Author Contributions
Conceptualization, J.P.G.-F. and L.H.-G.; methodology, L.H.-G., J.P.G.-F. and J.R.-H.; software, J.P.G.-F., O.U.J.-S. and P.G.-L.; validation, P.G.-L., L.H.-G., G.A.-A. and J.R.-H.; formal analysis, L.H.-G., J.R.-H., O.U.J.-S. and P.G.-L.; investigation, J.P.G.-F., G.A.-A. and O.U.J.-S.; resources, J.R.-H., J.P.G.-F. and G.A.-A.; data curation, J.R.-H. and P.G.-L.; writing—original draft preparation, J.P.G.-F. and L.H.-G.; writing—review and editing, P.G.-L., L.H.-G., J.R.-H., O.U.J.-S. and G.A.-A.; visualization, J.P.G.-F.; supervision, L.H.-G.; project administration, L.H.-G.; funding acquisition, L.H.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Figure 1.
Telemetry sets diagram for the CubeSat integration.
Figure 1.
Telemetry sets diagram for the CubeSat integration.
Figure 2.
General state diagram of the telemetric system.
Figure 2.
General state diagram of the telemetric system.
Figure 3.
Block diagram of the energy subsystem.
Figure 3.
Block diagram of the energy subsystem.
Figure 4.
Solar panels array for energization.
Figure 4.
Solar panels array for energization.
Figure 5.
Buck converter scheme.
Figure 5.
Buck converter scheme.
Figure 6.
Boost converter scheme.
Figure 6.
Boost converter scheme.
Figure 7.
Sensing and control subsystems block diagram.
Figure 7.
Sensing and control subsystems block diagram.
Figure 8.
Set diagram of transmission and reception subsystem.
Figure 8.
Set diagram of transmission and reception subsystem.
Figure 9.
Voltage and current provided by the solar panels: (a) voltage 5.24 V and (b) current 132.19 mA, with an output load of 0.82 Ω.
Figure 9.
Voltage and current provided by the solar panels: (a) voltage 5.24 V and (b) current 132.19 mA, with an output load of 0.82 Ω.
Figure 10.
Output voltage in the Buck converter. (a) No solar panels covered by shadow, 4.6 V; (b) one solar panel covered by a shadow, 4.5 V; (c) two solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.4 V; (d) three solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.3 V; (e) four solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.6 V; (f) all solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.6 V.
Figure 10.
Output voltage in the Buck converter. (a) No solar panels covered by shadow, 4.6 V; (b) one solar panel covered by a shadow, 4.5 V; (c) two solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.4 V; (d) three solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.3 V; (e) four solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.6 V; (f) all solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.6 V.
Figure 11.
Battery output voltage. (a) No solar panels covered by shadow, 4.1 V; (b) one solar panel covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (c) two solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (d) three solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (e) four solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (f) all solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.9 V.
Figure 11.
Battery output voltage. (a) No solar panels covered by shadow, 4.1 V; (b) one solar panel covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (c) two solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (d) three solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (e) four solar panels covered by a shadow, 4.1 V; (f) all solar panels covered by a shadow, 3.9 V.
Figure 12.
Communication protocol I2C; (a) SCL and SDA signals; (b) start and end conditions.
Figure 12.
Communication protocol I2C; (a) SCL and SDA signals; (b) start and end conditions.
Figure 13.
Four frames transmission using I2C protocol.
Figure 13.
Four frames transmission using I2C protocol.
Figure 14.
Accelerometer test: (a) CubeSat positioned in Z+; (b) CubeSat positioned in X+; (c) CubeSat positioned in Y+.
Figure 14.
Accelerometer test: (a) CubeSat positioned in Z+; (b) CubeSat positioned in X+; (c) CubeSat positioned in Y+.
Figure 15.
Acceleration measure of the CubeSat.
Figure 15.
Acceleration measure of the CubeSat.
Figure 16.
Gyroscope sensed signals; (a) in yaw rotation; (b) pitch rotation; (c) roll rotation.
Figure 16.
Gyroscope sensed signals; (a) in yaw rotation; (b) pitch rotation; (c) roll rotation.
Figure 17.
Magnetometer measurements: (a) movement on the X-axis; (b) movement on the Y-axis; (c) movement on the Z-axis.
Figure 17.
Magnetometer measurements: (a) movement on the X-axis; (b) movement on the Y-axis; (c) movement on the Z-axis.
Figure 18.
Magnetometer with magnetic disturbance.
Figure 18.
Magnetometer with magnetic disturbance.
Figure 19.
Temperature performance evaluation, (a) linear response curve, (b) non-linear response curve.
Figure 19.
Temperature performance evaluation, (a) linear response curve, (b) non-linear response curve.
Figure 20.
Altitude performance evaluation.
Figure 20.
Altitude performance evaluation.
Figure 21.
Pression performance evaluation.
Figure 21.
Pression performance evaluation.
Figure 22.
UV light performance evaluation.
Figure 22.
UV light performance evaluation.
Figure 23.
Voltage and current measurements; (a) sensed voltage; (b) sensed current; (c) measured voltage; (d) measured current.
Figure 23.
