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14 pages, 1088 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Cortex Syndesmotic Fixation for Weber Type B/C Lateral Malleolus Fractures with Syndesmotic Disruption: Clinical and Radiologic Results

by Kemal Gökkuş, Mehmet Baris Sargin, Bahtiyar Haberal, Abdullah Şükün and Mehmet Sukru Sahin

J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc. 2026, 116(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/japma116020017 (registering DOI) - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Despite the frequent occurrence of ankle injuries, there is no consensus among orthopedic surgeons regarding the diagnosis and treatment of syndesmotic injuries. This study evaluates the clinical and radiological outcomes of three-cortex syndesmotic fixation in Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures (with [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the frequent occurrence of ankle injuries, there is no consensus among orthopedic surgeons regarding the diagnosis and treatment of syndesmotic injuries. This study evaluates the clinical and radiological outcomes of three-cortex syndesmotic fixation in Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures (with or without medial malleolus involvement) associated with syndesmotic injury. Material and Method: This study analyzed thirty-six (36) patients with Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures treated between 2011 and 2022. All underwent open reduction and fixation with plates and screws for malleolar fractures, along with a 3.5 mm cortical syndesmosis fixation using three cortical engagements. Preoperative and postoperative radiological findings and final functional ankle assessments were reviewed. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to assess inter- and intra-observer agreement for tibiofibular clear space (TFCS), tibiofibular overlap (TFO), medial clear space (MCS), and anterior tibiofibular ratio (ATFR) measurements. The functional status of the ankle has been assessed using the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) scale. Results: The mean age of the patients was 50.56 ± 16.23 years, and the mean follow-up duration was 20.89 ± 24.93 months. Postoperative AOFAS scores averaged 91.08 ± 9.90. The inter-observer agreement for preoperative assessments was excellent across all parameters (ICC > 0.9). However, in the postoperative period, inter-observer agreement for ATFR measurement was poor (ICC < 0.5), while agreement for all other parameters remained excellent (ICC > 0.9). Intra-observer comparisons of preoperative (pre-op) and postoperative (post-op) measurements were poor across all parameters (ICC < 0.5); this can be attributed to the success of reduction, reflecting the positive directional change on all parameters. After an average follow-up of 20 months, four radiological parameters showed significant differences, indicating enhanced stability and reduced diastasis. Conclusions: Three-cortex syndesmotic screw fixation in Weber type B/C lateral malleolus fractures with syndesmotic injuries yielded excellent mid-term radiological and functional outcomes. Full article

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18 pages, 835 KB

Open AccessArticle

Entropy-Driven Isosymmetric Phase Transition in L-Serine Under Pressure: A Periodic DFT Study

by Anna Maria Mazurek, Monika Franczak-Rogowska and Łukasz Szeleszczuk

Crystals 2026, 16(4), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst16040266 (registering DOI) - 16 Apr 2026

Abstract

Understanding pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transitions in molecular crystals requires consideration of both structural and thermodynamic factors, particularly in hydrogen-bonded systems. In this work, periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the pressure-dependent behavior of L-serine and to elucidate the origin [...] Read more.

Understanding pressure-induced isosymmetric phase transitions in molecular crystals requires consideration of both structural and thermodynamic factors, particularly in hydrogen-bonded systems. In this work, periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations were employed to investigate the pressure-dependent behavior of L-serine and to elucidate the origin of its experimentally observed phase transition between Phase I and Phase IV. Geometry optimizations performed at ambient pressure and 8.8 GPa reproduce the compression of the crystal lattice and the pressure-driven stabilization of Phase IV. However, no spontaneous reorientation of the hydroxyl groups is observed, indicating that the transition is not accessible within a purely static framework. To further explore the stability of the system, a series of modified crystal structures with different hydroxyl group orientations was generated and analyzed, revealing a complex energy landscape at ambient conditions that becomes significantly simplified under compression. Phonon calculations within the quasi-harmonic approximation demonstrate that the experimentally observed Phase I structure is not stabilized by enthalpy but by vibrational entropy, whose contribution increases with temperature. These results show that the phase transition in L-serine is governed by an interplay between lattice energy, hydrogen-bond rearrangement, and vibrational effects, and highlight that an accurate description of polymorphic stability in such systems requires inclusion of both static and dynamic contributions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Pharmaceutical Crystals: Numerical Simulations and Experimental Investigations)

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19 pages, 5701 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Mineralogical Characteristics to Dense-Medium Separation Performance: A Case Study of the Dahongliutan Spodumene Deposit in Xinjiang

by Bao Cui, Shuming Wen, Jian Liu and Aoxiang Fei

Minerals 2026, 16(4), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/min16040408 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

The lithium resource reserves in Xinjiang’s Dahongliutan reach 1.1 million tons, making it one of the most representative spodumene deposits in China. Through process mineralogy analysis, the ore was identified as having inherent characteristics that control density-based separation: Coarse crystallization, a high monomer [...] Read more.

The lithium resource reserves in Xinjiang’s Dahongliutan reach 1.1 million tons, making it one of the most representative spodumene deposits in China. Through process mineralogy analysis, the ore was identified as having inherent characteristics that control density-based separation: Coarse crystallization, a high monomer dissociation degree, and a density contrast. Based on these mineralogical characteristics, dense-medium separation experiments were conducted to investigate the mineralogically controlled separation behavior as a function of particle size and medium density. Three process flows (two-product, pressureless three-product, and two-stage, two-product) were further designed and comparatively evaluated. It indicated that the dense-medium separation efficiency is positively correlated with the monomer dissociation degree of spodumene, and the 0.5~6 mm size fraction is the optimal particle size range because it achieves a balance between ore crushing dissociation and coarse-grain dense-medium separation adaptation. Furthermore, all three dense media processes can save grinding energy, and each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. Comprehensively considering the grade of the concentrate, recovery, the grade of the tailings, and grinding energy consumption, it is recommended to adopt a combined process of two-stage, two-product dense-medium separation and flotation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy)

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16 pages, 904 KB

Open AccessArticle

AI-Based Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin-Induced Facial Changes: Wrinkle Reduction, Region-Specific Effects, and Functional Correlates of Facial Muscle Activity

by Ibrahim Güler, Armin Kraus, Gerrit Grieb and Henrik Stelling

Toxins 2026, 18(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins18040188 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment outcomes are commonly assessed through visual evaluation of facial wrinkle patterns, a process that remains inherently subjective despite structured grading systems. This study evaluated whether contemporary multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) systems can identify facial changes associated with BoNT treatment, [...] Read more.

