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11 pages, 1919 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Evaluation of Single-Voxel and Multi-Voxel Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Using Small-Sized Voxels in Healthy Beagle Dogs: A Pilot Study

by Jong Bong Lee, Gunha Hwang, Seokmin Lee, Youngwon Lee, Hojung Choi, Hee Chun Lee and Tae Sung Hwang

Vet. Sci. 2026, 13(9), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci13090864 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging has limitations in definitively diagnosing canine brain diseases due to overlapping lesion morphologies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can complement conventional MR imaging by evaluating brain metabolites at a molecular level, though voxels under 1 cm³ have not been routinely [...] Read more.

Magnetic resonance imaging has limitations in definitively diagnosing canine brain diseases due to overlapping lesion morphologies. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can complement conventional MR imaging by evaluating brain metabolites at a molecular level, though voxels under 1 cm³ have not been routinely evaluated in veterinary medicine. This study evaluated the usefulness of single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) using small-sized voxels (0.125 cm³) by comparing it with multi-voxel spectroscopy (MVS). Both techniques were performed on the white matter and gray matter of the frontoparietal lobe, the caudate nucleus, and the thalamus in seven healthy beagle dogs using a 1.5T system. Brain metabolite concentrations and their ratios to creatine were compared. SVS had a significantly shorter mean acquisition time (4.79 ± 0.29 min) than MVS (11.64 ± 0.23 min). No significant differences were observed in metabolite concentrations or ratios between SVS and MVS following multiplicity correction, confirming no statistically significant discrepancies between the two protocols. No significant differences were found between the left and right hemispheres. While small-voxel SVS is technically feasible and reduces scan time, these findings represent protocol-specific descriptive data in a small sample of healthy dogs and do not establish clinical reference values or diagnostic accuracy. Full article

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19 pages, 3853 KB

Open AccessReview

Research Advances on the Functions of Transcriptional Regulators in Filamentous Fungi

by Jia Su, Xugang Lin, Yina Xia, Jing Zhao, Yue Chen, Depei Wang and Xianli Xue

Microorganisms 2026, 14(9), 1892; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14091892 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous eukaryotic microorganisms characterized by multicellular architectures and branched hyphal structures. They are used in industrial production for the manufacture of enzyme preparations, various organic acids, and secondary metabolites. Transcription factors serve as core regulatory molecules governing vital biological processes [...] Read more.

Filamentous fungi are ubiquitous eukaryotic microorganisms characterized by multicellular architectures and branched hyphal structures. They are used in industrial production for the manufacture of enzyme preparations, various organic acids, and secondary metabolites. Transcription factors serve as core regulatory molecules governing vital biological processes in filamentous fungi. This review systematically elaborates on the classification, structural features, and functional diversity of transcription factors in filamentous fungi, with a focus on their regulatory roles in hyphal growth, morphological differentiation, metabolite synthesis, and environmental stress responses. We further summarize the key transcription factors in three representative fungal genera, namely, Aspergillus, Trichoderma, and Penicillium. Additionally, the potential applications of genetically engineering transcription factors to increase the yield of metabolites are discussed. This review provides a comprehensive theoretical framework for the genetic modification and high-value utilization of filamentous fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Biotechnology)

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17 pages, 468 KB

Open AccessReview

Pharmacogenomics in Primary Care: A Narrative Review of DNA-Guided Prescribing in Multimorbidity and Polypharmacy

by Luis E. Martínez-Tittonel

DNA 2026, 6(3), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/dna6030041 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Pharmacogenomics can convert stable DNA variation into prescribing information, but its value in primary care depends on whether a result changes a decision at the right moment. This narrative review critically examines selected actionable gene–drug pairs, implementation models, conflicting evidence, and unresolved questions [...] Read more.

Pharmacogenomics can convert stable DNA variation into prescribing information, but its value in primary care depends on whether a result changes a decision at the right moment. This narrative review critically examines selected actionable gene–drug pairs, implementation models, conflicting evidence, and unresolved questions for family physicians managing multimorbidity and polypharmacy. A targeted search of PubMed/MEDLINE and current pharmacogenomic guideline resources was updated through 14 August 2026, prioritizing clinical guidelines, randomized and pragmatic trials, implementation studies, and primary-care evidence. Guideline actionability describes how an available result can guide treatment; it does not by itself establish that testing should be ordered. Selected examples include clopidogrel, statins, metoprolol, antidepressants, codeine and tramadol, proton-pump inhibitors, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and warfarin, together with shared-care medicines such as thiopurines and carbamazepine. In PREPARE, a defined 12-gene panel linked to prescribing recommendations reduced clinically relevant adverse drug reactions within a specific European workflow. Other trials showed that benefit is drug-, population-, comparator-, and workflow-dependent. Pharmacogenomics does not replace assessment of organ function, interactions, adherence, frailty, or patient preference. This review proposes selective, clinically triggered panel testing as a pragmatic model for primary care, with structured, reusable results and concise decision support. Future work should define who benefits, improve ancestry representation, account for phenoconversion, and demonstrate health-system-specific cost-effectiveness. Pharmacogenomics is best understood as an additional medication-safety input rather than a stand-alone precision-medicine solution. Full article

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23 pages, 24324 KB

Open AccessArticle

Explainable Machine Learning Prediction of Soybean Lodging Grade and Key Trait Analysis Under High-Density Drip Irrigation Cultivation

by Xiangchi Zhang, Xin Su, Hengbin Zhang, Jing Zhao, You Ge, Zhanqin Zhang, Kai Zeng and Yong Zhan

Agronomy 2026, 16(17), 1633; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy16171633 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

To establish an accurate and interpretable prediction framework for soybean lodging grade and clarify the core regulatory traits and differentiated driving mechanisms of soybean lodging under high-density drip irrigation cultivation, 356 spring soybean germplasm accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. [...] Read more.

