Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Article Search, Inclusion, Exclusion
2.2. Study Quality Assessment
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Basic Characteristics of Included Studies
3.3. External and Internal Parameters
3.4. Summary of Individual Studies
4. Discussion
4.1. Internal Load
4.1.1. (session-)RPE
4.1.2. HR-Based Indices
4.2. Exercise-Induced Responses
4.3. Adaptation Parameters
4.4. Individual Characteristics
4.5. General Aspects
4.6. Outlook and Future Work
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Keywords |
---|---|
Team Sport | “Team Sport*” OR soccer OR football OR handball OR basketball OR rugby OR volleyball OR futsal OR netball |
Monitoring system | monitoring OR tracking OR GPS OR “Global Positioning System”[MeSH] OR LPS OR “Local Positioning System”[MeSH] OR IMU OR “inertial measurement unit” OR acceleromet* OR MEMS OR microsensor OR “time motion” OR TMA OR “motion analysis”[MeSH] OR “wearable technologies”[MeSH] |
External load | workload OR load OR speed OR ACWR OR “acute to chronic work ratio” OR “work:rest” OR distance OR acceleration OR “metabolic power” OR “metabolic load” OR PlayerLoad OR intensit* OR “energy expenditure” OR “high intensity burst*” OR “work ratio” OR “fatigue index” OR “physical” OR “repeated sprintability |
Internal load | “internal load” OR RPE OR “rate of perceived exertion” OR RPE OR sRPE OR “heart rate” OR HR OR TRIMP OR questionnaire OR biochemical OR physiological OR neurological OR fatigue OR blood OR lactate OR SPX OR Spiroergometry OR “breath gas analysis” OR CK OR “creatine kinase” OR VO2 OR “anaerobic threshold” |
Inclusion | Exclusion |
---|---|
Topic of the article is human physical performance | Topic not related to physical performance or non-human subjects |
Original research | Surveys, opinions, books, case studies, non-academic text, reviews, conference abstracts |
Competitive field- or court-based team sport athletes | Individual sports, ice-, sand-, or water-based team sports, referees |
Adult athletes | Athletes under 18 years of age |
Able-bodied, non-injured athletes | Special populations (i.e., clinical), mentally or physically impaired athletes, injured athletes |
Training or match play | Laboratory settings, and field-based settings coupled with an intervention (i.e., nutritional intervention). |
Report of at least one external and one internal load measure or physiological fitness assessment | Report of only internal or only external measures |
Report of a relationship between internal and external measures | No relationship between internal and external measures reported |
Use of GNSS, MEMS, IMU, LPS | Use of timing gates, measuring tapes, video-based tracking |
Good, very good, or excellent methodological quality based on the checklist used for this review | Poor methodological quality based on the checklist used for this review |
Sport | Study | Player Level (n = Number of Athletes) | External Parameters (n = Number of Studies) | Internal Parameters (n = Number of Studies) |
---|---|---|---|---|
American football | [31,32,33,34,35,36] | University Divison I (n = 225, male) | PL (AU) (n = 4) Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 4) Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 2) Impacts (n) (n = 2) Stride variability (n = 1) | INTERNAL LOAD PARAMETERS (session-)RPE (AU) (n = 1) EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Well-being questionnaire (5-point scale) (n = 4) S100beta (pg/mL) (n = 1) Tau concentration (pg/mL) (n = 1) |
Australian football | [13,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] | Professional (n = 202, male) Elite (n = 118, male) | Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 13) PL (au) (n = 9) Total/Relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 9) Duration (min) (n = 5) Average speed (m/s) (n = 4) Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 3) Energy expenditure (kJ/kg) (n = 2) Metabolic power concept (W/kg) (n = 2) Distance load (m2/s) (distance x mean speed) (n = 1) Effort zones (n) (n = 1) Equivalent distance (m) (n = 1) Explosive efforts (n) (n = 1) Impacts (n) (n = 1) Match exercise intensity (AU) (n = 1) | INTERNAL LOAD PARAMETERS (session-)RPE (AU) (n = 7) Core temperature (C) (n = 1) EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Well-being questionnaire (5-point scale) (n = 3) CMJ (cm) (n = 1) CK (U/L) (n = 1) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS Maximal aerobic speed (m/s) (n = 1) YYIR (m) (n = 1) |
Basketball | [46,47,48,49] | Elite (n = 12, male) Professional (n = 26, male) Semiprofessional (n = 8, male) University (n = 5, female) | PL (AU) (n = 4) Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 4) Jumps (n) (n = 2) IMA™ (AU) (n = 1) | INTERNAL LOAD PARAMETERS (session-)RPE (AU) (n = 3) HR-based indices (n = 1) EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Tensiomyography (ms, mm) (n = 1) |
