Field Measurement of the Dynamic Interaction between Urban Surfaces and Microclimates in Humid Subtropical Climates with Multiple Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Site Description
3. Methodology
3.1. Effect of Surface Water Content
3.2. Surface Temperature
3.3. Near-Surface Microclimate Temperature
4. Data Analyses Results
4.1. Data Summary
4.2. Effect of Surface Water Content
4.3. Surface Temperature
4.4. Near-Surface Microclimate Air Temperature
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PT1000 Surface Temperature Sensor | ||
Temperature | Range | −50–110 °C |
Accuracy | ±1% | |
Sampling interval | 5 min | |
WSC-120 Weather Station | ||
Temperature | Range | 0–60 °C |
Accuracy | ±0.3 °C | |
Humidity | Range | 0–100% RH |
Accuracy | ±3% RH | |
Wind speed | Range | 0–60 m/s |
Accuracy | ± (0.3 + 0.03 wind speed) m/s | |
Wind direction | Range | 0–360° |
Accuracy | ±2° | |
Rainfall | Accuracy | 1 mm |
Sampling interval | 5 min | |
JSQ-214 Pyranometer | ||
Field of view | 180° | |
Spectral range | 410–655 nm | |
Calibration uncertainty | ±5% | |
Sampling interval | 5 min | |
SP-214-SS Pyranometer | ||
Field of view | 180° | |
Spectral range | 360–1120 nm | |
Calibration uncertainty | ±3% | |
Sampling interval | 5 min | |
THD-8 Air Temperature and Humidity Sensor | ||
Temperature | Range | −20–80 °C |
Accuracy | ±0.3 °C | |
Humidity | Range | 0–100% RH |
Accuracy | ±2% RH | |
Sampling interval | 5 s |
Symbol | Description |
---|---|
Wind speed (m/s) | |
Ambient air temperature (°C) | |
Solar radiation (in irradiance, kW/m2) | |
x-hour antecedent mean ambient air temperature (°C) | |
x-hour antecedent rainfall depth (mm) | |
* | The interaction term of x-hour ambient air temperature and rainfall depth |
Symbol | Description |
---|---|
Wind speed (m/s) | |
Ambient air temperature (°C) | |
Surface temperature | |
Solar radiation (in irradiance, kW/m2) | |
x-hour antecedent mean ambient air temperature (°C) | |
x-hour antecedent rainfall depth (mm) | |
The interaction term of x-hour air temperature and rainfall depth |
Wind Speed (m/s) | Air Temp. (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Solar Radiation (kW/m2) | Surface Temp. (°C) | Air Temperature (°C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 m | 0.5 m | 1 m | 2 m | 3 m | ||||||
Mean | 0.68 | 30.6 | 66 | 0.41 | 39.7 | 33.4 | 32.6 | 32.6 | 32.5 | 32.5 |
95% CI | (0, 9.25) | (24.5, 37.0) | (47, 85) | (0, 0.95) | (26.0, 52.6) | (24.7, 42.4) | (24.4, 41.3) | (24.2, 40.2) | (24.1, 40.5) | (24.2, 40.4) |
Wind Speed (m/s) | Air Temp. (°C) | Relative Humidity (%) | Solar Radiation (kW/m2) | Surface Temp. (°C) | Air Temperature (°C) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.05 m | 0.5 m | 1 m | 2 m | 3 m | ||||||
Mean | 0.34 | 30.6 | 66 | 0.42 | 42.0 | 33.8 | 32.8 | 32.8 | 32.6 | 32.7 |
95% CI | (0, 6.38) | (24.2, 36.9 | (47, 84) | (0, 0.96) | (28.3, 56.4) | (24.8, 42.9) | (24.3, 40.6) | (24.1, 40.7) | (24.5, 40.3) | (24.9, 40.1) |
Pervious Pavement Site | |||||||
Model Terms for 0.05 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 0.5-m Temp. | Coefficient | p-Value | 95% CI |
0.0044 | 0.95 | (−0.15, 0.16) | −0.00039 | 0.99 | (−0.12, 0.12) | ||
−0.028 | 0.25 | (−0.076, 0.020) | −0.024 | 0.23 | (−0.063, 0.015) | ||
−0.040 | 0.0044 * | (−0.067, −0.013) | −0.031 | 0.0062 * | (−0.053, −0.0090) | ||
Model Terms for 1 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 1.8 m Temp. + | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI |
0.0031 | 0.96 | (−0.12, 0.13) | 0.019 | 0.76 | (−0.10, 0.14) | ||
−0.023 | 0.25 | (−0.063, 0.017) | −0.025 | 0.21 | (−0.064, 0.014) | ||
−0.032 | 0.0063 * | (−0.054, −0.0092) | −0.023 | 0.041 * | (−0.045, −0.00098) | ||
Model Terms for 1.9 m Temp. + | Coefficient | p−value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 2 m Temp. | Coefficient | p−value | 95% CI |
0.021 | 0.74 | (−0.10, 0.15) | 0.023 | 0.71 | (−0.10, 0.15) | ||
−0.025 | 0.21 | (−0.064, 0.014) | −0.025 | 0.20 | (−0.064, 0.014) | ||