To establish an accurate and interpretable prediction framework for soybean lodging grade and clarify the core regulatory traits and differentiated driving mechanisms of soybean lodging under high-density drip irrigation cultivation, 356 spring soybean germplasm accessions were used as experimental materials in this study. Morphological and mechanical traits including plant height (PH), stem pulling force (SPF), internode number (IN) and petiole length (PL) were measured over two consecutive years of field phenotyping. Two composite evaluation indices, plant height/stem pulling force ratio (PH/SPF) and plant height/internode number ratio (PH/IN), were further constructed. Four machine learning algorithms were adopted to develop multi-classification models for soybean lodging grade prediction. SHAP analysis combined with three global sensitivity approaches (perturbation analysis, Sobol’ method and Morris screening) was applied to decipher the regulatory patterns of key traits. The results showed that lodging grade significantly affected soybean grain yield and explained 25–28% of the phenotypic yield variation; yield reduction tended to plateau under severe lodging. Compared with single indicators such as SPF and PL, the two derived composite indices could stably distinguish soybean accessions with different lodging grades and exhibited stronger discriminatory power. Model comparison revealed that the XGBoost model achieved optimal prediction accuracy and generalization stability for lodging grade, with a weighted F1-score of 95.34% on the test set, significantly outperforming the conventional linear model. Interpretability analysis demonstrated that the PH/IN, PH, and PH/SPF acted as the primary positive traits promoting lodging, while SPF was the sole protective trait. Driving factors of lodging presented obvious gradient heterogeneity: mild lodging was dominated by the imbalance of plant architecture ratio, whereas severe lodging was governed by the cumulative effects of PH and IN. Strong interactions existed among all measured traits. The interpretable machine learning framework established in this study can provide theoretical support and technical references for lodging-resistant germplasm screening and targeted plant architecture regulation for densely planted soybean under drip irrigation systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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25 pages, 8104 KB

Open AccessArticle

Defense Against Information Integrity Attacks in Federated IoT Systems Using Inertial Momentum-Aware IALM-RPCA

by Oudarja Barman Tanmoy, Sakib Hasan, Adnan Anwar, Md. Al Mamun, A B M Mehedi Hasan and Akhlaqur Rahman

IoT 2026, 7(3), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/iot7030068 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

While federated learning offers a decentralized approach to model training, ensuring the integrity of the information from each IoT client remains a challenge. This work delves into the dynamics of multi-stage federated learning, its susceptibility to information integrity attacks, and how to defend [...] Read more.

While federated learning offers a decentralized approach to model training, ensuring the integrity of the information from each IoT client remains a challenge. This work delves into the dynamics of multi-stage federated learning, its susceptibility to information integrity attacks, and how to defend against such threats. A comprehensive understanding of data uncertainty and the challenges of poisoning attacks is discussed, laying a solid groundwork for the proposed defense mechanisms. At its core, this paper introduces a novel multi-stage federated learning model that segments the federated learning process into distinct phases with a novel approach of inertial momentum-aware Inexact Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Robust PCA with constant momentum factor and unaltered norm of the traditional one, each tailored to optimize for both efficiency and security. This robust framework is then tested against data injection-based poisoning attacks, using sparse noise, and demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed recovery techniques like Robust PCA. Performance results highlight the resilience and efficiency of the introduced model with novel reconstruction algorithm, emphasizing the importance of this approach in real-world IoT settings. Data analysis, model summaries, and impacts of adversarial attacks further reinforce the findings, which are evaluated using rigorous statistical metrics and machine learning algorithms. The paper concludes by acknowledging its efficiency in detection and recovery from data poisoning attacks, improving robustness and data reconstruction in IoT environments while highlighting opportunities for further security enhancements. Full article

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17 pages, 8881 KB

Open AccessArticle

Terahertz Metasurface with Four-Degree-of-Freedom Geometric Encoding for Broadband Multichannel Fingerprint Sensing

by Jianming Meng, Wei Hao, Tianlu Wang, Yanpeng Shi, Weiqi Xu and Mengya Pan

Nanomaterials 2026, 16(17), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano16171059 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Terahertz (THz) fingerprint spectroscopy enables label-free identification of molecular vibrational signatures, but trace biomolecular absorption is too weak to be reliably resolved in free-space measurements. To address this limitation, we propose a four-degree-of-freedom geometrically encoded THz metasurface for broadband multichannel fingerprint sensing. The [...] Read more.

Terahertz (THz) fingerprint spectroscopy enables label-free identification of molecular vibrational signatures, but trace biomolecular absorption is too weak to be reliably resolved in free-space measurements. To address this limitation, we propose a four-degree-of-freedom geometrically encoded THz metasurface for broadband multichannel fingerprint sensing. The substrate-free self-supporting aluminum structure incorporates four independently tunable geometric parameters: gap angle θ, outer ring radius R, scaling factor S, and ring width W. By regulating these parameters, multiple resonance-tuning pathways are established, enabling designable multiband spectral coverage over 0.6–1.4 THz and flexible matching with the fingerprint bands of L-hydroxyproline (L-HYP). Numerical simulations show that the metasurface achieves a refractive-index sensitivity of 512.66 GHz/RIU with a linear fitting coefficient of R² = 0.99708 and a mean Q factor of 4.72. For biomolecular fingerprint sensing, the encoded resonances overlap with the L-HYP absorption bands near 0.73 and 1.17 THz, producing AIT-like spectral modulation and envelope-derived attenuation enhancement. Compared with an unstructured analyte reference, the valid 0.73 THz readout gives enhancement factors of 5.76 and 7.09 for the R and S channels, respectively, while the four encoded channels provide enhancement factors of 3.53–4.45 at 1.17 THz. This design provides a compact strategy for broadband multichannel THz fingerprint enhancement, offering a promising route for monitoring collagen-metabolism-related biomarkers and advancing label-free biochemical sensing, fibrosis-related molecular screening, and integrated broadband THz detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)

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10 pages, 254 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hospital Readmissions in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: A Retrospective Study in Northeastern Brazil

by Raphael Omena Wanderley, Carmina Silva dos Santos, Karine Ferreira Agra, Francisco Pirauá Alves Gonçalves, Douglas Tenório Paes, Gabriel Borges de Brito, Gabriele Maria de Oliveira Lucena, Lucas de Carvalho Carriço, José Roberto da Silva Junior and Eduardo Jorge da Fonseca Lima