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment outcomes are commonly assessed through visual evaluation of facial wrinkle patterns, a process that remains inherently subjective despite structured grading systems. This study evaluated whether contemporary multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) systems can identify facial changes associated with BoNT treatment, using region-specific wrinkle patterns as surrogate markers of underlying muscle activity. A dataset of 46 facial images (23 pre-treatment, 23 post-treatment) was analyzed using four multimodal models, each assessed across five independent runs. Models were tasked with classifying treatment state from single images, detecting wrinkle presence in the forehead, glabella, and periorbital regions, and generating exploratory severity scores and age estimates. Two models achieved 100% accuracy in distinguishing pre- from post-treatment images in this dataset, while region-specific wrinkle detection was variable and frequently did not exceed majority-class baselines. Inter-run reliability varied substantially across models. Exploratory wrinkle severity scores showed directional differences between treatment states, whereas apparent age estimates demonstrated minimal systematic variation. These findings suggest that global facial changes associated with BoNT treatment appear to be detectable in model outputs, but region-specific assessment remains limited, underscoring the need for cautious interpretation and further validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Botulinum Toxin in Facial Diseases and Aesthetics)

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19 pages, 279 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Disparities in Palliative Care Utilization Among Cancer Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Socioeconomic Stratification Analysis

by Thurayya Eid, Norah M. Alyahya, Abdulaziz M. Alodhailah, Bader M. Almutairy, Faihan F. Alshaibany and Waleed M. Alshehri

Curr. Oncol. 2026, 33(4), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol33040218 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Economic inequities in healthcare access persist globally, yet the impact of income on palliative care (PC) utilization in Middle Eastern contexts remains empirically understudied. This cross-sectional study of 200 cancer patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, employed a socioeconomic stratification analysis to examine income-stratified [...] Read more.

Economic inequities in healthcare access persist globally, yet the impact of income on palliative care (PC) utilization in Middle Eastern contexts remains empirically understudied. This cross-sectional study of 200 cancer patients in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, employed a socioeconomic stratification analysis to examine income-stratified differences in PC awareness and access. Using chi-square and linear-by-linear association tests, results revealed pronounced income gradients; awareness increased from 41.9% in the low-income group to 71.9% in the high-income group (p = 0.001), demonstrating a significant dose–response trend. Access disparities were even more striking, with only 35.5% of low-income patients utilizing services compared to 76.1% of high-income patients (p < 0.001), representing a 40.6 percentage-point gap. After multivariable adjustment, after controlling for age, gender, education, and geographic living region, the results of logistic regression analysis showed that cancer patients with high income were more than three times as likely to access PC services compared with lower-income cancer patients (OR = 3.32; 95% CI: 1.83–6.02; p < 0.001). Geographic stratification further indicated that income disparities were significantly amplified in peripheral regions compared to the Central region (p = 0.072 for interaction), where service scarcity exacerbates economic barriers. These findings underscore that economic barriers operate through awareness gaps and structural obstacles like transportation and opportunity costs. Addressing these inequities requires multifaceted strategies, including financial support and geographic service expansion, to ensure equitable PC distribution under the Vision 2030 framework. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Palliative and Supportive Care)

12 pages, 1509 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrafast Nonequilibrium Carrier Dynamics in Topological Insulator Bi₂Se₃ Probed by Terahertz Spectroscopy at Room Temperature

by Nuoxi Yu, Zhiqiang Lan, Tianhui Wang, Yuanyuan Guo, Changwei Li, Kaijie Chen, Yinwei Li, Yinghao Yuan and Zuanming Jin

Photonics 2026, 13(4), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics13040377 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Topological insulators (TIs) feature unique Dirac fermion-hosting surface states with exceptional electronic properties, rendering them promising candidates for optoelectronic and spintronic applications. Herein, we investigate the relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in Bi₂Se₃ films via optical pump–terahertz (THz) probe spectroscopy [...] Read more.

Topological insulators (TIs) feature unique Dirac fermion-hosting surface states with exceptional electronic properties, rendering them promising candidates for optoelectronic and spintronic applications. Herein, we investigate the relaxation dynamics of photoexcited carriers in Bi₂Se₃ films via optical pump–terahertz (THz) probe spectroscopy (OPTP) at room temperature. Under 800 nm pump pulse excitation, the time-dependent real part of the pump excitation conductivity Δσ exhibits a positive-to-negative sign reversal as carriers relax toward equilibrium, which is further validated by frequency-dependent conductivity spectra at varied pump-probe delays. The initial positive Δσ originates dominantly from bulk carrier contributions, while the negative component at prolonged delays is ascribed to Dirac surface states, driven by enhanced scattering of photoexcited carriers. Using the Drude–Smith model to fit the differential conductivity spectra, we quantitatively extracted time-dependent transport parameters of bulk and surface states. These results unravel the comprehensive carrier relaxation mechanism in Bi₂Se₃, clarify the distinct roles of surface and bulk contributions, and lay the groundwork for designing TI-based THz devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Photonic Technologies: From Light Sources and Nonlinear Optics to Sensing Applications)

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18 pages, 4750 KB

Open AccessArticle

Migration of Diethyl-Hexyl-Phthalate from Plastic Containers and Oak Casks to Tequila During Long-Term Storage and Aging

by Jose Tomas Ornelas-Salas, Oscar F. Caselin-Garcia, Jose de Jesus Gomez-Guzman, Daniel Alcala-Sanchez, Juan Carlos Tapia-Picazo and Antonio De Leon-Rodríguez

Foods 2026, 15(8), 1380; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods15081380 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Tequila is frequently stored or aged in polymer containers and oak casks, which can enable the migration of phthalates such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical. We quantified DEHP in tequila (55% ethanol) stored in LDPE tanks, HDPE jerry cans, PET carboys, [...] Read more.

