Hybrid Task Coordination Using Multi-Hop Communication in Volunteer Computing-Based VANETs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- We propose a hybrid task coordination model for job execution and surplus resource utilization. This model consists of the infrastructure and ad-hoc task coordination simultaneously.
- (2)
- We propose a method to identify the boundary relay vehicles to enhance the region of resource utilization without using additional RSUs.
- (3)
- We design and validate the primary and secondary task coordination algorithms.
2. Related Works
3. Hybrid Volunteer Computing Based VANET
4. Hybrid VCBV System Model
4.1. Network Model
4.1.1. Primary Job Initiator
4.1.2. Primary Task Coordinator
4.1.3. Volunteer Vehicles
4.1.4. Secondary Job Initiator
4.1.5. Secondary Task Coordinator
4.2. Communication Model
4.3. Task Model
4.4. Vehicle Computation Model
4.5. Cloud Computation Model
4.6. Edge Computation Model
4.7. System Utility Function
5. Avoiding Costs Paid to Third-Party Vendors
6. Proposed Offloading and Resource Allocation Model
6.1. Boundary Relay Vehicles Determination Algorithm
Algorithm I: Proposed BRVD algorithm for Hybrid VCBV |
6.2. Hybrid Based VCBV Task Coordination Algorithm
Algorithm II: Proposed HBVTC algorithm for Hybrid VCBV |
6.3. Secondary Task Coordination
Algorithm III: Proposed STC algorithm for Hybrid VCBV |
7. Performance Evaluations
- The Entire Local Computing (ELC) scheme, where all the jobs are executed on the vehicles locally. We take ELC as a benchmark for the decision to offload. Any offloading job expected to have makespan more than ELC will be rejected for the offloading procedure.
- The Entire Cloud Computing (ECC) scheme, where all the jobs are offloaded to cloud servers for execution. ECC is modelled using the eDors algorithm [19] which optimizes the consumed energy and latency using dynamic offloading and resource scheduling at the cloud.
- The Entire Edge Computing (EEC) scheme, where all the jobs are executed at edge servers. In VEC, these edge servers are placed at RSU and named as VEC servers. We use JSCO [31], a low complexity algorithm to model EEC.
- The RSU-based VCBV Computing (RVC) using the single-hop scheme, where all the jobs are executed using volunteers in the communication range of the RSU. This scheme uses infrastructure based VCBV where all the volunteer vehicles are lying in the communication range (one hop) of the RSU.
7.1. Simulation Setup
7.2. Performance Comparisons
7.2.1. Different Number of Tasks
7.2.2. Varied Task Size
7.2.3. Varied Computational Requirements
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Notation | Description |
---|---|
Set/number of volunteer vehicles | |
Distance of node from the boundary | |
Distance between vehicle and RSU | |
Data transmission rate for the wireless channel between V2V and V2R | |
Communication range of an RSU | |
A tuple representing the task allocated to vehicle | |
Identity of the task sent to vehicle | |
Output data size | |
Input size of the task allocated to vehicle | |
Required computational resources for computing task | |
The computational capability of the volunteer vehicle | |
The computational capability of the cloud | |
The computational capability of the edge | |
Time taken by a task to complete execution on an OBU | |
Makespan for job j | |
Average execution time for all m jobs | |
The total time taken for a task from transmission time to completion of task | |
Number of jobs for vehicle | |
The number of tasks a vehicle has for execution | |
Objective functions | |
Constants used for differentiation of available computation capabilities | |
Link expiration time | |
Vehicle | |
System utility function |
Notation | Description | Values |
---|---|---|
BF | Hello packet size | 20 B |
TA | Data packet size | 1000 B |
Input data size [47] | [400,1000] Kb | |
Output data size [47] | [50,200] Kb | |
Output data size for | [2,10] Kb | |
Vehicle computation capacity [47] | CPU cycles/s | |
Edge computation capacity [46] | CPU cycles/s | |
Cloud computation capacity [46] | CPU cycles/s | |
Backhaul link capacity [46] | [, ] bits/s | |
Communication Range of vehicles [48] | 150 m | |
Communication Range of RSU [48] | 200 m | |
Computation resource cost at cloud [30] | $0.015/GHz | |
Computation resource cost at edge [30] | $0.03/GHz | |
Task computational requirements [47] | 1500 CPU cycles per bit |
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Waheed, A.; Shah, M.A.; Khan, A.; Maple, C.; Ullah, I. Hybrid Task Coordination Using Multi-Hop Communication in Volunteer Computing-Based VANETs. Sensors 2021, 21, 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082718
Waheed A, Shah MA, Khan A, Maple C, Ullah I. Hybrid Task Coordination Using Multi-Hop Communication in Volunteer Computing-Based VANETs. Sensors. 2021; 21(8):2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082718
Chicago/Turabian StyleWaheed, Abdul, Munam Ali Shah, Abid Khan, Carsten Maple, and Ikram Ullah. 2021. "Hybrid Task Coordination Using Multi-Hop Communication in Volunteer Computing-Based VANETs" Sensors 21, no. 8: 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21082718