Effect of Temporal Sampling Interval on the Irradiance for Moon-Based Wide Field-of-View Radiometer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Moon-Based Earth Observation Geometry
2.2. Radiation Transfer Function
2.3. ADMs and Datasets
2.4. The Simulated Original Irradiance Time Series
2.5. Methodology
2.5.1. Temporal Sampling Method and Metrics
2.5.2. Discrete Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT)
3. Results
3.1. The Original Time Series
3.2. Temporal Sampling Uncertainties
3.3. The Effect of Sampling Intervals and Sampling Time
3.4. The Effect of Sampling Intervals on Coverage Ability
3.5. Frequency Analysis of Irradiance
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scene Type Bin | Scene | Cloud Fraction Range |
---|---|---|
1 | Clear Ocean | 0.00−0.05 |
2 | Clear Land | 0.00−0.05 |
3 | Clear Snow | 0.00−0.05 |
4 | Clear Desert | 0.00−0.05 |
5 | Clear Land–Ocean Mix (Coastal) | 0.00−0.05 |
6 | Partly Cloudy Over Ocean | 0.05−0.50 |
7 | Partly Cloudy Over Land or Desert | 0.05−0.50 |
8 | Partly Cloudy Over Land–Ocean Mix | 0.05−0.50 |
9 | Mostly Cloudy Over Ocean | 0.50−0.95 |
10 | Mostly Cloudy Over Land or Desert | 0.50−0.95 |
11 | Mostly Cloudy Over Land–Ocean Mix | 0.50−0.95 |
12 | Overcast | 0.95−1.00 |
OSR | OLR | OLR-NW | OSR + OLR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Monthly | Mean | 20.54~31.45 | 67.59~72.24 | 18.45~20.34 | 89.75~101.53 |
STD | 14.46~27.95 | 3.40~7.63 | 0.90~2.53 | 8.57~34.93 | |
Annual | Mean | 24.10~26.03 | 69.4~70.23 | 19.25~19.63 | 93.61~95.93 |
STD | 20.47~23.06 | 5.46~6.15 | 1.65~1.86 | 21.03~26.08 |
Interval | Start Time | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ||
OSR | 2 h | 1 | 1 | × | × | × | × | × | × |
4 h | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | × | × | × | × | |
6 h | 0.9994 | 0.9997 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 0.9997 | × | × | |
8 h | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9997 | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9990 | 0.9986 | |
OLR | 2 h | 1 | 1 | × | × | × | × | × | × |
4 h | 0.9998 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | × | × | × | × | |
6 h | 0.9995 | 0.9997 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9997 | 0.9995 | × | × | |
8 h | 0.9992 | 0.9995 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 0.9991 | 0.9992 | |
OLR − NW | 2 h | 1 | 1 | × | × | × | × | × | × |
4 h | 0.9998 | 0.9998 | 0.9999 | 0.9997 | × | × | × | × | |
6 h | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | 0.9993 | 0.9995 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | × | × | |
8 h | 0.9996 | 0.9990 | 0.9993 | 0.9990 | 0.9986 | 0.9986 | 0.9988 | 0.9986 | |
OLR + OSR | 2 h | 1 | 1 | × | × | × | × | × | × |
4 h | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | 0.9999 | × | × | × | × | |
6 h | 0.9994 | 0.9995 | 0.9999 | 0.9998 | 0.9996 | 0.9997 | × | × | |
8 h | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9998 | 0.9997 | 0.9996 | 0.9996 | 0.9989 | 0.9987 |
Times | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | ≥9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SW | 1 h | 0.39% | 0.32% | 0.48% | 0.69% | 1.03% | 1.45% | 2.2% | 3.51% | 82.28% |
2 h | 0.76% | 1.46% | 3.08% | 9.27% | 65.17% | 12.37% | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
4 h | 3.42% | 44.00% | 44.22% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
6 h | 33.08% | 57.82% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
LW | 1 h | 0.07% | 0.09% | 0.11% | 0.29% | 0.40% | 0.41% | 0.44 | 0.66% | 97.52% |
2 h | 0.18% | 0.57% | 0.83% | 1.58% | 19.27% | 72.78% | 4.76% | 0 | ||
4 h | 1.09% | 11.51% | 84.84% | 2.42% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
6 h | 8.51% | 89.38% | 1.66% | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Zhang, Y.; Bi, S.; Wu, J. Effect of Temporal Sampling Interval on the Irradiance for Moon-Based Wide Field-of-View Radiometer. Sensors 2022, 22, 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041581
Zhang Y, Bi S, Wu J. Effect of Temporal Sampling Interval on the Irradiance for Moon-Based Wide Field-of-View Radiometer. Sensors. 2022; 22(4):1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041581
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yuan, Shengshan Bi, and Jiangtao Wu. 2022. "Effect of Temporal Sampling Interval on the Irradiance for Moon-Based Wide Field-of-View Radiometer" Sensors 22, no. 4: 1581. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22041581