Diseases 2026, 14(9), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases14090308 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) remains an important cause of hospitalization and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. Understanding the factors associated with previous hospitalization may support more effective prevention and vaccination strategies. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of previous [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) remains an important cause of hospitalization and mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. Understanding the factors associated with previous hospitalization may support more effective prevention and vaccination strategies. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological profile of previous hospitalization among patients with SARS in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Methods: A quantitative, retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance System (SIVEP-Gripe), including 79,852 adult patients (≥18 years) notified with SARS in Pernambuco between 2021 and 2024. Sociodemographic, clinical, and vaccination-related variables were analyzed to identify factors associated with previous hospitalization. Results: The prevalence of previous hospital admission (readmission history) was 6.6%. Patients with previous hospitalization had a significantly higher median age compared to those without previous hospitalization (66 vs. 63 years; p < 0.001). The prevalence of previous hospitalization was higher among individuals with chronic comorbidities, particularly hematologic diseases (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.95; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.51–2.51; p < 0.001) and asthma (PR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.42–1.96; p < 0.001). Influenza vaccination was associated with a lower prevalence of previous SARS hospitalization (PR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.03–1.61; p = 0.023). In contrast, COVID-19 vaccination status showed no significant association with previous hospitalization. A history of previous SARS hospitalization was associated with a higher prevalence of death in subsequent hospitalizations (PR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.01–1.18; p = 0.022). Conclusions: Older adults and individuals with chronic comorbidities showed a higher prevalence of previous SARS hospitalization in Pernambuco. The findings show an association between influenza vaccination and a lower prevalence of previous SARS hospitalization and highlight the importance of post-discharge follow-up and epidemiological surveillance. Full article

18 pages, 255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Green Nudging in Platform-Mediated Sustainable Consumption: Ethical Boundaries and Governance Requirements

by Shan Jing

Sustainability 2026, 18(17), 8721; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18178721 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

As consumption becomes increasingly mediated by digital platforms, green nudging has emerged as an important tool for promoting sustainable consumption. Platform green nudging is characterised by datafication, interface design, algorithmisation, and commercial embedding. These features reshape the choice architecture of sustainable consumption and [...] Read more.

As consumption becomes increasingly mediated by digital platforms, green nudging has emerged as an important tool for promoting sustainable consumption. Platform green nudging is characterised by datafication, interface design, algorithmisation, and commercial embedding. These features reshape the choice architecture of sustainable consumption and may reduce the cognitive and behavioural costs associated with green choices. Yet they may also compress complex environmental practices into simple symbols, producing a green interface impression that exceeds what the available environmental evidence can support. This paper combines normative ethical analysis with an illustrative case analysis to examine the ethical boundaries of platform green nudging and to develop corresponding governance requirements. It argues that its ethical legitimacy should be assessed against welfare, transparency, and autonomy. Its goals should serve the environmental public good and consumers’ genuine interests; green information should be clear and substantiated; and consumers should retain room to understand, compare, reflect on, and refuse platform suggestions. Using Booking.com’s “Travel Sustainable” programme, the paper identifies transparency as the most clearly supported ethical risk, while welfare and autonomy concerns are treated primarily as structural risks requiring further empirical examination. It proposes evidentiary grounding, interface calibration, choice safeguards, and platform accountability to support credible green information, autonomous judgment, and long-term sustainable consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Sustainable Marketing and Digital Economy)

16 pages, 2066 KB

Open AccessArticle

Rhizosphere and Soil Depth Differentially Shape Microbial Community Composition and Assembly in Phragmites australis Salt-Marsh Soils

by Lei Wang, Junzhe Shi, Liwen Li, Kaipeng Jiang, Jingwei Lian, Dezong Sui, Sian Liu, Yingdan Yuan and Yingzhou Tang

Microorganisms 2026, 14(9), 1891; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms14091891 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a native dominant plant in many coastal wetlands. To determine how rhizosphere effects and soil depth shape microbial communities, we sampled the rhizosphere and three bulk-soil layers (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) in a monodominant common-reed [...] Read more.

Common reed (Phragmites australis) is a native dominant plant in many coastal wetlands. To determine how rhizosphere effects and soil depth shape microbial communities, we sampled the rhizosphere and three bulk-soil layers (0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm) in a monodominant common-reed stand in a coastal salt marsh. Soil physicochemical properties and bacterial and fungal α-diversity, community composition, and assembly processes were evaluated using one-way ANOVA, principal coordinates analysis (PCoA), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), neutral community models, and phylogenetic null models. Rhizosphere pH was lower than that of 0–15 cm bulk soil (mean 8.434 vs. 8.712) but remained alkaline; soil organic matter, total nitrogen, hydrolyzable nitrogen, and total phosphorus were greatest in the rhizosphere. Neither bacterial nor fungal richness or Shannon diversity differed significantly among compartments (p > 0.05); fungal Shannon means ranged from 2.083 to 3.077, with relatively higher Bacteroidota and lower Acidobacteriota abundance in the rhizosphere. Fungal composition did not differ significantly (pseudo-F = 0.609, R² = 0.102, p = 0.9112), although Mucoromycota and Rozellomycota were relatively more abundant in the rhizosphere. Phylogenetic null models indicated predominantly deterministic bacterial assembly, with 10% dispersal limitation in the 15–30 cm layer. Fungal assembly was predominantly stochastic in bulk soils, whereas the rhizosphere was an exception: heterogeneous selection accounted for 60% of pairwise comparisons and median βNTI exceeded +2. The Mantel test identified only the association between total phosphorus and bacterial diversity as significant (0.01 < p < 0.05). These results show that rhizosphere filtering strongly structured bacterial composition and imposed deterministic selection on rhizosphere fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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16 pages, 5045 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Sugar Beet: Mitochondrial Minisatellite and Chloroplast CAPS Markers and Field Phenotype Stability Study

by Raushan Yerzhebayeva, Assel Jenisbayeva, Alfiya Abekova, Natalia Kovalchuk, Sholpan Bastaubayeva, Aigul Amangeldiyeva and Laila Tabynbayeva

Life 2026, 16(9), 1413; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16091413 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a key cornerstone of hybrid breeding in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Reliable identification of cytoplasmic types and evaluation of their phenotypic stability are therefore important for the effective use of CMS in breeding programs. The aim [...] Read more.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a key cornerstone of hybrid breeding in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Reliable identification of cytoplasmic types and evaluation of their phenotypic stability are therefore important for the effective use of CMS in breeding programs. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize 30 sugar beet breeding lines of different origins using molecular and phenotypic approaches. Mitochondrial minisatellite markers TR1–TR3 and the CAPS marker in chloroplast region petG-psbE were employed, together with evaluation of phenotypes for anther morphology and pollen fertility over three years under the conditions of southeastern Kazakhstan. Based on the molecular analysis, most CMS breeding lines were classified as carriers of mitotype min04, the O-type control lines with mitotype min18, and alloplasmic breeding lines with min06, which indicated the presence of an alternative origin of CMS. Combined analysis of mitochondrial and chloroplast markers revealed cytoplasm heterogeneity in several accessions, confirming the need for individual molecular control during the maintenance of CMS breeding lines. The evaluation of phenotypes over three years demonstrated that anther dehiscence and pollen fertility varied significantly depending on hydrothermal conditions. Combining molecular study with multi-year evaluations of phenotypes enables reliable cytoplasm type identification, cryptic heterogeneity detection, and the selection of breeding lines with stable male sterility for breeding of sugar beet hybrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Breeding)

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20 pages, 5301 KB

Open AccessReview

Exogenous Application of Cellulose-Based Materials for Improved Plant Fitness

by Tatiana Komarova, Kamila Kamarova and Michael Taliansky

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(17), 7629; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27177629 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Exogenous application of bio-based nanomaterials provides a targeted strategy to modulate plant physiological and biochemical responses. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the foliar application of nanocellulose (NC), in particular, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), to enhance plant fitness. CNC-formed films [...] Read more.