Voltage and current measurements; (a) sensed voltage; (b) sensed current; (c) measured voltage; (d) measured current.
Figure 24.
Transmission-reception system; (a) transmitter; (b) receiver.
Figure 24.
Transmission-reception system; (a) transmitter; (b) receiver.
Figure 25.
Transmission data in UART communication protocol.
Figure 25.
Transmission data in UART communication protocol.
Figure 26.
UART protocol. (a) Frame start status; (b) frame end status.
Figure 26.
UART protocol. (a) Frame start status; (b) frame end status.
Figure 27.
Transmission-reception system evaluation. (a) 30 m; (b) 43 m; (c) 115 m.
Figure 27.
Transmission-reception system evaluation. (a) 30 m; (b) 43 m; (c) 115 m.
Figure 28.
Telemetry interface.
Figure 28.
Telemetry interface.
Figure 29.
Data acquisition process in the telemetry interface.
Figure 29.
Data acquisition process in the telemetry interface.
Figure 30.
Data visualization in telemetry interface: set (s1), set (s2), set (s3), ser (s4), set (s5), set (s6), and set (s7).
Figure 30.
Data visualization in telemetry interface: set (s1), set (s2), set (s3), ser (s4), set (s5), set (s6), and set (s7).
Table 1.
Energy consumption of sensors.
Table 1.
Energy consumption of sensors.
Sensor | Voltage/Current |
---|
Microcontroller Atmega328P of Microchip | 5 V/50 mA |
Accelerometer ADXL345 of Analog Devices | 3.6 V/140 µA |
Pressure sensor BMP085 of Bosh | 3.6 V/12 µA |
Gyroscope L3G4200D of STM | 3.6 V/1.5 mA |
Magnetometer HMC5883L of Honeywell | 3.6 V/100 mA |
Current sensor INA226 of Texas Instrument | 5.5 V/10 mA |
Sensor of intensity of UV of LAPIS | 4.6 V/0.5 mA |
Transmitter HC-12 of STM | 5.5 V/200 mA |
Table 2.
Current and power generation process.
Table 2.
Current and power generation process.
Steps | Value |
---|
Step 1: CurrentLSB | 31 × 10−6 |
Step 2: Calibration register | 1652 |
Step 3: Current register | 32,266 |
Step 4: BusVoltage register | 3920 |
Step 5: Power register | 6324 |
Table 3.
I²C address.
Parameter Sensed | Sensor Model | I²C Address |
---|
Acceleration | ADXL345 | 0 × 53 |
Angular Velocity | L3G4200D | 0 × 69 |
Magnetic Field | HMC5883L | 0 × 1E |
Pressure and Temperature | BMP085 | 0 × 77 |
Table 4.
AT commands for HC-12 transmitter-receiver.
Table 4.
AT commands for HC-12 transmitter-receiver.
Command | Description |
---|
AT | Test command |
AT + Bxxxx | Command to change the UART transmission speed. |
AT + Cxxx | Command to change the communication channel. |
AT + Fux | Command to change transmission mode FU1, FU2, FU3, FU4. |
AT + Px | Prepare the transmission power (dBm). |
AT + Ry | Command to request configuration information for each parameter. |
AT + Rx | Get the current configuration values. |
AT + Uxxx | Command to enable or disable parity control. |
AT + V | Shows the firmware version and website. |
AT + SLEEP | Command to start power-saving mode (no data transmission). |
AT + DEFAULT | Restores the factory values. |
Table 5.
Comparison of parameters in solar panel.
Table 5.
Comparison of parameters in solar panel.
Parameter | Experimental Measurement | Manufacturer Data |
---|
Open circuit voltage | 6.4 V | 7.0 V |
Short circuit current | 153.3 mA | 203 mA |
Nominal voltage | 5.24 V | 5.5 V |
Nominal current | 132.19 mA | 150 mA |
Nominal power | 0.69 W | 0.85 W |
Table 6.
Output voltages in the Buck converter.
Table 6.
Output voltages in the Buck converter.
Panels Covered by Shadow | Measurement |
---|
0 | 4.6 V |
1 | 4.5 V |
2 | 4.4 V |
3 | 4.3 V |
4 | 3.6 V |
5 | 3.6 V |
Table 7.
Battery output voltage.
Table 7.
Battery output voltage.
Panels Covered by Shadow | Measurement |
---|
0 | 4.1 V |
1 | 4.1 V |
2 | 4.1 V |
3 | 4.1 V |
4 | 4.1 V |
5 | 3.9 V |
Table 8.
Comparison of prototype.
Table 8.
Comparison of prototype.
| Target/Purpose | Sensors | Processor |
---|
Proposed | Academic | Voltage, current, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, temperature, barometer altitude, UV | Atmega328P |
[19] | Experimental | Magnetometer, inertial measurement, light, motor speed | Raspberry pi |
[20] | Academic | Telemetry, magnetometer, light, gyroscope, particle detector | PIC16F877 |
[21] | Academic study | Image sensors | STM32F407 |
[22] | Mission analysis | SWIR spectrometer, RGB images, current, battery, temperature | 400 MHz ARM9 |
[23] | In-orbit characterization | Hyperspectral imager (HSI) | FPGA |