Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Fabrication of Tapered Optical Fibres
2. Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors
2.1. Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy
2.2. Radiation Losses and Scattering
2.3. Modal Interferometry
2.4. Gratings in Tapered Optical Fibres
2.5. Surface Plasmon Resonance
3. Applications of Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors
3.1. Refractometry—Single Taper Devices
3.2. Grating Assisted Taper Devices
3.3. Refractometry—Multi-Taper Devices
3.4. Bio-Chemical Sensors
3.4.1. Evanescent Wave Spectroscopy
3.4.2. Fluorescent Sensors
3.4.3. Particle Detection
3.5. Coated Tapered Devices
3.5.1. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)
3.5.2. Functional Coatings
3.6. Physical Sensors
3.6.1. Strain, Stress and Pressure
3.6.2. Temperature
3.6.3. Simultaneous Measurements of Two or More Parameters
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of the Sensor | Taper Geometry | Sensitivity/RIU Resolution RIU | RI Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Single taper devices | Waist 60 μm | 10−4 RIU | 1.36–1.46 | [43] |
Waist 7 μm | 8.2 × 10−6 | 1.3330–1.3447 | [61] | |
Mie scattering (silica nanoparticles) | Waist 2.8 μm | 1.8 × 10−5 RIU | 1.32–1.46 | [63] |
LPG | Waist 34 μm LPG 400 μm | 1 × 10−4 RIU | 1.30–1.34 | [65] |
Waist 20 μm LPG ca. 400 μm | 650 nm/RIU | 1.00–1.36 | [57] | |
Waist 120 μm LPG 380 μm 6 periods | 372 nm/RIU | 1.33–1.46 | [55] | |
Waist 55 μm Length 3 mm | 490.9 nm/RIU | 1.3642–1.4015 | [75] | |
MZI | Waist 25 μm LPG 300 μm | 8.5 × 10−5 | 1.330–1.335 | [64] |
Waist 63.75 μm LPG 414 μm | 5.8 × 10−6 RIU | 1.332–1.362 | [67] | |
Waist 54.6 μm LPG 564 μm | 2066 nm/RIU | 1.407–1.421 | [30] | |
Bi-taper length and waist 165 and 278 μm LPG period 550 μm and length 30 mm | −108.16 nm/RI | 1.338–1.363 | [92] | |
Waist 66.5 μm Length 309 μm | 7041.21 nm/RIU | 1.4406–1.4458 | [91] | |
FBG | Waist 30 μm | 2.5−5 × 10−5 | 1.450–1.456 | [68] |
- | 1.63 ± 0.0 × 105 3.05 ± 0.01 × 105 dB/RIU | - | [70] | |
6–8 μm | 876–1233 nm/RIU | 1.3380–1.3510 | [76] | |
Waist 90 μm LPG 500 μm | 226.6 nm/RIU | 1.33–1.38 | [77] | |
UFBT 167 μm DSB 82 μm | 86.565 nm/cm/RIU | 1.3332–1.4140 | [21] | |
Waist 40 μm | 10−4 RIU | 1.315–1.3618 | [46,79] | |
Photonic crystals | Waist 71.7 μm | 1529 nm/RIU | 1.3355–1.413 | [80] |
Waist 30 μm | 1600 nm/RIU | 1.3333–1.3577 | [81] | |
Waist 2 μm | 190 nm/RIU | 1.000–1.009 | [85] | |
Waist 60 μm | 8.5 × 10−5 | 1.34–1.44 | [82] | |
Waist 70 μm | 1426.70 nm/RIU | 1.3917–1.4204 | [83] | |
Length 440 μm Waist 284 μm | 281.6 nm/RIU | 1.3333–1.3737 | [84] | |
SPR | Waist 48 μm | 3.2 × 10−5 RIU | 1.33–1.40 | [93] |