Exogenous application of bio-based nanomaterials provides a targeted strategy to modulate plant physiological and biochemical responses. This review synthesizes recent advancements in the foliar application of nanocellulose (NC), in particular, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF), to enhance plant fitness. CNC-formed films provide physical and biochemical barriers that increase plant drought and cold stress tolerance. Topically applied CNC reduce non-stomatal transpiration and serve as insulators, allowing the flowering buds to successfully survive chilling, avoid freezing, and maintain cell membrane integrity. Simultaneously, CNC- and CNF-formed coatings are porous enough not to block the natural gas exchange essential for plants. CNC trigger internal antioxidant defense systems, upregulating reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes and modulating molecular signaling cascades. NC foliar treatment suppresses the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, interferes with their adhesion and plant tissue penetration, and prevents biofilm formation. Thus, topical NC application could be regarded as a multi-functional tool for precision crop management and protection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tolerance to Stress)

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15 pages, 1181 KB

Open AccessArticle

by Abdulkareem Algahtani, Jory Alluhaibi, Monaya Altamimi, Nada Almutairi, Manar Alrehaili, Dalia Alsahli, Bashair Alhummayani, Mohammed Asiri, Abdulhadi Alkulib, Sultan Alshoabi, Awadia Gareeballah, Awatif M. Omer, Moawia Gameraddin, Reem Elkady and Kinan Mokbel

Healthcare 2026, 14(17), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14172718 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background: Radiology and ultrasound technologists are exposed to sustained static postures, repetitive movements, equipment handling, and patient-positioning tasks that increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). During Ramadan, increased healthcare demand associated with Umrah may further increase occupational workload in Madinah. Objective: [...] Read more.

Background: Radiology and ultrasound technologists are exposed to sustained static postures, repetitive movements, equipment handling, and patient-positioning tasks that increase the risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). During Ramadan, increased healthcare demand associated with Umrah may further increase occupational workload in Madinah. Objective: To estimate the 7-day prevalence of WRMSDs and identify occupational factors associated with pain intensity among radiology and ultrasound technologists working during Ramadan in Madinah. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 237 radiology and ultrasound technologists working in Madinah during Ramadan 1447/2026. Participants were recruited using online convenience and snowball sampling through professional networks and social-media platforms. The survey included the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), a 0–10 Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), and demographic and occupational variables. Bivariate analyses and multivariable linear regression with robust standard errors were used to examine factors associated with pain intensity. Results: Overall, 89.5% of participants reported WRMSDs during the preceding 7 days. The lower back (56.5%) and neck (40.5%) were the most affected regions. Mean pain intensity was 5.55 ± 2.28. Higher pain intensity was associated, after adjustment for the variables included in the model, with older age, working as an ultrasound technologist, managing 11–20 or more than 30 patients per shift, and frequent night-shifts, with the strongest association observed among participants working at least three-night-shifts per week (B = 3.27, 95% CI 2.43–4.10). BMI, sex, years of experience and shift duration were not independently associated with pain intensity after adjustment. Conclusions: WRMSDs were highly prevalent among radiology and ultrasound technologists working during Ramadan in Madinah. Night-shift frequency and very high patient workload showed the largest occupational associations with pain intensity. These findings identify workload distribution and night-shift scheduling as potential areas for occupational health evaluation during periods of increased healthcare demand. Because of the cross-sectional design, the findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Healthcare Organizations, Systems, and Providers)

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11 pages, 682 KB

Open AccessReview

Fluorescence in Direct Dental Resin-Based Composites and Natural Teeth: A Narrative Review

by Thomas Corfield and Denice Higgins

Dent. J. 2026, 14(9), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/dj14090535 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Human teeth naturally fluoresce due primarily to organic components within dentine, contributing to their vitality and appearance under ultraviolet (UV) light. Contemporary resin composites increasingly incorporate fluorescent agents to reproduce this property and improve aesthetic integration with natural dentition. This narrative [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Human teeth naturally fluoresce due primarily to organic components within dentine, contributing to their vitality and appearance under ultraviolet (UV) light. Contemporary resin composites increasingly incorporate fluorescent agents to reproduce this property and improve aesthetic integration with natural dentition. This narrative review examines the fluorescence characteristics of natural teeth and direct resin composites, evaluates methods used to assess dental fluorescence, and identifies factors influencing fluorescence stability and biomimetic performance. Methods: Peer-reviewed studies published between 2004 and 2025 investigating fluorescence in human teeth and direct resin-based composites under UV, visible or infrared illumination were reviewed. Studies focused on indirect restorative materials, non-human specimens or caries detection alone were excluded. Results: Natural teeth generally exhibit fluorescence emission peaks between 410 and 500 nm, with dentine demonstrating greater fluorescence intensity than enamel. Composite resins commonly incorporate rare-earth oxide fluorophores and often display similar emission wavelengths (approximately 450–485 nm), although fluorescence intensity varies considerably among brands and shades. Material fluorescence is influenced by composition, aging and environmental exposure. Spectrofluorometry provides highly accurate quantitative assessment, whereas photographic and quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) methods offer greater clinical applicability. Despite advances in fluorescence mimicry, variability among contemporary materials generally continues to permit differentiation from natural tooth. Conclusions: Although substantial progress has been made in reproducing natural tooth fluorescence, significant variability and temporal instability remain among contemporary composite materials. Fluorescence-based methods therefore remain useful for restoration identification. However, continued improvements in biomimetic performance may reduce their future effectiveness. Greater standardisation of fluorescence assessment and investigation of alternative detection approaches are needed to support clinical and forensic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocompatible Materials in Restorative Dentistry: Innovations, Performance Optimization, and Clinical Translation)

22 pages, 4028 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hierarchical Whole-Body Control for Tendon-Cable-Driven Humanoids via Reference-Residual Policy and Offline-Learned Tendon Mapping

by Wencong Gan, Jiehui Chen, Qingdu Li, Haiming Mou and Jianwei Zhang

Biomimetics 2026, 11(9), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics11090607 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Tendon-cable transmission can reduce distal-limb inertia in full-size humanoids, but its elasticity, hysteresis, backlash, and multi-joint coupling introduce state-dependent joint-to-motor discrepancies. We present a hierarchical whole-body tracking framework for the 28-DoF Droid X3 that separates high-level motion learning from transmission compensation. A reference-residual [...] Read more.

