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Volume 21
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Communication

Automated ELISA On-Chip for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

by
Everardo González-González
1,2,
Ricardo Garcia-Ramirez
1,
Gladys Guadalupe Díaz-Armas
1,
Miguel Esparza
1,
Carlos Aguilar-Avelar
1,
Elda A. Flores-Contreras
3,
Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez
4,
Jesus Rolando Delgado-Balderas
1,
Brenda Soto-García
1,
Diana Aráiz-Hernández
1,
Marisol Abarca-Blanco
1,
José R. Yee-de León
1,
Liza P. Velarde-Calvillo
1,
Alejandro Abarca-Blanco
1,* and
Juan F. Yee-de León
1,*
1
Delee Corp., Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
2
Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, NL, Mexico
3
Departamento de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 64460, NL, Mexico
4
Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular y Estructural, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza 66455, NL, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2021, 21(20), 6785; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206785
Submission received: 10 August 2021 / Revised: 22 September 2021 / Accepted: 26 September 2021 / Published: 13 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection and Diagnosis of the New Coronavirus)
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has been the most critical public health issue in modern history due to its highly infectious and deathly potential, and the limited access to massive, low-cost, and reliable testing has significantly worsened the crisis. The recovery and the vaccination of millions of people against COVID-19 have made serological tests highly relevant to identify the presence and levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Due to its advantages, microfluidic-based technologies represent an attractive alternative to the conventional testing methodologies used for these purposes. In this work, we described the development of an automated ELISA on-chip capable of detecting anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum samples from COVID-19 patients and vaccinated individuals. The colorimetric reactions were analyzed with a microplate reader. No statistically significant differences were observed when comparing the results of our automated ELISA on-chip against the ones obtained from a traditional ELISA on a microplate. Moreover, we demonstrated that it is possible to carry out the analysis of the colorimetric reaction by performing basic image analysis of photos taken with a smartphone, which constitutes a useful alternative when lacking specialized equipment or a laboratory setting. Our automated ELISA on-chip has the potential to be used in a clinical setting and mitigates some of the burden caused by testing deficiencies.
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; spike protein; ELISA; antibodies; serology; on-chip; automated; microfluidics SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; spike protein; ELISA; antibodies; serology; on-chip; automated; microfluidics

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

González-González, E.; Garcia-Ramirez, R.; Díaz-Armas, G.G.; Esparza, M.; Aguilar-Avelar, C.; Flores-Contreras, E.A.; Rodríguez-Sánchez, I.P.; Delgado-Balderas, J.R.; Soto-García, B.; Aráiz-Hernández, D.; et al. Automated ELISA On-Chip for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Sensors 2021, 21, 6785. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206785

AMA Style

González-González E, Garcia-Ramirez R, Díaz-Armas GG, Esparza M, Aguilar-Avelar C, Flores-Contreras EA, Rodríguez-Sánchez IP, Delgado-Balderas JR, Soto-García B, Aráiz-Hernández D, et al. Automated ELISA On-Chip for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Sensors. 2021; 21(20):6785. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206785

Chicago/Turabian Style

González-González, Everardo, Ricardo Garcia-Ramirez, Gladys Guadalupe Díaz-Armas, Miguel Esparza, Carlos Aguilar-Avelar, Elda A. Flores-Contreras, Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sánchez, Jesus Rolando Delgado-Balderas, Brenda Soto-García, Diana Aráiz-Hernández, and et al. 2021. "Automated ELISA On-Chip for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies" Sensors 21, no. 20: 6785. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206785

APA Style

González-González, E., Garcia-Ramirez, R., Díaz-Armas, G. G., Esparza, M., Aguilar-Avelar, C., Flores-Contreras, E. A., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I. P., Delgado-Balderas, J. R., Soto-García, B., Aráiz-Hernández, D., Abarca-Blanco, M., Yee-de León, J. R., Velarde-Calvillo, L. P., Abarca-Blanco, A., & Yee-de León, J. F. (2021). Automated ELISA On-Chip for the Detection of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies. Sensors, 21(20), 6785. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21206785

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