves phases remains a critical bottleneck limiting the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) nickel-based superalloys. While its evolution is governed by complex transient physical fields within the melt pool, a quantitative kinetic correlation between processing parameters and microstructural features [...] Read more.
The segregation of brittle Laves phases remains a critical bottleneck limiting the performance of additive manufacturing (AM) nickel-based superalloys. While its evolution is governed by complex transient physical fields within the melt pool, a quantitative kinetic correlation between processing parameters and microstructural features is currently lacking. In this study, a high-fidelity multiphysics numerical model was developed to establish a cross-scale mapping logic of “Process-Physical Field-Microstructure” by dissecting the global distribution of temperature gradient (G) and solidification rate (R) along the quasi-steady-state melt pool boundary. It is revealed that increasing the scanning speed synergistically enhances R while compressing G. Beyond driving a transition from oriented columnar dendrites to refined mixed-dendritic structures, this shift effectively blocks the continuous enrichment channels of Nb and Mo elements by compressing the “kinetic time window” for solute redistribution. Consequently, the morphology of the Laves phase is forced to evolve from a continuous interconnected chain-like network into dispersed isolated particles. This research clarifies the kinetic essence of microstructural evolution under non-equilibrium solidification, providing critical physical criteria for the precise intervention of deleterious phases and the regulation of microstructural consistency in high-performance AM components. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Alloys)
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12 pages, 1038 KB  
Article
Berberine Toxicity Profile in Experimental Models as a Basis for Assessing Its Biological Safety
by Anna Karczmarzyk, Danuta Wojcieszyńska, Agnieszka Nowak, Wojciech Smułek and Urszula Guzik
Molecules 2026, 31(8), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31081350 (registering DOI) - 20 Apr 2026
Abstract
Berberine, a natural alkaloid, is a substance widely used in natural medicine. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the potential negative effects of higher environmental concentrations of berberine resulting from its use as a supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study [...] Read more.
Berberine, a natural alkaloid, is a substance widely used in natural medicine. However, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding the potential negative effects of higher environmental concentrations of berberine resulting from its use as a supplement. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess its toxicity towards microorganisms and organisms from various trophic levels. The results indicate that berberine may influence the reorganization of bacterial membranes, thereby negatively impacting the environmental microbiome. However, oxidative cell damage, a phenomenon commonly described in the literature, was not demonstrated. At the concentrations used, berberine may even have a protective effect. The analysis of toxicity towards Tetrahymena, Selenastrum, and Heterocypris indicated a similar level of berberine toxicity across these organisms, suggesting that the toxic effect is not species-dependent and that the mechanism of toxicity is probably based on universal cellular mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Degradation of Aromatic Compounds in the Environment)
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