Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO3

Irfan, Muhammad; Khan, Yousuf; Rehman, Atiq Ur; Butt, Muhammad A.; Khonina, Svetlana N.; Kazanskiy, Nikolay L.

doi:10.3390/s22207790

Open AccessCommunication

Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃

by

Muhammad Irfan

¹,

Yousuf Khan

^1,*

,

Atiq Ur Rehman

¹

,

Muhammad A. Butt

²

,

Svetlana N. Khonina

^3,4

and

Nikolay L. Kazanskiy

^3,4

¹

Nanophotonics Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan

²

Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland

³

Department of Technical Cybernetics, Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia

⁴

IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Sensors 2022, 22(20), 7790; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207790

Submission received: 12 September 2022 / Revised: 27 September 2022 / Accepted: 11 October 2022 / Published: 14 October 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Optical Biosensing Technology)

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Abstract

A high-efficiency dual-purpose plasmonic perfect absorber sensor based on LiNbO₃ and graphene layers was investigated in this paper for the refractive index and thermal sensing. The sensor design was kept simple for easy fabrication, comprising a LiNbO₃ substrate with a quartz layer, thin layer of graphene, four gold nanorods, and a nanocavity in each unit cell. The nanocavity is located in the middle of the cell to facilitate the penetration of EM energy to the subsurface layers. The proposed sensor design achieved an output response of 99.9% reflection, which was easy to detect without having any specialized conditions for operability. The performance of the device was numerically investigated for the biomedical refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.40, yielding a sensitivity value of 981 nm/RIU with a figure-of-merit of 61.31 RIU⁻¹. By including an additional polydimethylsiloxane polymer functional layer on the top, the device was also tested as a thermal sensor, which yielded a sensitivity level of −0.23 nm/°C.

Keywords: graphene for sensing; lithium niobate; refractive index sensor; temperature sensor; sensitivity; plasmonic sensor

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MDPI and ACS Style

Irfan, M.; Khan, Y.; Rehman, A.U.; Butt, M.A.; Khonina, S.N.; Kazanskiy, N.L. Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃. Sensors 2022, 22, 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207790

AMA Style

Irfan M, Khan Y, Rehman AU, Butt MA, Khonina SN, Kazanskiy NL. Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃. Sensors. 2022; 22(20):7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207790

Chicago/Turabian Style

Irfan, Muhammad, Yousuf Khan, Atiq Ur Rehman, Muhammad A. Butt, Svetlana N. Khonina, and Nikolay L. Kazanskiy. 2022. "Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃" Sensors 22, no. 20: 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207790

APA Style

Irfan, M., Khan, Y., Rehman, A. U., Butt, M. A., Khonina, S. N., & Kazanskiy, N. L. (2022). Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃. Sensors, 22(20), 7790. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22207790

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Plasmonic Refractive Index and Temperature Sensor Based on Graphene and LiNbO₃

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