Tequila is frequently stored or aged in polymer containers and oak casks, which can enable the migration of phthalates such as di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical. We quantified DEHP in tequila (55% ethanol) stored in LDPE tanks, HDPE jerry cans, PET carboys, and French oak casks with and without thermal treatment during long-term storage/aging (up to 18 and 11 months, respectively). Monthly samples were extracted and analyzed by GC–MS. Migration kinetics were evaluated using empirical exponential/sigmoidal models and an analytical solution of Fick’s second law for a semi-infinite slab. In plastics, DEHP increased nonlinearly and was best described by a modified Gompertz model, exhibiting a lag phase up to 42 days (~month 2), maximum transfer rates (Rmax) up to 0.82 µg L⁻¹ day⁻¹, and late-time concentrations near 120 µg L⁻¹. The non-toasted oak cask previously used for wine showed exponential behavior, reaching ~185 µg L⁻¹ and fitting the Minchev–Minkov model, whereas the toasted cask showed minimal transfer. Although concentrations remained below a reference safety limit (1500 µg kg⁻¹), the results indicate that food-contact plastics and commonly used oak casks are not risk-free under prolonged contact, supporting model-based forecasting for quality control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Control of Food Safety Risks)

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19 pages, 1395 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Dots and Their Functionalization with Photosensitizer Chlorin E6: Advancing Antibacterial Efficacy Through Enhanced Photodynamic Effects

by Siqi Wang, Colin P. McCoy, Peifeng Li, Yining Li, Yinghan Zhao, Gavin P. Andrews and Yi Ge

Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(4), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18040487 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Carbon dots (CDs) are promising antimicrobial nanomaterials owing to their biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, and tunable surface chemistry. This study aimed to synthesize nitrogen-doped CDs (AS-CDs) and develop a light-responsive antibacterial system through conjugation with chlorin e6 (Ce6). Methods: AS-CDs were [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Carbon dots (CDs) are promising antimicrobial nanomaterials owing to their biocompatibility, environmental friendliness, and tunable surface chemistry. This study aimed to synthesize nitrogen-doped CDs (AS-CDs) and develop a light-responsive antibacterial system through conjugation with chlorin e6 (Ce6). Methods: AS-CDs were synthesized by a microwave-assisted method using L-ascorbic acid and spermidine, followed by conjugation with Ce6. The materials were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, zeta potential analysis, and spectroscopic methods, and their antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) under both dark and visible-light conditions. Cytotoxicity was assessed using HaCaT cells. Results: The AS-CDs exhibited a uniform nanoscale morphology with an average diameter of 6.3 nm and a positive surface charge of +15.6 mV, together with intrinsic broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Ce6 conjugation further enhanced antibacterial efficacy under light irradiation, with the CDs-Ce6 conjugate achieving complete eradication of S. aureus and MRSA and marked inhibition of E. coli at 2.5 μg/mL. Cytotoxicity studies demonstrated low toxicity in HaCaT cells within the effective antibacterial concentration range. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of microwave-synthesized, photosensitizer-conjugated CDs as next-generation antimicrobial agents. This platform offers a cost-effective, sustainable, eco-friendly, and efficient platform for combating bacterial infections, with broader potential in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials in Pharmaceutical Sciences: Exploring Antibacterial, Antiviral, and Anticancer Properties)

16 pages, 676 KB

Open AccessReview

Chlorella Growth Factor: Biochemical Identity, Redox-Active Mechanisms, Nutritional Relevance, and Translational Implications

by Wojciech Rzeski and Weronika Rzeska

Nutrients 2026, 18(8), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18081250 (registering DOI) - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) is a nucleotide-rich, water-soluble intracellular fraction derived from disrupted Chlorella biomass that has historically been described as a “growth-promoting” extract but remains poorly defined at the molecular level. In this review, we propose that CGF should not be interpreted [...] Read more.

Chlorella Growth Factor (CGF) is a nucleotide-rich, water-soluble intracellular fraction derived from disrupted Chlorella biomass that has historically been described as a “growth-promoting” extract but remains poorly defined at the molecular level. In this review, we propose that CGF should not be interpreted as a classical receptor-binding growth factor, but rather as a heterogeneous, nucleotide-dominant metabolic fraction that may modulate cellular redox balance and biosynthetic capacity. We integrate available evidence on CGF characterization, including A260-based analytical indices, mineral-dependent biosynthesis, and extraction methodologies, with mechanistic observations from in vitro, animal, and applied biological systems. Across these contexts, CGF-associated fractions have been reported to influence redox-sensitive pathways, including NAD(H)/NADP(H)-linked processes, MAPK/AP-1 signaling, extracellular matrix regulation, and humoral immune responses. However, most mechanistic evidence remains indirect, and compositional heterogeneity limits direct comparability across studies. From a nutritional perspective, CGF contributes minimal macronutrient value but may provide conditionally relevant dietary nucleotides, amino acids, and redox-active metabolites that support metabolic processes under stress conditions. Observed biological effects are consistent with a model of metabolic permissiveness, in which CGF-associated fractions may support endogenous cellular functions rather than directly initiating signaling cascades. Key translational challenges include the lack of compositional standardization, limited nucleotide speciation, variability in extraction protocols, and the absence of pharmacokinetic and controlled human studies using well-characterized CGF preparations. Overall, CGF may be conceptualized as a candidate dietary bioactive with redox-centered and metabolically permissive properties. Further work integrating standardized analytical frameworks with mechanistic and clinical validation will be required to establish its role in human nutrition and functional food applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 4958 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pelargonium graveolens Essential Oil Suppresses Proliferation and Migration and Modulates Mesenchymal-Associated Cellular Functions in Human Endometriotic Cells

by Elif Karakoç, Sezai Berkand Koçak, Kevser Kişifli Köş, Hülya Kayhan, Eda Erdem Şahinkesen, Cemil Can Eylem, Ferda Topal Çelikkan, Emirhan Nemutlu and Pergin Atilla

Cells 2026, 15(8), 702; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells15080702 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Endometriosis is characterized by enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis, contributing to lesion persistence and progression. Targeting cellular plasticity and mesenchymal-associated functions may therefore represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigated the effects of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil (PGEO) on [...] Read more.

Endometriosis is characterized by enhanced cellular proliferation, migration, and resistance to apoptosis, contributing to lesion persistence and progression. Targeting cellular plasticity and mesenchymal-associated functions may therefore represent a promising therapeutic strategy. Here, we investigated the effects of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil (PGEO) on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, cytoskeletal organization, transcriptional regulation, and metabolic alterations in human endometriotic 12Z cells. PGEO treatment suppressed proliferative capacity in a concentration-dependent manner and significantly impaired cell migration, accompanied by reduced β-tubulin expression and decreased levels of mesenchymal-associated markers CD73 and CD105. Increased GRP78 expression together with ultrastructural alterations, including cytoplasmic vacuolization and mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum changes, indicated activation of cellular stress responses. Although transcriptional analysis revealed increased CCND1 and PIK3CA mRNA levels, these changes did not parallel the observed suppression of proliferation, suggesting compensatory regulatory responses. Untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed alterations in energy metabolism characterized by increased levels of glycolysis-related metabolites, reduced levels of several amino acids including glutamine and histidine, and changes in lipid-associated metabolites. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that PGEO suppresses proliferative and migratory behavior in endometriotic cells while modulating cytoskeletal, transcriptional, and metabolic pathways, highlighting its potential as a candidate for further investigation in endometriosis-targeted therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Basis of Gynecological Disorders and Associated Infertility)