Field Hockey | [50] | Elite (n = 12, male) | Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 1) Distances in speed zones (m) (n = 1) Total/relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 1) | EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Well-being questionnaire (5-point scale) (n = 1) |
Rugby Sevens | [51,52] | Elite (n = 24, 12 female, 12 male) Amateur (n = 10, female) | Total/relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 2) Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 2) Impacts (n) (n = 1) | EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES CK (U/L) (n =1) Bicarbonate concentration (mmol/L) (n = 1) Lactate concentration (mmol/L) (n = 1) pH (n = 1) |
Rugby League | [53,54,55,56] | Professional (n = 46, male) Elite (n = 45, male) | Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 3) Impacts (n) (n = 3) Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 2) Total/Relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 2) Duration (min) (n = 1) PL (AU) (n = 1) RHIE (n) (n = 1) | INTERNAL LOAD PARAMETERS (session-)RPE (AU) (n = 2) EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Well-being questionnaire (5-point scale) (n = 1) CK (U/L) (n = 2) Salivary cortisol (nmol/L) (n = 1) Repeated plyometric push-ups (n) (n = 1) Sleep (h) (n = 1) ADAPTATION PARAMETERS Sleep (h) (n = 1) |
Rugby Union | [57,58] | Professional (n = 51, male) | Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 2) Impacts (n) (n = 2) PL (au) (n = 1) Total/Relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 1) | EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES CK (U/L) (n = 1) Urinary n-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (pg/mL) (n = 1) |
Soccer | [59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93] | Professional (n = 311, male) Elite (n = 236, male) Semi-professional (n = 61, male) University (n = 114, 79 male, 35 female) | Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 31) Total/Relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 30) PL (AU) (n = 15) Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 13) Duration (min) (n = 12) Impacts (n) (n = 5) Average Speed (m/s) (n = 4) Dynamic stress load (AU) (n = 4) Metabolic power concept (W/kg) (n = 4) Maximal velocity (m/s) (n = 3) Effindex (AU) (n = 2) RHIE (n) (n = 2) Body load (AU) (n = 1) Energy expenditure (kJ/kg) (n = 2) Equivalent distance (m) (n = 1) Explosive distance (m) (n = 1) Impulse Load (Ns) (n = 1) Force load (AU) (n = 1) Mechanical work (AU) (n = 1) Training load score by Polar (AU) (n = 1) Total accelerometer load (AU) (n = 1) Total forces (AU) (n = 1) Velocity load (AU) (n = 1) Work:rest ratio (n = 1) | INTERNAL LOAD PARAMETERS HR-based indices (n = 17) (session-)RPE (AU) (n = 16) Effindex (AU) (n = 2) EXERCISE-INDUCED RESPONSES Well-being questionnaire (5-point scale) (n = 8) CMJ (cm) (n = 6) CK (U/L) (n = 5) Immunoglobulin (μg/mL) (n = 3) C-reactive protein (mg/L) (n = 1) HR-based indices (n = 1) Myoglobin concentration (ng/mL) (n = 1) Plasma lactate dehydrogenase (U/L) (n = 1) Body mass measures (kg) (n = 1) ADAPTATION PARAMETERS HR-based indices (n = 2) Body mass measures (kg) (n = 2) Strength test (Nm) (n = 1) VO2max (ml/kg/min) (n = 1) 30-15 intermittent fitness test (m) (n = 1) INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS VO2max (ml/kg/min) (n = 1) YYIR (m) (n = 1) Repeated sprint ability (m) (n = 1) Body mass measures (kg) (n = 1) Muscle characteristics (cm) (n = 1) Sprint test (s) (n = 1) |
Tag football | [94] | Regional (n = 16, male) | Acceleration/Deceleration (m·s−2) (n = 1) Distance in speed zones (m) (n = 1) RHIE (n) (n = 1) Total/relative distance (m, m/min) (n = 1) | INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS CMJ (cm) (n = 1) Sprint test (m/s) (n = 1) YYIR (m) (n = 1) |
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Helwig, J.; Diels, J.; Röll, M.; Mahler, H.; Gollhofer, A.; Roecker, K.; Willwacher, S. Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. Sensors 2023, 23, 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020827
Helwig J, Diels J, Röll M, Mahler H, Gollhofer A, Roecker K, Willwacher S. Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. Sensors. 2023; 23(2):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020827
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelwig, Janina, Janik Diels, Mareike Röll, Hubert Mahler, Albert Gollhofer, Kai Roecker, and Steffen Willwacher. 2023. "Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review" Sensors 23, no. 2: 827. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020827