Tendon-cable transmission can reduce distal-limb inertia in full-size humanoids, but its elasticity, hysteresis, backlash, and multi-joint coupling introduce state-dependent joint-to-motor discrepancies. We present a hierarchical whole-body tracking framework for the 28-DoF Droid X3 that separates high-level motion learning from transmission compensation. A reference-residual policy is trained in simulation by single-stage proximal policy optimization (PPO) using a unified robot-space motion representation, globally anchored tracking rewards, hierarchical hard-example sampling, and tendon-oriented domain randomization. In simulation checkpoint evaluation, more than 90% of 12,674 tested reference motions are completed. Independently, a state-conditioned mapper is trained offline through a differentiable motor–joint forward model identified from physical motor-excitation data and connected in series between the frozen policy and the low-level motor controller. Randomized repeated Mapping-OFF/ON trials are conducted on two nominally identical Droid X3 units. Within every robot–motion block, the frozen PPO checkpoint, reference trajectory, controller settings, safety bounds, and frozen mapper weights are held fixed; complete trials are the statistical units. OFF converts desired joint positions with the robot-specific fixed static calibration, whereas ON feeds the complete policy-level desired-joint vector and measured plant state to the frozen mapper, which directly outputs the complete motor-position command. Across the complete physical trials, the aggregate action-completion rate is 68% with Mapping OFF and 79% with Mapping ON, an increase of 11 percentage points. Representative walk, squat, and dance trajectories illustrate lower tracking errors under Mapping ON, while individual frames and selected temporal fragments are used only for visualization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bio-Inspired Robotics and Applications 2026)

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25 pages, 2880 KB

Open AccessArticle

Variable-Order Fuzzy Fractional PID Control in a Reduced Quadrotor Altitude Benchmark: Paired Monte Carlo Evaluation and Mechanism-Oriented Analysis

by Junpeng Liu

Mathematics 2026, 14(17), 3068; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14173068 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

This paper compares fixed-order (FO) and variable-order (VO) fuzzy fractional PID control in a reduced numerical benchmark for quadrotor altitude tracking. The study asks whether online order scheduling changes paired performance when the fuzzy gain structure, gain channels, fractional approximation, plant, reference, random [...] Read more.

This paper compares fixed-order (FO) and variable-order (VO) fuzzy fractional PID control in a reduced numerical benchmark for quadrotor altitude tracking. The study asks whether online order scheduling changes paired performance when the fuzzy gain structure, gain channels, fractional approximation, plant, reference, random realizations, and evaluation protocol are fixed. The benchmark comprises vertical double-integrator dynamics, a first-order actuator lag, and asymmetric clipping of an equivalent net-thrust command; it is not full-vehicle or hardware validation. Both controllers use the same two-input, five-output Sugeno structure. FO is optimized first, and VO then optimizes four scheduling parameters while retaining the FO gain channels. Evaluation uses a six-segment reference, a composite index, 100 pre-specified paired Monte Carlo seeds, paired effect estimates, two counterfactual order variants, and an existing stronger-disturbance test without retraining. At baseline, VO reduces mean J by 3.97%, ITAE by 7.06%, positive-upper-limit near-saturation exposure by 43.36%, and RMS input by 3.18% while increasing the total in-band ratio by 6.80%. Overshoot and robust settling time show no statistically supported improvement. The counterfactual results are more consistent with state-dependent variation than a fixed-order shift alone but do not form an additive causal decomposition. Within this benchmark, the results support a measurable role for online order scheduling but do not establish full-vehicle or hardware performance. Full article

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12 pages, 2559 KB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Indirect Decompression by Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Ligamentotaxis in Minimally Invasive Oblique Lateral Interbody Fusion (MIS-OLIF) Without Posterior Decompression for Degenerative Lumbar Disease

by Jung-Woo Hur, Dong Hun Kim, Seonyong Yun and Jae Taek Hong

J. Clin. Med. 2026, 15(17), 6572; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15176572 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Indirect decompression through restoration of disc and foraminal height with a large lateral interbody cage has been advocated for selected patients, but its efficacy in a large series remains unproven. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the clinical and radiographic results of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Indirect decompression through restoration of disc and foraminal height with a large lateral interbody cage has been advocated for selected patients, but its efficacy in a large series remains unproven. In this retrospective study, we evaluated the clinical and radiographic results of indirect decompression achieved by posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) ligamentotaxis in minimally invasive oblique lateral interbody fusion (MIS-OLIF) performed without posterior decompression. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 236 consecutive patients treated for single- or two-level degenerative lumbar disease (November 2019–May 2025); clinical follow-up of at least 24 months was available in 181 patients. Visual analogue scale (VAS) scores and radiographic parameters—disc height, foraminal height, foraminal area, spinal canal diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the thecal sac—were compared before and after surgery, and extension ratios were correlated with preoperative values. Results: Clinical scores improved significantly. All radiographic parameters increased substantially: disc height +49.1%, foraminal height +33.7%, foraminal area +44.5%, canal diameter +37.4% and CSA +36.2%. Extension ratios were inversely correlated with preoperative values. Six patients (2.5%) required additional posterior decompression. The slippage subgroup showed greater radiographic gains than the stenosis subgroup. Conclusions: MIS-OLIF without posterior decompression significantly enlarged the foramen and spinal canal; reduction in disc bulging and PLL ligamentotaxis may contribute to this effect, with greater improvement in more severely degenerated, overtly slipped segments. Careful patient selection remains essential, and prospective comparative studies with longer follow-up are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Lumbar Spinal Surgery: Techniques, Outcomes, and Future Directions)

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24 pages, 3666 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Safety Profile of Thread-Embedding Acupuncture: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Jinyeong Hong, Woo-Hyeon Noh, Jin-woo Suh, Yeonju Woo, Felipe Fregni and Joo-Hee Kim