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14 pages, 871 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Approach to Determining Bone Loss Through Serum Uric Acid Levels: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Analysis

by Ahmet Aydin, Turkan Pasali Kilit, Seher Kir, Esref Arac, Osman Ozudogru, Nazmiye Serap Bicer, Gulbin Seyman Cetinkaya, Mehmet Selim Mamis, Kadem Arslan, Suleyman Bas, Hatice Beyazal Polat, Kamil Konur, Omer Faruk Alakus, Ihsan Solmaz, Gizem Zorlu Gorgulugil, Seyit Uyar, Sabin Goktas Aydin, Alihan Oral, Nurhayat Ozkan Sevencan, Ceren Cevik, Betul Danapinar, Cetin Uyanik, Osman Erinc, Ozgur Yilmaz, Sevtap Bakir Kaliber, Aynur Kamburoglu and Nizameddin Koca Show full author list Hide full author list

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(8), 3020; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15083020 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: Osteoporosis has a rising global incidence and social burden. Serum uric acid’s dual roles in oxidative stress and inflammation may influence bone health, but findings are inconsistent and require further research. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SUA levels and [...] Read more.

Background: Osteoporosis has a rising global incidence and social burden. Serum uric acid’s dual roles in oxidative stress and inflammation may influence bone health, but findings are inconsistent and require further research. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between SUA levels and osteoporosis in a multicenter cohort obtained from different regions of Türkiye. Methods: This multi-center retrospective study included 3280 individuals, postmenopausal women and men aged 45 and older, from 16 centers in Türkiye. Individuals were excluded if they recently consumed alcohol, had severe renal dysfunction, certain hormonal or mineral disorders, specific medications, or certain menopausal statuses. Bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip and lumbar spine was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and participants were classified as normal or having osteopenia or osteoporosis based on T-score thresholds. Results: Overall, 34.8% were male, and 65.2% were female. For the lumbar spine, 36.8% had osteopenia, and 13.5% had osteoporosis; similarly, for the total hip, 40.8% had osteopenia, and 7.9% had osteoporosis. ROC analysis identified a threshold of 3.9 mg/dL serum uric acid (SUA) (AUC 0.374; p < 0.001), which was positively associated with both lumbar and total hip BMD. Osteoporosis rates were higher in patients with SUA < 3.9 mg/dL compared to those with SUA ≥ 3.9 mg/dL at the lumbar spine (29.1% vs. 14.2%, p < 0.001) and total hip sites (23.6% vs. 15.9%, p = 0.003). After adjustment for potential confounders, SUA was a significant independent predictor of osteoporosis in the lumbar spine (OR 0.70; p < 0.001) and the hip (OR 0.80; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Serum uric acid levels are inversely linked to bone mineral density and osteoporosis risk, indicating a potential role in bone health. However, due to study limitations, causal relationships remain unproven, and further research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Endocrinology & Metabolism)

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26 pages, 2840 KB

Open AccessArticle

VDTA-Based Mixed-Mode Inverse Filter and Its Application to Mixed-Mode PID Controller

by Natchanai Roongmuanpha, Tattaya Pukkalanun, Mohammad Faseehuddin and Worapong Tangsrirat

Electronics 2026, 15(8), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15081663 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

This paper presents a novel voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA)-based mixed-mode inverse filter capable of operating in voltage mode, transadmittance mode, transimpedance mode, and current mode using a single topology. The proposed configuration employs only three VDTAs with two resistors and three capacitors, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a novel voltage differencing transconductance amplifier (VDTA)-based mixed-mode inverse filter capable of operating in voltage mode, transadmittance mode, transimpedance mode, and current mode using a single topology. The proposed configuration employs only three VDTAs with two resistors and three capacitors, offering low component count, high input/output impedance flexibility, and no requirement for component matching. It simultaneously realizes first-order inverse lowpass and highpass, as well as second-order inverse bandpass responses. A comprehensive non-ideal analysis, which includes the effects of VDTA parasitic impedances, determines the practical operating frequency range. The design is validated through PSPICE simulations using 0.18 μm CMOS technology, showing close alignment between theoretical predictions and simulation results, with cutoff frequencies of approximately 1.60 MHz and low power consumption of 0.972 mW. Further analyses confirm orthogonal tuning capability, acceptable temperature stability, and robustness against component tolerances. In a practical application, the proposed inverse filter is employed to implement a mixed-mode PID controller, which significantly improves transient response characteristics by reducing rise time, settling time, and steady-state error. These findings highlight the effectiveness and versatility of the proposed design for analog signal processing and control system applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Circuit and Signal Processing)

51 pages, 6603 KB

Open AccessReview

Non-Cement-Based Soil Stabilization Material: A Review of Biochar, Nanocellulose, and Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Powder Composite for Sustainable Geotechnics

by Darlington Hyginus Nwaiwu, Dagan Lin, Xiao Wei and Fushen Liu

Materials 2026, 19(8), 1598; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19081598 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Soil stabilizers using conventional cement and lime binders incur high environmental costs owing to CO₂ emissions associated with their excavation, production, and processing. This has motivated research on low-carbon, waste-derived alternatives. The review shows that: biochar increases unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by [...] Read more.

Soil stabilizers using conventional cement and lime binders incur high environmental costs owing to CO₂ emissions associated with their excavation, production, and processing. This has motivated research on low-carbon, waste-derived alternatives. The review shows that: biochar increases unconfined compressive strength (UCS) by 15–40% with a 2–5% dosage through pore filling and particle binding; nanocellulose promotes soil cohesion by 25–60% through fibrous network development and tensile bridging; recycled PET powder at 5–10% increases shear strength by 20–35% promoting mechanical interlocking, increasing stiffness, crack resistance and durability. Biochar provides direct carbon sequestration with a carbon transfer capacity of up to 2.5 tons CO₂-eq/ton. Recycled PET introduces waste valorization, with the potential to divert millions of tons of annual PET waste, while nanocellulose provides indirect carbon savings by avoiding emissions from cement and lime replacement. This review’s objectives are as follows: providing a comprehensive comparison of biochar, nanocellulose, and PET powder as promising non-cement composite stabilizers; identifying optimal dosage ranges and stabilization mechanisms for each material across different soil types; and outlining knowledge gaps and future research directions in sustainable geotechnical practices. The review assessed the individual and synergistic effects of the additives on critical geotechnical properties, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS), California bearing ratio (CBR), resilient resistance, swelling resistance, and the durability of the treated soil. Findings provide actionable guidance for practitioners seeking to reduce construction carbon footprints while maintaining geotechnical performance standards. Research gaps were identified, and future directions for integrating high-performance, low-carbon soil composites into sustainable construction solutions are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cement-Based/Non-Cement-Based Constructional Materials: Multiscale Mechanics under Diverse Loadings)