- | 2 × 103 nm/RIU | 1.335–1.380 | [94] | |
Waist 300 μm | 15 × 103 nm/RIU | - | [95] | |
Multi-taper devices | Waist 52 μm Length 552 μm | 261.9 nm/RIU | 1.3333–1.3737 | [73] |
Waist 76.5 μm and 13.2 μm | 4000 nm/RIU | around 1.45 | [39] | |
Waist 17 μm Length 3 mm | 500.6 nm/RIU | 1.333–1.411 | [74] | |
Bending at 45° and 90° | Waist 40 to 50 μm | 126.15 nm/RIU at 90o | 1.333–1.359 | [90] |
Fibre Loop Ring Down Technology | Waist 28.2 μm Length 728 μm | −388.581 μs/RIU | 1.3333–1.3737 | [87] |
Sagnac loop | Waist 18, 13 and 9 μm Length: 16, 17 and 18 mm | 3617 nm/RIU | 1.33–1.41 | [88] |
Michelson interferometer | Length 20cm | 1.35 × 104/RIU | 1.3330–13470 | [71] |
Waist 165–185 μm Bi-taper length is 375–490 μm Device length 20 mm | −178.424 dB/RIU | 1.351–1.4027 | [78] |
Analyte | Taper Geometry/Waist Diameter | Sensitivity Limit of Detection | Coating Material | Response/Recovery Times | Dynamic Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammonia gas | detection limit of 10 ppm | bromocresol purple | Response time 5 min Recovery time 20 min | 10–1000 ppm | [107] | |
LoD 15 ppm | Oxazine 170 | - | 0–3000 ppm | [108] | ||
Waist 10 μm | LoD 2 ppm | Porphyrin TSPP | Response 100 s recovery 240 s | 10–100 ppm | [110] | |
Waist 41 μm | 0.05%/Torr | ferrocenylenesilylene polymer, [(’5-C5H4)Fe(’5-C5H4)MePhSi]m | ca. 5 min | 6–350 Torr | [114] | |
Waist 17 and 40 μm Length 4.5 mm | LoD 0.1 ppm | Porphyrin TMPyP incorporated into TiO2 | Response 30 s | 0.1–10,000 ppm | [111] | |
pH | Waist 35 μm | - | porphyrin | - | 0.6–3.8 | [113] |
5 μm 37.4 μm | ΔpH = 5 × 10−2 ΔpH = 4 × 10−2 | quinolinium dye | 0.5 s | 2–10 | [8] | |
30 μm | 0.05 units of pH | poly (allylamine hydrochloride) and poly(acrylic acid) | 60 s | 4.0–6.0 | [119] | |
4 μm 60 μm | - | 2’,7’-Bis(2-carbonylethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein | - | 5.0–7.0 | [131] | |
CO2 | Waist 41 μm | 0.06%/Torr | ferrocenylenesilylene polymer, [(’5-C5H4)Fe(’5-C5H4)MePhSi]m | ca. 5 min | 6–350 Torr | [114] |
RH | Poly(Diallylmethilammonium chloride) (PDDA) and the polymeric Dye R-478 (Poly-R) | [115,116,117,118] | ||||
Waist 50.2 μm | 1.994 μW/% RH | polyvinyl alcohol | ca. 2 s | 30–95% RH | [120] | |
Waist 150 μm | 0.223 nm/% RH | polyvinyl alcohol (5 μm) | - | 35% to 85% | [121] | |
Waist 74 μm Length 468 μm | 1.1718 nm/% RH and 0.441 dB/% RH | SiO2 NPs (7 μm) | - | 83.8% RH to 95.2% RH | [122] | |
Waist 95 μm Length: 1 mm | 0.020 nm/% RH | ZnO | - | 35–60% RH | [123] | |
acetone | 19 μm | 0.04 dBm/mm Hg | [Au(PPh2C(CSSAuC6F5)PPh2Me)2][ClO4] vapochromic material | 32 min | 231–277 mm Hg | [124] |
dichloromethane | 19 μm | 0.03 dBm/mm Hg | [Au(PPh2C(CSSAuC6F5)PPh2Me)2][ClO4] vapochromic material | 31 min | 436 mm Hg | [124] |
