Smart Watch Versus Classic Receivers: Static Validity of Three GPS Devices in Different Types of Built Environments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Devices
2.2.1. Holux RCV-3000
2.2.2. Qstarz BT-Q1000XT
2.2.3. Garmin Forerunner 35
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specification | Qstarz BT-Q1000XT | Holux RCV-3000 | Garmin Forerunner 35 |
---|---|---|---|
Price ($) | 100 | 60 | 200 |
Size (mm) | 72 × 47 × 20 | 63 × 41 × 17 | 36 × 41 × 13 |
Weight (g) | 65 | 53 | 37 |
Chipset | MTK II | MTK MT3329 | - |
Sensitivity (dBm) | −165 | −165 | - |
Number of channels | 66 | 66 | - |
Location accuracy [m (%)] | 3 (50) | 3 (95) | - |
Data storage (MB) | 8 | 4 | - |
Battery (mAh) | 1000 | 1050 | - |
Device Type | Site | Date | Start Time (GTM+1) | N (GPS Points) | Est. Mean Error | 95% CI | SD | Median |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Garmin | Historic center | 30/11/2018 | 11:27 | 7036 | 23.59 | [21.98, 25.20] | 9.21 | 22.10 |
Residential (family houses) | 04/12/2018 | 15:36 | 7372 | 3.56 | [1.95, 5.18] | 1.92 | 3.63 | |
Open space | 05/12/2018 | 14:40 | 7335 | 5.33 | [3.71, 6.94] | 1.36 | 5.10 | |
Residential (periphery) | 09/12/2018 | 12:38 | 7382 | 5.73 | [4.11, 7.34] | 2.01 | 6.05 | |
Housing estate | 09/12/2018 | 14:28 | 7386 | 11.59 | [9.98, 13.21] | 6.82 | 10.30 | |
Park | 10/12/2018 | 16:29 | 7174 | 23.63 | [22.02, 25.24] | 9.40 | 23.80 | |
Holux | Historic center | 30/11/2018 | 11:27 | 7366 | 31.44 | [29.82, 33.05] | 12.90 | 27.70 |
Residential (family houses) | 04/12/2018 | 15:36 | 7329 | 1.87 | [0.25, 3.48] | 1.09 | 1.55 | |
Open space | 05/12/2018 | 14:40 | 7390 | 3.36 | [1.75, 4.98] | 1.37 | 3.11 | |
Residential (periphery) | 09/12/2018 | 12:38 | 7339 | 4.99 | [3.38, 6.61] | 0.76 | 4.99 | |
Housing estate | 09/12/2018 | 14:28 | 7400 | 7.80 | [6.18, 9.41] | 5.47 | 5.83 | |
Park | 10/12/2018 | 16:29 | 7200 | 19.30 | [17.69, 20.92] | 9.59 | 18.40 | |
Qstarz | Historic center | 30/11/2018 | 11:27 | 7252 | 35.55 | [33.93, 37.16] | 13.5 | 34.00 |
Residential (family houses) | 04/12/2018 | 15:36 | 7348 | 3.00 | [1.38, 4.61] | 0.85 | 2.90 | |
Open space | 05/12/2018 | 14:40 | 7358 | 2.09 | [0.48, 3.71] | 0.83 | 2.12 | |
Residential (periphery) | 09/12/2018 | 12:38 | 7345 | 5.59 | [3.98, 7.21] | 1.19 | 5.68 | |
Housing estate | 09/12/2018 | 14:28 | 7345 | 12.42 | [10.81, 14.04] | 3.24 | 12.50 | |
Park | 10/12/2018 | 16:29 | 7186 | 22.75 | [21.13, 24.36] | 7.59 | 22.10 |
Site | Contrast | Mean Difference (m) | 95% CI | padj |
---|---|---|---|---|
Historic center | Garmin-Holux | −7.85 | [−11.29, −4.40] | 0.004 |
Garmin-Qstarz | −11.96 | [−15.40, −8.51] | 0.001 | |
Holux-Qstarz | −4.11 | [−7.56, −0.66] | 0.030 | |
Residential (family houses) | Garmin-Holux | 1.70 | [−1.75, 5.15] | 0.300 |
Garmin-Qstarz | 0.56 | [−2.89, 4.01] | 1.000 | |
Holux-Qstarz | −1.13 | [−4.58, 2.32] | 0.648 | |
Open space | Garmin-Holux | 1.96 | [−1.48, 5.41] | 0.216 |
Garmin-Qstarz | 3.24 | [−0.21, 6.68] | 0.060 | |
Holux-Qstarz | 1.27 | [−2.18, 4.72] | 0.533 | |
Residential (periphery) | Garmin-Holux | 0.73 | [−2.72, 4.18] | 1.000 |
Garmin-Qstarz | 0.13 | [−3.32, 3.58] | 1.000 | |
Holux-Qstarz | −0.60 | [−4.05, 2.85] | 1.000 | |
Housing estate | Garmin-Holux | 3.80 | [0.35, 7.25] | 0.038 |
Garmin-Qstarz | −0.83 | [−4.28, 2.62] | 1.000 | |
Holux-Qstarz | −4.63 | [−8.08, −1.18] | 0.022 | |
Park | Garmin-Holux | 4.33 | [0.88, 7.77] | 0.026 |
Garmin-Qstarz | 0.88 | [−2.57, 4.33] | 0.935 | |
Holux-Qstarz | −3.45 | [−6.89, 0.00] | 0.050 |
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Vorlíček, M.; Stewart, T.; Schipperijn, J.; Burian, J.; Rubín, L.; Dygrýn, J.; Mitáš, J.; Duncan, S. Smart Watch Versus Classic Receivers: Static Validity of Three GPS Devices in Different Types of Built Environments. Sensors 2021, 21, 7232. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217232
Vorlíček M, Stewart T, Schipperijn J, Burian J, Rubín L, Dygrýn J, Mitáš J, Duncan S. Smart Watch Versus Classic Receivers: Static Validity of Three GPS Devices in Different Types of Built Environments. Sensors. 2021; 21(21):7232. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217232
Chicago/Turabian StyleVorlíček, Michal, Tom Stewart, Jasper Schipperijn, Jaroslav Burian, Lukáš Rubín, Jan Dygrýn, Josef Mitáš, and Scott Duncan. 2021. "Smart Watch Versus Classic Receivers: Static Validity of Three GPS Devices in Different Types of Built Environments" Sensors 21, no. 21: 7232. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21217232