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30 pages, 16029 KB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation Mechanisms and Optimization Strategies of the Thermal Environment of Rural Road Spaces in Mountain-Adjacent Villages of the Loess Tableland Region

by Jianxin Zhang, Cheng Li, Zhuoer Lu, Weihua Wu, Zijing Peng, Yueteng Wang, Kai Xin and Jingyuan Zhao

Buildings 2026, 16(8), 1559; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings16081559 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Under intensifying climate change and increasingly frequent extreme heat events, improving outdoor thermal environments has become critical for sustainable human settlements. While prior studies have mainly focused on urban contexts, systematic investigations of rural microclimates—particularly regarding the regulatory mechanisms of landscape configurations—remain limited. [...] Read more.

Under intensifying climate change and increasingly frequent extreme heat events, improving outdoor thermal environments has become critical for sustainable human settlements. While prior studies have mainly focused on urban contexts, systematic investigations of rural microclimates—particularly regarding the regulatory mechanisms of landscape configurations—remain limited. This study examines a mountain-adjacent village in the Loess Tableland region of China, integrating field measurements with ENVI-met simulations to analyze thermal characteristics of rural road spaces and the effects of vegetation and paving materials on human thermal comfort. The results show that village boundary areas experience the largest fluctuations in air temperature and relative humidity during midday and evening, indicating higher thermal sensitivity. Model validation demonstrates satisfactory accuracy, with RMSE values of 0.39–3.62 °C for air temperature, 1.32–3.22% for relative humidity, and 1.35–2.24 m/s for wind speed, and MAPE ranging from 0.80% to 9.05%. Furthermore, Basalt Brick and Populus alba show the best cooling performance, but when considering multiple factors such as temperature, humidity, and wind speed, Ligustrum lucidum has the most significant effects in improving thermal comfort and increasing humidity. Analysis based on Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) further indicates that vegetation configurations play a more substantial role in thermal comfort regulation than paving materials, and that different landscape elements exhibit synergistic and trade-off relationships in terms of cooling, humidification, and ventilation. This study provides quantitative reference for vegetation configuration and material selection in rural roads within the Loess Tableland region and similar semi-arid areas, enriches the research scope of rural microclimate studies, and offers scientific support for climate-adaptive rural planning and optimization of rural living environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)

30 pages, 1480 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Scoping Review on Soil Contamination from Pb–Zn Slag and Environmental Assessment Methods

by Zhaksylyk Pernebayev and Akbota Aitimbetova

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 3934; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18083934 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Pb–Zn slag and smelting activities represent a persistent global source of soil contamination, releasing toxic heavy metals—lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)—with documented risks to ecosystems and human health. Although previous reviews have addressed heavy metal contamination near smelters and [...] Read more.

Pb–Zn slag and smelting activities represent a persistent global source of soil contamination, releasing toxic heavy metals—lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and arsenic (As)—with documented risks to ecosystems and human health. Although previous reviews have addressed heavy metal contamination near smelters and pollution indices as assessment tools, no review has specifically mapped environmental assessment methods for Pb–Zn slag-contaminated soils, and evidence from Central Asia remains absent. This scoping review, following PRISMA-ScR 2018 guidelines, maps the global evidence base on soil contamination from Pb–Zn slag and associated assessment methods. Searches across Dimensions, PubMed, and OpenAlex identified 410 records; 56 studies (2010–2025) met the inclusion criteria. Studies were concentrated in China (35.7%), Poland (8.9%), and Brazil (7.1%); no studies from Kazakhstan were identified despite major Pb–Zn smelting operations in the Shymkent region. All studies reported heavy metal concentrations exceeding regulatory thresholds, with cadmium as the primary ecological risk driver and lead posing the greatest health risk to children. Assessment methods included pollution indices (73.2%), ecological risk assessment (67.9%), GIS-based spatial analysis (57.1%), human health risk frameworks (51.8%), and source apportionment models (50.0%). Post-2018 studies increasingly applied integrated multi-method frameworks. Critical gaps include the absence of Central Asian research, limited predictive modeling, and a lack of standardized protocols. Findings provide a structured evidence map to guide environmental monitoring and remediation at slag-contaminated sites globally. Full article

23 pages, 1905 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rhododendron adamsii Flowers as a Potential Source of Tea-Derived Flavonoid Antioxidants

by Daniil N. Olennikov, Nina I. Kashchenko and Nadezhda K. Chirikova

Horticulturae 2026, 12(4), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12040484 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Rhododendron adamsii Rehder, also known as sagan dali, is one of the most valued northern rhododendron species of Siberia and Mongolia as both a medicinal and food plant. Its flowers are traditionally used by indigenous communities in daily life to prepare teas [...] Read more.

Rhododendron adamsii Rehder, also known as sagan dali, is one of the most valued northern rhododendron species of Siberia and Mongolia as both a medicinal and food plant. Its flowers are traditionally used by indigenous communities in daily life to prepare teas that are attributed with medicinal properties in local traditional medicine. However, the lack of reliable data on the chemical composition and bioactivity of R. adamsii flowers has limited their broader application and underscores the need for comprehensive studies to verify their beneficial properties. The application of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry enabled the identification of fifty-four compounds in sixteen samples of different origins, with flavonoids representing the dominant group and belonging to various aglycone types. Among the identified metabolites were dihydroflavonols of the taxifolin series; flavonols of the myricetin, quercetin, and kaempferol series; as well as several minor flavonoid and non-flavonoid compounds. Thirty-seven of these compounds are reported for the first time in this species. The total phenolic content in R. adamsii flowers can reach 155.82 mg/g, of which up to 147.54 mg/g are flavonoids. The analysis revealed variation in both the qualitative profile and quantitative levels of individual compounds among different populations, suggesting the presence of distinct R. adamsii chemotypes. The preparation of flower tea was associated with high rates of flavonoid transfer into the decoction, particularly when pulverized raw material was used compared with unground or hand-ground samples. This was reflected in the enhanced antioxidant activity of the decoctions, which was maximal for pulverized flowers in in vitro assays against artificial and natural free radicals, as well as in nitric oxide scavenging and Fe²⁺-chelating tests. These results suggest that R. adamsii flowers and their tea represent a new possible source of flavonoids and after additional clinical evidence may serve as valuable antioxidant ingredients for the development of functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization of Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants: 2nd Edition)

26 pages, 37232 KB

Open AccessArticle

EAS-DETR: An Enhanced Real-Time Transformer with Sparse Attention and Global Context for PCB Defect Inspection

by Yuxin Yan, Ruize Wu and Jia Ren

Electronics 2026, 15(8), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics15081662 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Printed circuit board (PCB) defect inspection is critical for ensuring product reliability, yet it remains challenging due to the microscopic scale of defects and complex background patterns. To improve the localization of fine anomalies, this paper proposes EAS-DETR, an efficient and highly sensitive [...] Read more.

