A Simple Model for Assessing Millimeter-Wave Attenuation in Brownout Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Objectives of the Current Work and Problem Statement
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Attenuation Properties of Brownout at MMW
2.1.1. Attenuation Coefficient Estimation
2.1.2. Visibility and Total Particle Density
2.1.3. Attenuation Cross-Section Model
2.1.4. Phase Function Model
2.2. Power Transfer in Brownout
2.2.1. Signal Backscattered by the Scene
2.2.2. Noise Backscattered by the Brownout
2.2.3. Brownout Particle Size Distribution Model
3. Results
3.1. Comparison with Models and Measured Data
3.2. Power Transfer Estimation in Brownout
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Particulate Type | Dielectric Constant ε = ε′ − jε″ | Refractive Index m = √ε |
---|---|---|
Brownout Desert [21,22,23] | 5.5 − j5.15 × 10−2 | 2.34 − j0.011 |
Brownout Mid-Latitude [21,22,23] | 3.5 − j4.83 × 10−2 | 1.86 − j0.013 |
Sand & dust-storm [13] | 3.5 − j1.64 | 1.92 − j0.43 |
Sand & Dust [15] | 3.0 − j0.6 | 1.74 − j0.17 |
Sand (Libya) [20] | 4.96 − j0.135 | 2.23 − j0.303 |
Constant | Real (ε) ≥ 4.5 | 2.0 < Real (ε) < 4.5 |
---|---|---|
b1 | 0.9996 | 0.9996 |
b2 | 1.82 × 10−2 | 1.465 × 10−2 |
b3 | −1.54 | −1.174 |
b4 | 0.7161 | 0.4865 |
Ni | rm (μm) | σ | Type |
---|---|---|---|
0.96 | -- | -- | Linear |
0.04 | 14.6 | 0.33 | Log-normal |
Visibility, km | Dielectric Constant | Ref. [13] | Ref. [10] | Attenuation Ref. [11] | dB/km Proposed Solution * | Measured Ref. [14] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.626 | ε = 4 − j1.325 | 0.132 | 0.018 | 0.133 | 0.133 | 0.14 |
Complex Permittivity ε = ε′ − jε″ | Ref. [13] | Equation (9) | Attenuation in Equation (10) | dB/km Equation (12) | re = 58 μm * | PSD Equation (30) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3.5 − j1.65 | 131.4 | 13.3 | 130.5 | 130.5 | 128 | 132.8 |
4.96 − j0.135 | 7.38 | 0.742 | 7.25 | 7.25 | 7.37 | 10.5 |
5.5 − j5.15 × 10−2 | 2.5 | 0.25 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.66 | 5.9 |
MMW Link/Transceiver | Parameters |
---|---|
Distance to surface | L = 10 ÷ 50 m |
Surface reflectance | ρ = 0.15 |
Receiver aperture diameter | DR = 0.5 m |
Transmitter power | I0 = 1 W |
Frequency | f = 94 GHz |
Brownout Desert model | ε = 5.5 − j5.15 × 10−2 |
Sand & dust-storm | ε = 3.5 − j1.65 |
Visibility [brownout PSD (30)] | V = 0.004 km |
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Zilberman, A.; Kopeika, N. A Simple Model for Assessing Millimeter-Wave Attenuation in Brownout Conditions. Sensors 2022, 22, 8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228889
Zilberman A, Kopeika N. A Simple Model for Assessing Millimeter-Wave Attenuation in Brownout Conditions. Sensors. 2022; 22(22):8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228889
Chicago/Turabian StyleZilberman, Arkadi, and Natan Kopeika. 2022. "A Simple Model for Assessing Millimeter-Wave Attenuation in Brownout Conditions" Sensors 22, no. 22: 8889. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22228889