H2 | 20 μm | 0.05 %/% H2 | Pd-coated | <100 s | 0–10.5% | [125,126] |
50 μm | 0.02 %/% H2 | Pd-coated | <100 s | 0–2% | [60] | |
36 μm | 0.01 625 mW/% H2 | Pd–Ag alloy | - | 0–4% | [127] | |
50 μm | 81.8 pm/% (v/v) H2 | Pd coating | - | 0–1% (v/v) H2 | [128] | |
5 μm | –1.9 nm/5% H2 | Pd coating | 10 s | 0–5% (v/v) H2 | [138] | |
Biosensor | 146 μm | 0.181 nM | Immunoglobulin on chitosan (CS)/polysodium styrene sulfonate (PSS)) | 100 s | 2–11 nM | [132] |
Uric acid | POF (waist 0.45 mm) | 0.0021 mV/ppm | Graphene in PVA | - | 0–500 ppm | [136] |
dopamine | Length 15–20 mm; waist 6–9 μm | LoD 37 nM | Dopamine-specific DNA aptamer | - | 0–1 μM | [134] |
Measurand | Taper Geometry | Sensitivity Limit of Detection | Dynamic Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Temperature | Waist 20 μm LPG ca. 400 μm | –0.24 nm/°C | 25–75 °C | [57] |
170 μm 280 μm | 0.070 nm/°C | 0–450 °C | [149] | |
- | 46.8 pm/°C | - | [157] | |
Waist 66.5 μm Length 309 μm | 9.8 pm/°C | 30∼100 °C | [91] | |
Waist 97 μm Length 491 μm | 49.52 pm/°C | 20–80 °C | [147] | |
Waist 42 μm Length 2.4 mm | 47.37 pm/°C | 20–80 °C | [164] | |
Waist 168 μm Length 245 μm | 57.5 pm/ °C | 25–70 °C | [158] | |
Waist 165 μm Length 340 μm, | 0.140 nm/°C | 30–800 °C | [152] | |
Stress | Taper angle 5o | 0.04 V/GPa | 0–0.5 GPa | [139] |
Waist 66.5 μm Length 309 μm | −6.26 nm/N | 0∼1 N | [91] | |
- | 1.2 pm/με | 1200 με | [141] | |
Strain | 40 μm | 2000 nm/ε | 100–900 με | [150] |
- | 14 pm/με | - | [157] | |
65 μm | –183.4 pm/με | - | [162] | |
Length 5 mm waist 35 μm | 22.68 pm/με | 0–400 με | [163] | |
Waist 168 μm Length 245 μm | 1.02 pm/με | 81.3–1626 με | [158] | |
Waist 161 μm | 0.026 dB/με | 0–590 με | [147] | |
Force | 4 μm | 1900 nm N−1 | 0–0.15 N | [140] |
Pressure | 115–120 μm | 5.1 pm/bar | 0–450 bar | [53] |
Angle | 50 μm Length 44 mm | 1° | 0°–90° | [144] |
Length 5 mm waist 35 μm | 185.10 pm/deg | 0°–10° | [163] | |
Length 1.37 mm waist 50 μm | −4.49 nm/° | 3°–6.66° | [145] |
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Korposh, S.; James, S.W.; Lee, S.-W.; Tatam, R.P. Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Sensors 2019, 19, 2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102294
Korposh S, James SW, Lee S-W, Tatam RP. Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives. Sensors. 2019; 19(10):2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102294
Chicago/Turabian StyleKorposh, Sergiy, Stephen W. James, Seung-Woo Lee, and Ralph P. Tatam. 2019. "Tapered Optical Fibre Sensors: Current Trends and Future Perspectives" Sensors 19, no. 10: 2294. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19102294