Printed circuit board (PCB) defect inspection is critical for ensuring product reliability, yet it remains challenging due to the microscopic scale of defects and complex background patterns. To improve the localization of fine anomalies, this paper proposes EAS-DETR, an efficient and highly sensitive real-time end-to-end detector. First, we reconstruct the feature extraction backbone by introducing a novel C2f-EC module, which jointly models local textures and global structural dependencies. Second, an Adaptive Sparse Attention-based Intra-scale Feature Interaction (ASAFI) module is proposed to suppress background noise and focus the network’s attention on sparse defect regions. Finally, an optimized feature pyramid network, SGO-FPN, is designed to mitigate cross-scale feature misalignment and preserve high-resolution spatial details for small object localization. Experiments demonstrate that EAS-DETR achieves an mAP@0.5 of 93.0% and a 91.9% recall on a multi-source PCB dataset. The model outperforms mainstream YOLO variants and baseline RT-DETR models while maintaining a moderate parameter count of 14.6M and achieving a real-time inference speed of over 70 FPS. Furthermore, cross-domain validations on public benchmarks confirm its robust generalization capability for complex tiny object detection tasks. Full article

24 pages, 1058 KB

Open AccessReview

Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents for Polyphenol Extraction: Opportunities and Limitations

by Gonçalo P. Rosa, Maria Carmo Barreto, Ana M. L. Seca and Diana C. G. A. Pinto

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083538 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Polyphenols are structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites with broad biological activities and growing applications across the food, health, and materials sectors. Conventional extraction based on organic solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol) is often energy-intensive, inefficient, and environmentally burdensome. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic [...] Read more.

Polyphenols are structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites with broad biological activities and growing applications across the food, health, and materials sectors. Conventional extraction based on organic solvents (e.g., methanol, ethanol) is often energy-intensive, inefficient, and environmentally burdensome. Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have therefore emerged as greener alternatives for polyphenol extraction. This review evaluates recent advances in solvent design, extraction performance, and process sustainability. Imidazolium-based ILs frequently achieve high yields and selectivity, particularly when coupled with ultrasound or microwave-assisted extraction, but high cost, synthetic complexity, viscosity-related constraints, and potential toxicity hinder scaleup. By contrast, DESs—especially those derived from choline chloride or lactic acid—are easier to prepare, less costly, and more compatible with industrial implementation, with efficiency enhanced by tailoring hydrogen bond networks, water content, and process intensification. Critical downstream challenges persist for both solvent classes, notably in extract purification and solvent recovery due to low volatility; approaches such as resin adsorption, antisolvent precipitation, and direct formulation have been explored. Overall, ILs and DESs represent compelling alternatives to conventional solvents, and future progress will depend on integrated extraction–recovery strategies, systematic solvent selection, and validation under scalable, sustainable processing conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemical Insights and Green Extraction Strategies for Bioactive Natural Compounds)

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30 pages, 1611 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Assessment of Harmonic Reducers Based on the Two-Phase Hybrid Stochastic Degradation Process

by Lai Wei, Peng Liu, Hailong Tian, Haoyuan Li and Yunshenghao Qiu

Sensors 2026, 26(8), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/s26082437 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Harmonic reducers exhibit non-stationary and phase-dependent degradation behavior during long-term service, challenging the ability of classical stochastic degradation models to accurately assess reliability. To address phase-dependent differences in degradation behavior, this paper proposes a reliability assessment model based on a two-phase hybrid stochastic [...] Read more.

Harmonic reducers exhibit non-stationary and phase-dependent degradation behavior during long-term service, challenging the ability of classical stochastic degradation models to accurately assess reliability. To address phase-dependent differences in degradation behavior, this paper proposes a reliability assessment model based on a two-phase hybrid stochastic degradation process. In the proposed framework, the Wiener process is employed to characterize early-phase gradual degradation dominated by stochastic fluctuations, while the Inverse Gaussian process is used to describe later-phase monotonically accelerated degradation driven by cumulative damage. The framework allows for sample-level variability in transition times to more realistically capture individual degradation behavior. The Schwarz Information Criterion is also adopted to detect change points. Maximum likelihood estimation is performed for model parameter inference, and analytical expressions for the reliability function, cumulative distribution function, and probability density function are derived. Numerical results indicate that a change point exists for each tested product and that the proposed model achieves the best goodness of fit among the considered candidates, demonstrating its superiority in capturing phase-dependent characteristics of harmonic reducer degradation. In terms of reliability assessment bias, the proposed model (0.06%) significantly outperforms the Wiener degradation model (32%) and the IG degradation model (9.9%). These results further confirm that, under an identical failure threshold, the proposed approach yields more accurate and realistic reliability assessment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fault Diagnosis in Transportation and Industry: Sensors, Methods, and Experimental Applications (2nd Edition))

19 pages, 4649 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Performance Study of a Terrain-Adaptive Fixed Pipeline Pesticide Application System for Mountain Orchards

by Zhongyi Yu and Xiongkui He

Agronomy 2026, 16(8), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16080816 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Mountain orchards in southern China are characterized by fragmented and complex terrain with a wide slope variation range (5~30°), which easily leads to uneven pesticide distribution and pesticide accumulation on gentle slopes. These issues give rise to core technical bottlenecks such as low [...] Read more.

