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Volume 22
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Article

Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat

by
Francesco Lopresti
1,*,†,
Bernardo Patella
1,†,
Vito Divita
1,
Claudio Zanca
1,
Luigi Botta
1,
Norbert Radacsi
2,
Alan O’Riordan
3,
Giuseppe Aiello
1,
Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas
4,
Rosalinda Inguanta
1 and
Vincenzo La Carrubba
1
1
Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, RU INSTM of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
2
School of Engineering, Institute for Materials and Processes, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, UK
3
Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12R5CP Cork, Ireland
4
Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Sensors 2022, 22(21), 8223; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218223
Submission received: 28 September 2022 / Revised: 23 October 2022 / Accepted: 24 October 2022 / Published: 27 October 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Miniaturized Sensors)
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Abstract

Wearable sensors for sweat biomarkers can provide facile analyte capability and monitoring for several diseases. In this work, a green wearable sensor for sweat absorption and chloride sensing is presented. In order to produce a sustainable device, polylactic acid (PLA) was used for both the substrate and the sweat absorption pad fabrication. The sensor material for chloride detection consisted of silver-based reference, working, and counter electrodes obtained from upcycled compact discs. The PLA substrates were prepared by thermal bonding of PLA sheets obtained via a flat die extruder, prototyped in single functional layers via CO2 laser cutting, and bonded via hot-press. The effect of cold plasma treatment on the transparency and bonding strength of PLA sheets was investigated. The PLA membrane, to act as a sweat absorption pad, was directly deposited onto the membrane holder layer by means of an electrolyte-assisted electrospinning technique. The membrane adhesion capacity was investigated by indentation tests in both dry and wet modes. The integrated device made of PLA and silver-based electrodes was used to quantify chloride ions. The calibration tests revealed that the proposed sensor platform could quantify chloride ions in a sensitive and reproducible way. The chloride ions were also quantified in a real sweat sample collected from a healthy volunteer. Therefore, we demonstrated the feasibility of a green and integrated sweat sensor that can be applied directly on human skin to quantify chloride ions.
Keywords: electrochemical sensors; wearable sensor; chloride detection; electrolyte assisted electrospinning; environmental-friendly; laser cutting electrochemical sensors; wearable sensor; chloride detection; electrolyte assisted electrospinning; environmental-friendly; laser cutting

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lopresti, F.; Patella, B.; Divita, V.; Zanca, C.; Botta, L.; Radacsi, N.; O’Riordan, A.; Aiello, G.; Kersaudy-Kerhoas, M.; Inguanta, R.; et al. Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat. Sensors 2022, 22, 8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218223

AMA Style

Lopresti F, Patella B, Divita V, Zanca C, Botta L, Radacsi N, O’Riordan A, Aiello G, Kersaudy-Kerhoas M, Inguanta R, et al. Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat. Sensors. 2022; 22(21):8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218223

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lopresti, Francesco, Bernardo Patella, Vito Divita, Claudio Zanca, Luigi Botta, Norbert Radacsi, Alan O’Riordan, Giuseppe Aiello, Maïwenn Kersaudy-Kerhoas, Rosalinda Inguanta, and et al. 2022. "Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat" Sensors 22, no. 21: 8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218223

APA Style

Lopresti, F., Patella, B., Divita, V., Zanca, C., Botta, L., Radacsi, N., O’Riordan, A., Aiello, G., Kersaudy-Kerhoas, M., Inguanta, R., & La Carrubba, V. (2022). Green and Integrated Wearable Electrochemical Sensor for Chloride Detection in Sweat. Sensors, 22(21), 8223. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22218223

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