Biomedicines 2026, 14(9), 1901; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines14091901 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Thread-embedding acupuncture (TEA) involves the implantation of suture threads into therapeutic points for sustained stimulation; however, its safety evidence remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated adverse events (AEs) associated with TEA to establish its safety profile. Methods: Ten [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Thread-embedding acupuncture (TEA) involves the implantation of suture threads into therapeutic points for sustained stimulation; however, its safety evidence remains limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated adverse events (AEs) associated with TEA to establish its safety profile. Methods: Ten databases were searched up to April 5, 2026 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of TEA. Reported AEs were standardized using MedDRA terminology, WHO-UMC causality criteria, and CTCAE version 5.0. Pooled incidence proportions were estimated using generalized linear mixed models, and risk ratios (RRs) were pooled using random-effects models with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Of the 90 RCTs included, most were conducted in China (81, 90.0%). For TEA monotherapy, pooled AE incidence proportion was 3% (95% CI: 2–7%; I² = 53.7%). Local AEs were most common (111, 5.9%), followed by systemic (5, 0.3%) and other AEs (2, 0.1%). Among 118 participants with AEs, most were classified as Grade 1 (95, 80.5%), with Grade 2 (8, 6.8%) and unassessable cases (15, 12.7%). In comparative analyses, TEA showed no significant increase in AE risk versus sham TEA (RR: 1.15, 95% CI: 0.83–1.60), acupuncture (RR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.64–1.49), or conventional medicine (RR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.18–0.45). Only one serious TEA-related AE was reported among 1697 participants (0.06%); the withdrawal rate due to TEA-related AEs was 0.36% (9/2524). Conclusions: TEA demonstrated a favorable safety profile when used alone or as an add-on therapy, with most AEs mild and transient. However, inconsistencies in AE definitions and reporting highlight the need for standardized terminology and more rigorous safety evaluation in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Translational Medicine)

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12 pages, 1525 KB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Surgical Evaluation in Stress Urinary Incontinence by Transperineal Ultrasound and Quality of Life Questionnaire—A Retrospective Study

by Melinda Ildiko Mitranovici, Laura Georgiana Caravia, Ion Petre, Septimiu Voidazan, Daniela Ceana, Raluca Moraru and Liviu Moraru

Diagnostics 2026, 16(17), 2722; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics16172722 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Urinary incontinence, the involuntary leakage of urine, significantly impacts middle-aged women. Background/Objective: In response to the failure of traditional diagnostic methods, transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) imaging was developed. The aim of our study was to identify the utility of TPUS in combination with [...] Read more.

Urinary incontinence, the involuntary leakage of urine, significantly impacts middle-aged women. Background/Objective: In response to the failure of traditional diagnostic methods, transperineal ultrasound (TPUS) imaging was developed. The aim of our study was to identify the utility of TPUS in combination with a quality-of-life questionnaire in stress urinary incontinence evaluation and its reflection in clinical outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between 18 March 2022 and 31 December 2024 in the County Hospital Hunedoara, Romania, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology. It included 58 patients who underwent surgery for stress urinary incontinence and a control group consisting of 50 patients without SUI. Quality of life scores were recorded preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively, and ultrasound examination was performed. Four variables (Q-type test, the expansion of the funnel shape of the proximal urethra, Doppler assessment, and bladder neck descent) were measured, and their preoperative and postoperative values were compared in the study and control groups. Results: Significant statistical differences were observed in the variables measured through TPUS before and after surgery in the study group (p = 0.0001). These characteristics were significantly different in the study group compared with control group (p = 0.0001). All women in the study group reported a severe impact on their quality of life compared with the control women (10% reported a moderate level) (p = 0.000). Additionally, quality of life was significantly improved in the study group after surgery (p = 0.0001). Conclusions: Transperineal ultrasound is a noninvasive, cost-effective, and highly reliable imaging technique used to assess SUI. Questionnaires are also useful in evaluating patients’ quality of life and satisfaction after surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Imaging Methods in Obstetrics and Gynecology)

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29 pages, 4367 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aircraft Takeoff Mass Estimation Method Based on Historical Flight Parameters in the Stable Climb Segments

by Xiangling Zhao, Haorun Qi, Shengqi He, Runping Gu and Bo Han

Mathematics 2026, 14(17), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/math14173067 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Aircraft mass is a fundamental input for aircraft performance calculations, and estimation errors may degrade trajectory-prediction accuracy and affect operational safety. To improve the reliability of aircraft mass estimation, this study proposes a takeoff mass estimation method based on flight parameters from stable [...] Read more.

Aircraft mass is a fundamental input for aircraft performance calculations, and estimation errors may degrade trajectory-prediction accuracy and affect operational safety. To improve the reliability of aircraft mass estimation, this study proposes a takeoff mass estimation method based on flight parameters from stable climb segments. First, the phase characteristics of Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data are analyzed, and a sliding-window-based screening method is developed to identify stable climb segments. A takeoff mass estimation model is then established using the Total Energy Model (TEM), and an improved differential evolution algorithm is designed to solve the resulting nonlinear optimization problem through iterative search. Validation using historical A320 flight data shows that the proposed method produces takeoff mass estimates with relatively small discrepancies from the QAR-recorded reference values. Batch experiments involving A320 and B737 flights further show that the DE algorithm achieves absolute percentage errors of 1.64% and 2.60%, respectively. These results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method to the two aircraft types considered in this study and indicate its potential to support aircraft performance monitoring and trajectory prediction. Full article

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11 pages, 253 KB

Open AccessArticle

Meeting Multiple Needs in Familiar Spaces: Rural Men’s Engagement for Better Health

by Latitia Kernaghan, Elyce Green, Brent Smith, Rebecca Barry, Kathryn Castelletto and Natalie Ellis

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(9), 1105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23091105 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Rural men in Australia experience poorer health outcomes compared to their urban counterparts, often due to barriers such as limited access to services, cultural norms around masculinity, and geographic isolation. This study explored the motivations underlying rural men’s participation in a student-led health [...] Read more.