Mountain orchards in southern China are characterized by fragmented and complex terrain with a wide slope variation range (5~30°), which easily leads to uneven pesticide distribution and pesticide accumulation on gentle slopes. These issues give rise to core technical bottlenecks such as low pesticide utilization rate, poor operational efficiency, and unclear atomization mechanism, hindering the optimization of pesticide application parameters, causing pesticide waste and environmental pollution, and restricting the sustainable development of the mountain fruit industry. To address this problem, this study designed a slope-classified pipeline layout and developed a high-efficiency fixed pipeline system for phytosanitary application in mountain orchards, featuring stable operation, low labor intensity, and easy intelligent transformation. Following the technical route of “theoretical design-atomization mechanism analysis-parameter optimization-laboratory verification-field application”, ruby nozzles with high wear resistance, uniform droplet distribution, and long service life were selected and optimized to meet the demand for long-term fixed pesticide application in mountain orchards. High-speed imaging technology was used to real-time capture the dynamic atomization process of nozzles, providing support for clarifying the atomization mechanism. Advanced methods such as fluorescence tracing were adopted to quantitatively evaluate key indicators including droplet deposition in canopies, and the system performance was verified through laboratory and field tests, laying a scientific foundation for its popularization and application. Field test results showed that the optimal spray pressure should not be less than 8 MPa. The XR9002 nozzle can generate fine droplets to achieve pesticide reduction while forming a stable hollow cone atomization flow. Fluorescence tracing analysis indicated that the droplet deposition on the adaxial leaf surface decreases with increasing altitude (presumably affected by wind speed), while the initial deposition on the abaxial leaf surface is low and shows no significant variation with altitude. Deposition on the adaxial leaf surface decreased with canopy height, while abaxial deposition was much lower (8.9–14.9%). This technology enables high-precision quantitative analysis of droplet deposition. The core innovations of this study are: clarifying the atomization mechanism of ruby high-pressure nozzles under pesticide application conditions in mountain orchards, constructing a slope-classified terrain-adaptive pipeline layout model, and establishing a closed-loop technical system of “atomization mechanism-pipeline layout-parameter optimization-deposition detection”. This study provides theoretical and technical support for green and precision pesticide application in mountain orchards, and has important academic value and broad application prospects for promoting the intelligent upgrading of the fruit industry in southern China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agrochemistry and Application of Natural Products to Agricultural Research: 2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 850 KB

Open AccessReview

Targeting Pain and Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease: Translational Insights and Emerging Treatments

by Ivona Costachescu, Gabriela-Dumitrita Stanciu, Raluca Maria Gogu and Bogdan-Ionel Tamba

Pharmaceuticals 2026, 19(4), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph19040626 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is primarily recognized for progressive cognitive decline driven by beta-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology. However, many individuals with AD also experience chronic pain and depressive symptoms, which significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life and increase caregiver burden. These [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is primarily recognized for progressive cognitive decline driven by beta-amyloid accumulation and tau pathology. However, many individuals with AD also experience chronic pain and depressive symptoms, which significantly impair daily functioning and quality of life and increase caregiver burden. These non-cognitive features are frequently underrecognized, despite evidence suggesting they share overlapping biological pathways with neurodegeneration. Emerging data highlight the role of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysregulation, and endocannabinoid system alterations in linking AD pathology to disturbances in pain processing and mood regulation. Persistent microglial activation, cytokine imbalance, redox disruption, and chronic stress signaling may simultaneously promote neuronal vulnerability while shaping affective and nociceptive responses. This review synthesizes current preclinical and clinical evidence on the interplay between pain, depression, and AD, emphasizing their shared pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical relevance. Recognizing these symptoms as integral components of disease progression, rather than isolated comorbidities, can inform the development of integrated, multidimensional therapeutic strategies in AD care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease, 2nd Edition)

10 pages, 416 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Medical Counseling in the Use of Contraceptive Methods: A Cross-Sectional Public Health Study

by Fitim Bexhet Alidema, Lirim Mustafa, Arieta Hasani Alidema, Mirlinda Havolli and Fellenza Abazi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(4), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23040507 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Background: The use of contraceptive methods is a key component of public health and reproductive health, contributing to family planning, maternal well-being, and social stability. However, contraceptive use is often influenced by the availability and continuity of medical counseling. Limited evidence exists on [...] Read more.

Background: The use of contraceptive methods is a key component of public health and reproductive health, contributing to family planning, maternal well-being, and social stability. However, contraceptive use is often influenced by the availability and continuity of medical counseling. Limited evidence exists on how regular specialist counseling affects informed contraceptive use in real-world community settings. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2025 and January 2026 using a structured questionnaire. A total of 2400 participants aged 18–55 years were included. The study population was divided into two groups: 1000 women who had been regular patients or receiving consultation for at least one year at the Gynecology and Endocrinology Department of the General Hospital in Ferizaj, and 1400 community participants who had not received regular medical counseling related to reproductive health during the previous year. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of current contraceptive use was significantly higher among women receiving regular medical counseling compared with those without regular consultations (72.4% vs. 41.8%; p < 0.001). Modern contraceptive methods were more frequently used in the counseled group, including oral hormonal contraceptives (38.5%), intrauterine devices (21.4%), and implants (7.8%), whereas condom use (49.3%) and traditional methods (18.4%) predominated among participants without counseling (p < 0.001). Use of contraceptives based on medical recommendation was reported by 81.2% of counseled women compared to 29.6% in the non-counseled group (p < 0.001). Long-term contraceptive use (≥12 months) was significantly more common among counseled participants (64.9% vs. 33.5%; p < 0.001). After adjustment for age, education, and marital status, regular medical counseling was independently associated with higher odds of modern contraceptive use (OR = 3.62; 95% CI: 3.01–4.35; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Regular medical counseling by gynecologists and endocrinologists is strongly associated with informed, consistent, and modern contraceptive use among adults aged 18–55 years. These findings underscore the importance of strengthening structured counseling services as an integral component of public health strategies aimed at improving reproductive health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

19 pages, 1168 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Stability of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste Filtrate and Landfill Leachate at Different Mixing Ratios

by Zixin Zeng, Sha Long and Wenyong Hu

Sustainability 2026, 18(8), 3935; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18083935 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Food waste filtrate (FW) and landfill leachate (LL) are high-strength organic wastewaters with complex compositions that pose significant challenges for conventional biological treatment. Anaerobic co-digestion is considered an effective strategy to improve process stability and methane recovery through substrate complementarity. In this study, [...] Read more.