Rural men in Australia experience poorer health outcomes compared to their urban counterparts, often due to barriers such as limited access to services, cultural norms around masculinity, and geographic isolation. This study explored the motivations underlying rural men’s participation in a student-led health promotion activity conducted by first-year paramedicine students at a large agricultural event. Using semi-structured verbal surveys with 60 participants, qualitative data were collected and analysed through an inductive content analysis approach. Three key themes were created to represent the reasons men engaged in the activity and the impact it had: factors that encouraged engagement and built trust, meeting multiple needs, and giving to student learning for the future. Participants were drawn to the activity by a welcoming environment, peer encouragement, and the consistent presence of health promotion at the event. Health promotion provided an opportunity for men to access basic health assessments, reflect on their wellbeing, and engage in conversations about physical and mental health in a supportive setting. Many participants also expressed a strong motivation to contribute to student learning, particularly through experiential interactions that allowed students to develop technical and interpersonal skills. The findings highlight the value of embedding health promotion activities in familiar, community-based settings and demonstrate the multitude of benefits for rural men. This research contributes to the growing evidence supporting innovative, community-engaged models of work-integrated learning that address health disparities while enhancing student education and rural workforce development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Closing the Health Gap for Rural and Remote Communities)

14 pages, 6162 KB

Open AccessArticle

Flow-Cytometric Analysis of Nuclear DNA Content in Vanilla Germplasm and Interspecific Hybrids: Implications for Breeding and Conservation

by Rachel Stone, Sisi Chen, Pamela Moon, Jianjun Chen and Xingbo Wu

Horticulturae 2026, 12(9), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae12091066 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Vanilla planifolia, the principal source of natural vanilla flavor, is an economically important aromatic and medicinal crop. Its genetic improvement is constrained by a narrow cultivated genetic base, extensive clonal propagation, the long juvenile period before plants reach reproductive maturity, and limited [...] Read more.

Vanilla planifolia, the principal source of natural vanilla flavor, is an economically important aromatic and medicinal crop. Its genetic improvement is constrained by a narrow cultivated genetic base, extensive clonal propagation, the long juvenile period before plants reach reproductive maturity, and limited cytogenetic information for wild relatives and interspecific hybrids. This study estimated 2C nuclear DNA content in 91 Vanilla accessions maintained at the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education Center, including 56 V. planifolia accessions, 21 accessions representing nine additional taxa, and 14 recorded interspecific hybrids. Young apical node tissue was co-chopped with Oryza sativa ssp. japonica ‘Nipponbare’ (2C = 0.795 pg), stained with propidium iodide, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Vanilla planifolia ranged from 3.32 to 4.13 pg 2C (3.25–4.04 Gbp equivalents), with a mean of 3.78 pg 2C (3.52 Gbp). Among the other taxa, V. phaeantha averaged 3.60 pg 2C (3.52 Gbp), whereas V. barbellata averaged 6.30 pg 2C (6.16 Gbp). The eight V. pompona accessions ranged from 5.74 to 6.19 pg 2C (5.61–6.05 Gpb). Recorded interspecific hybrids ranged from 3.57 to 7.36 pg 2C (3.49–7.20 Gbp). Several hybrid-designated accessions fell outside simple expectations based on the observed parental-species ranges, but flow cytometry alone cannot distinguish ploidy, aneuploidy, parentage, or peak-assignment effects associated with endoreplication. These data provide a comparative baseline for germplasm curation and identify accessions that warrant chromosome counting, molecular identification, parentage verification, and reproductive evaluation before breeding interpretation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Breeding, Cultivation and Metabolic Regulation of Medicinal Plants—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 244 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a Multi-Carbohydrase Enzyme Complex and Direct-Fed Microbial Supplementation to Energy-Reduced Diets on Broiler Performance and Carcass Traits

by Emily J. Jiral, Jessica Rocha, Hector Leyva-Jimenez, Carlos Soto, Brian Dirks and Gregory S. Archer

Poultry 2026, 5(5), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/poultry5050059 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of supplementing a combination of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme complex and a direct-fed microbial on the performance and welfare of broilers fed an energy-reduced diet. A complete randomized design was used comprising seven dietary treatments: (1) positive control (PC), [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effect of supplementing a combination of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme complex and a direct-fed microbial on the performance and welfare of broilers fed an energy-reduced diet. A complete randomized design was used comprising seven dietary treatments: (1) positive control (PC), which was a standard broiler diet; (2) negative control (NC) with no DFMs and a −132 kcal/kg energy reduction from the PC; (3) NC + Enspira+^® at 125 ppm (ENS); (4) NC + Enspira+^® at 125 ppm + DFMs (Amnil^®) at 300 ppm (AE-1); (5) NC + Enspira+® at 125 ppm + DFMs at 400 ppm (AE-2); (6) E NC + Enspira+^® at 125 ppm + DFMs at 500 ppm (AE-3); and (7) AE-2 + DFMs (Novela^®) at 125 ppm for the starter then AE-1 + DFMs (Novela^®) at 125 ppm for the remaining phases (AENO). Each treatment consisted of 10 pens with 25 male Cobb broilers per pen, and the birds were raised for 35 days. Body weight (BW) and feed consumption (FC) of birds from 0–35 d of age were measured for each pen, and the mortality-corrected feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight-corrected FCR (WTC FCR) were calculated. On day 36, five birds/pen were processed, and the carcass, breast, and leg quarter weights and yields were determined. No differences were observed between the treatments in FC, BW, mortality, starter- or finisher-phase FCR, or d 0–35 FCR and WTC FCR (p > 0.05). However, during the grower phase, the PC had a better FCR than the NC and AE-3, while AE-1 and AE-2 were similar to the PC. D 28 FCR was also lowest in the PC and AE-2 compared to the NC, with the remaining treatments being intermediate. The NC had lower carcass, breast, and leg quarter weights than all other treatments (p < 0.05). The PC and AE-1 had greater carcass yields than the NC (p < 0.05), and the remaining treatments were intermediate. No differences between treatments were observed in the breast or leg quarter yields (p > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing an energy-reduced diet with DFMs and enzyme prevented the reductions in carcass, breast, and leg quarter weights observed with the NC, and inclusion of DFMs at 400 ppm additionally maintained the FCR through d 28. These results indicate that the enzyme and DFMs at an inclusion level of 400 ppm can improve live performance in the grower phase and processing yield in broilers fed an energy-reduced diet. Full article

26 pages, 2429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Molecular Generation for Lung Cancer Therapeutics

by Mohavia Ben Amid Sinon and Uche A. K. Chude-Okonkwo

Drugs Drug Candidates 2026, 5(3), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ddc5030048 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

Background: The leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally is lung cancer, and the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a promising therapeutic target due to its role in the disease progression. Methods: A deep learning-based molecular generation framework that integrates a fragment-based drug [...] Read more.