Food waste filtrate (FW) and landfill leachate (LL) are high-strength organic wastewaters with complex compositions that pose significant challenges for conventional biological treatment. Anaerobic co-digestion is considered an effective strategy to improve process stability and methane recovery through substrate complementarity. In this study, an internal circulation (IC) anaerobic reactor was used to evaluate the co-digestion performance of FW and LL at different volumetric mixing ratios (3:7, 5:5, and 7:3). Methane production, COD removal, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), alkalinity, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), enzyme activities, sludge morphology, and sludge structural and spectroscopic characteristics were analyzed to evaluate process performance and explore stability-related responses under different mixing ratios. The results showed that the 5:5 mixing ratio achieved the best overall performance. Under this condition, methane content remained at 78.79–81.60%, the volumetric methane production rate reached 893.38–1080.43 L CH₄/(m³·d), and methane yield was 0.219–0.265 L CH₄/g COD. COD removal efficiency was maintained at 86.93–88.35%. Meanwhile, the reactor operated within a relatively stable window, with pH of 6.98–7.80, VFA of 485.6–521.6 mg/L, alkalinity of 2000–3100 mg CaCO₃/L, and a VFA/TA ratio of 0.167–0.261. Compared with the other ratios, the 5:5 condition was associated with higher EPS levels, more favorable enzyme activity patterns, and a more compact sludge structure. Overall, FW-LL co-digestion exhibited clear ratio dependence, and the 5:5 mixing ratio provided the best balance between methane production, organic matter removal, and process stability. These findings offer quantitative support for substrate-ratio optimization and stable operation of anaerobic treatment systems for high-strength organic wastewaters. Full article

29 pages, 1273 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

From Sensory Design to Regulatory Architecture: A Systematic Review of Inclusive Early Childhood Learning Environments for ASD, ADHD, and Down Syndrome

by Heba M. Abdou, Nanees Abdelhamid Elsayyad and Heba M. Hafez

Architecture 2026, 6(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture6020064 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study presents a systematic review and an integrative interpretive synthesis of the architectural literature addressing sensory–interactive design strategies in early childhood learning environments that support children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Down Syndrome (DS), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Following a [...] Read more.

This study presents a systematic review and an integrative interpretive synthesis of the architectural literature addressing sensory–interactive design strategies in early childhood learning environments that support children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Down Syndrome (DS), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Following a systematic review conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, twenty-nine peer-reviewed studies were analyzed to examine how environmental design variables may influence sensory load, cognitive processing, emotional stability, and behavioral engagement across neurodevelopmental profiles. Rather than remaining within conventional descriptive approaches, architectural variables—including lighting, color, acoustics, materials, spatial configuration, and environmental controllability—are reconceptualized as regulatory dimensions shaping child–environment interactions. The synthesis suggests that identical environmental variables may elicit divergent, and at times conflicting, sensory–emotional and behavioral responses among children with ASD, DS, and ADHD, highlighting the limitations of standardized design solutions. Accordingly, the study proposes the Sensory–Interactive Architecture Framework (SIAF), an analytical framework that links neurodevelopmental response patterns with sensory–emotional regulation mechanisms and environmental design variables as regulatory dimensions. The findings indicate that effective inclusive design does not rely on generalized sensory interventions but rather on the deliberate regulation of sensory variability through more legible, graded, and controllable spatial systems, thereby promoting learning engagement, emotional stability, and adaptive behavior in neurodiverse children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Responsive Interiors: Human-Centered Approaches to Interior Architecture and Design)

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32 pages, 6295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Oil Slicks on the Gulf of Mexico’s Sea Surface Using Spatial Attributes from SAR Images: A Novel Approach with Phase-Space Pictures and Semivariograms

by Gabrielle de Souza Brum, Fernando Pellon de Miranda, Tiago de Souza Mota, Ítalo de Oliveira Matias, Francisco Fábio de Araújo Ponte, Gil Márcio Avelino Silva, Carlos Henrique Beisl and Luiz Landau

Remote Sens. 2026, 18(8), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs18081189 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

This study aims to improve the process of characterizing oil on the sea surface using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, seeking to increase the accuracy of oil slick classification as natural or anthropogenic. A set of spatial attributes was obtained using semivariograms and [...] Read more.

This study aims to improve the process of characterizing oil on the sea surface using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery, seeking to increase the accuracy of oil slick classification as natural or anthropogenic. A set of spatial attributes was obtained using semivariograms and phase-space pictures. This novel approach demonstrated potential to add value for monitoring seepage phenomena, which is of great scientific and environmental importance. The results achieved have potential for operational application as an aid in understanding active petroleum systems, reducing exploration risk in the decision-making process. Different targets display semivariograms with distinct geostatistical parameters, thus expressing contrasting models of spatial data correlation. The research results indicate that trajectories developed by the targets “sea”, “seepage slick”, and “oil spill” showed diagnostic behavior in their respective phase-space pictures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Maritime Monitoring)

23 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Sound Speed Profiles Under Disturbance of Strong Internal Solitary Waves Using Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Network

by Hong Yin, Ke Qu, Han Wang and Guangming Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2026, 14(8), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse14080735 - 15 Apr 2026

Abstract

Time-series machine learning models represented by long short-term memory (LSTM) networks provide an effective way to obtain high-precision sound speed profiles (SSPs) quickly and at low cost, which can meet the practical application requirements of underwater sonar systems. However, in sea areas with [...] Read more.

Time-series machine learning models represented by long short-term memory (LSTM) networks provide an effective way to obtain high-precision sound speed profiles (SSPs) quickly and at low cost, which can meet the practical application requirements of underwater sonar systems. However, in sea areas with frequent strong internal solitary waves, the large-amplitude sound speed anomalies caused by them will seriously interfere with model learning in the form of strong outlier features, resulting in a sharp drop in SSP prediction accuracy and significant degradation of the generalization stability and robustness of the model. To address this problem, this paper proposes a time-series SSP prediction method based on a bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) network. First, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) decomposition is used to realize the low-dimensional feature representation of SSPs, and then the bidirectional time-series feature capture capability of Bi-LSTM is used to predict the SSP sequence with large disturbances caused by strong internal solitary waves. Multiple groups of comparative experiments based on the measured temperature chain data in the continental slope area of the South China Sea show that the Bi-LSTM model has a significant improvement in prediction accuracy and robustness compared with the classical LSTM model. Among them, the Bi-LSTM model with EOF decomposition achieves a correlation coefficient of 0.995 and an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 0.387 m/s. Under the condition of internal solitary wave disturbance, the classical LSTM is difficult to effectively capture the large abrupt change in sound speed, while the proposed Bi-LSTM model can still achieve accurate prediction of the SSP in the disturbance section, and has both the feature recognition and evolution prediction capabilities for the strongly nonlinear internal solitary wave process. This method provides effective technical support for the rapid and large-scale reconstruction of the sound speed field under the disturbance of strong internal solitary waves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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