Background: The leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally is lung cancer, and the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a promising therapeutic target due to its role in the disease progression. Methods: A deep learning-based molecular generation framework that integrates a fragment-based drug method with Relational Graph Convolutional Networks (RGCNs) and a Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network (WGAN) was employed. Known P2X7R targeting drugs were fragmented to construct a fragment library, which was used to generate new candidate molecules. The generated molecules from the model were evaluated for chemical validity, novelty, Lipinski’s Rule of Five compliance, quantitative estimate of drug-likeness (QED), lipophilicity (LogP), similarity using the Tanimoto coefficient, and binding affinity through molecular docking. Results: The model generated 4498 chemically valid molecules, including 968 unique and 384 novel molecules. Approximately 97% satisfied standard drug-likeness criteria, with QED values predominantly above 0.6 and LogP values within acceptable pharmacokinetic ranges. The novel molecules demonstrated an improved docking score against P2X7R compared to the seed molecules. Conclusions: Despite training on 5000 SMILES due to limited computational resources, the model achieved high validity, strong molecular diversity, and drug-like physicochemical properties, demonstrating the feasibility of a scalable, target-specific AI pipeline for lung cancer drug discovery using fragment-based molecular generation, RGCN and WGAN. Nevertheless, the biological activity of the generated molecules remains experimentally unvalidated, and the findings are based solely on computational analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section In Silico Approaches in Drug Discovery)

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7 pages, 1262 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Cloud–Edge Intelligence for the Industrial Internet of Things: Security, Digital Twins, and Resource-Aware Computing

by Muhammad Kazim, Stefan Kuhn and Mujeeb Ur Rehman

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2026, 10(9), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc10090286 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is reshaping the relationship between physical industrial processes and digital computing infrastructures [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Cloud Computing in Industrial Internet of Things)

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22 pages, 1040 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Reviewing Key Challenges of Collaborative Governance Dynamics in Subnational REDD+ Implementation Across the Global South Through the Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance

by Misharch Kwadwo Osei and Jewel Andoh

Land 2026, 15(9), 1560; https://doi.org/10.3390/land15091560 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

The international policy framework for “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, plus the conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks” (REDD+) is a vital United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mechanism designed to assist Global South [...] Read more.

The international policy framework for “Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, plus the conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks” (REDD+) is a vital United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mechanism designed to assist Global South nations in reaching their climate goals under the Paris Agreement. Implementable at the project, subnational, and national levels, REDD+ has placed an increasing emphasis on subnational program implementation in recent years, exemplified by a growing focus on jurisdictional and integrated landscape strategies. These comprehensive approaches balance diverse land uses and address the complex causes of deforestation through economic incentives and multi-level, cross-sector planning at the state, provincial, or district levels. Ultimately, successful implementation depends on collaboration, active stakeholder engagement, resources, mutual trust, and adequate institutional capacity to manage conflicting local interests. However, weak forestland-use governance in many countries of the Global South often results in inefficient collaborative dynamics that hinder stakeholder cooperation. Despite this, the specific collaborative challenges hindering stakeholder collaboration in subnational REDD+ implementation remain insufficiently understood. To address this gap, this study conducts a literature review to systematically synthesize evidence on subnational REDD+ implementation, using the Integrative Framework for Collaborative Governance (IFCG) to identify key knowledge gaps and challenges. Following established methodological guidance, six databases were searched, Scopus (824), Web of Science (1347), PubMed (84), ResearchGate (557), Google Scholar (571), and Research Rabbit (191), yielding 43 articles on subnational REDD+ implementation for inclusion in the synthesis. The findings identify four main challenges: (i) system context-related challenges, (ii) burdensome global requirements, (iii) resource constraints, and (iv) challenges inherent in the institutional design of collaborative arrangements. While the IFCG proves analytically useful, the complexity and evolving nature of subnational REDD+ programs complicate its application, revealing areas for theoretical refinement. By critically examining the IFCG’s utility, this study advances collaborative governance theory and offers empirical insights into the conditions necessary for effective stakeholder collaboration in subnational REDD+ implementation across the Global South. Full article

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22 pages, 5150 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interfacial Charge-Transfer Engineering in Rare-Earth-Modified ZnO/Nanoporous Cu Heterostructures for Simulated-Solar-Light Methyl Orange Degradation

by Hangning Wang, Rifath Bin Hossain, Yanling Yang and Fengxiang Qin

Inorganics 2026, 14(9), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics14090227 (registering DOI) - 26 Aug 2026

Abstract

The development of simulated-solar-light photocatalysts for methyl orange (MO) removal is limited by insufficient light utilization, rapid photogenerated charge recombination, and restricted interfacial reaction sites. Here, vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on a conductive nanoporous Cu (NPCu) scaffold were modified with low-abundance RE-containing surface [...] Read more.

The development of simulated-solar-light photocatalysts for methyl orange (MO) removal is limited by insufficient light utilization, rapid photogenerated charge recombination, and restricted interfacial reaction sites. Here, vertically aligned ZnO nanorods on a conductive nanoporous Cu (NPCu) scaffold were modified with low-abundance RE-containing surface species (RE = Ce, Sm, Er, Tm, and Yb). The notation RE(OH)₃@ZnO/NPCu is retained solely as an operational sample identifier and does not constitute a crystallographic or stoichiometric phase assignment. XRD resolves the ZnO/NPCu framework, EDS confirms the local presence of RE, and XPS identifies RE-dependent oxidation state and surface oxygen environments; collectively, these measurements do not uniquely establish RE(OH)₃ or distinguish hydroxide from oxide, oxyhydroxide, and other hydroxylated/adsorbed surface configurations. The distinguishing feature is a controlled five-RE comparison on one common ZnO/NPCu architecture, together with separate evaluation of NPCu under H₂O₂-free and H₂O₂-assisted conditions. Across three independent H₂O₂-free runs, the Er-modified sample achieved 96.61 ± 0.30% MO degradation within 9 min with k_obs = 0.3930 ± 0.0071 min⁻¹. Dosage screening identified 20 μL of 40 wt% H₂O₂ in 20 mL MO solution (approximately 13.5 mM) as a practical plateau dosage. Photolysis, dark, NPCu/H₂O₂, and catalyst-removal controls support an additional solid-catalyst-dependent Cu-associated peroxide contribution while not excluding trace homogeneous reactions. Three independent cycling experiments and post-cycle SEM/XRD/EDS support operational durability, although quantitative metal leaching was not measured. Tauc, Mott–Schottky, EIS, temperature-dependent kinetic, and scavenger results are interpreted as comparative descriptors or indirect evidence rather than direct proof of intrinsic band gaps, atom-specific carrier densities, or a unique microscopic mechanism. The AI-assisted component is restricted to exploratory contextualization because reference-grouped validation shows poor out-of-reference generalization. The conclusions are confined to the tested MO system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials)

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