−0.022 | 0.052 | (−0.044, 0.00016) | −0.021 | 0.065 | (−0.043, 0.0013) | ||
Model Terms for 3 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | ||||
0.031 | 0.63 | (−0.094, 0.16) | |||||
−0.027 | 0.18 | (−0.066, 0.013) | |||||
−0.018 | 0.12 | (−0.040, 0.0044) | |||||
Impervious Pavement Site | |||||||
Model Terms for 0.05 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 0.5 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI |
0.065 | 0.40 | (−0.088, 0.22) | 0.043 | 0.47 | (−0.076, 0.16) | ||
0.026 | 0.38 | (−0.033, 0.086) | 0.023 | 0.32 | (−0.023, 0.069) | ||
−0.033 | 0.028 * | (−0.063, 0.0037) | −0.025 | 0.030 * | (−0.048, −0.0025) | ||
Model Terms for 0.7 m Temp. + | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 0.8 m Temp. + | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI |
0.057 | 0.35 | (−0.062, 0.18) | 0.063 | 0.29 | (−0.056, 0.18) | ||
0.023 | 0.32 | (−0.023, 0.069) | 0.023 | 0.33 | (−0.023, 0.069) | ||
−0.023 | 0.047 * | (−0.046, 0.00030) | −0.022 | 0.059 | (−0.045, 0.00089) | ||
Model Terms for 1 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | Model Terms for 2 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI |
0.077 | 0.21 | (−0.044, 0.20) | 0.071 | 0.25 | (−0.049, 0.19) | ||
0.023 | 0.34 | (−0.024, 0.070) | 0.021 | 0.38 | (−0.026, 0.067) | ||
−0.020 | 0.093 | (−0.043, 0.0034) | −0.017 | 0.17 | (−0.039, 0.0069) | ||
Model Terms for 3 m Temp. | Coefficient | p-value | 95% CI | ||||
0.064 | 0.29 | (−0.055, 0.18) | |||||
0.022 | 0.34 | −0.024, 0.068) | |||||
−0.017 | 0.14 | (−0.040, 0.0058) |
Pervious Surface (R2 = 0.81) | Impervious Surface (R2 = 0.84) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Term | p-Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | VIF | p-Value | Coefficient | 95% CI | VIF |
0.0005 * | 1.22 | (0.55, 1.88) | 8.04 | <0.0001 * | 1.25 | (0.67, 1.83) | 8.42 | |
<0.0001 * | 12.56 | (8.27, 16.86) | 2.59 | <0.0001 * | 11.37 | (7.76, 14.98) | 2.70 | |
0.36 | −0.27 | (-0.85, 0.31) | 5.94 | 0.76 | −0.080 | (−0.61, 0.45) | 6.75 | |
0.31 | −0.043 | (−0.13, 0.040) | 1.06 | 0.74 | 0.015 | (−0.072, 0.10) | 1.22 | |
+ | 0.0004 * | −0.086 | (−0.13, −0.040) | 1.19 | 0.0012 * | −0.071 | (−0.11, −0.029) | 1.30 |
Altitude | Term | Intercept | |||||
0.05 m (R2 = 0.95) | p-value | 0.076 | 0.090 | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.11 | 0.058 |
Coeff. | −2.20 | −0.095 | 1.00 | 0.23 | 1.26 | −0.17 | |
95% CI | (−4.64, 0.24) | (−0.21, 0.015) | (0.79, 1.22) | (0.17, 0.30) | (−0.29, 2.81) | (−0.35, 0.0062) | |
VIF | - | 1.06 | 9.40 | 4.30 | 3.61 | 5.83 | |
0.5 m (R2 = 0.95) | p-value | 0.13 | - | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.11 | 0.085 |
Coeff. | −1.72 | - | 1.02 | 0.17 | 1.15 | −0.14 | |
95% CI | (−3.94, 0.50) | - | (0.82, 1.22) | (0.11, 0.23) | (−0.27, 2.58) | (−0.30, 0.020) | |
VIF | - | - | 9.19 | 4.30 | 3.60 | 5.74 | |
1 m (R2 = 0.94) | p-value | 0.26 | - | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.0018 * | - |
Coeff. | −1.42 | - | 0.89 | 0.15 | 2.20 | - | |
95% CI | (3.92, 1.07) | - | (0.78, 1.00) | (0.084, 0.21) | (0.85, 3.55) | - | |
VIF | - | - | 2.38 | 4.28 | 2.55 | - | |
2 m (R2 = 0.95) | p-value | 0.084 | - | <0.0001 * | 0.0004 * | 0.018 * | 0.065 |
Coeff. | −2.03 | - | 1.10 | 0.11 | 1.81 | −0.16 | |
95% CI | (−4.35, 0.28) | - | (0.90, 1.31) | (0.053, 0.17) | (0.33, 3.29) | (−0.33, 0.0098) | |
VIF | - | - | 9.19 | 4.30 | 3.60 | 5.74 | |
3 m (R2 = 0.95) | p-value | 0.086 | - | <0.0001 * | 0.0025 * | 0.0052 * | 0.064 |
Coeff. | −2.02 | - | 1.13 | 0.094 | 2.14 | −0.16 | |
95% CI | (−4.33, 0.29) | - | (0.92, 1.33) | (0.034, 0.15) | (0.66, 3.62) | (−0.33, 0.0093) | |
VIF | - | - | 9.19 | 4.30 | 3.60 | 5.74 |
Altitude | Term | Intercept | |||||
0.05 m (R2 = 0.97) | p-value | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.071 | 0.0008 * | 0.0045 * |
Coeff. | −4.16 | 1.16 | 0.23 | 1.22 | −0.27 | 0.036 | |
95% CI | (−6.16, −2.16) | (0.97, 1.35) | (0.16, 0.29) | (−0.10, 2.54) | (−0.43, −0.12) | (0.011, 0.060) | |
VIF | - | 9.73 | 5.58 | 4.05 | 6.41 | 1.08 | |
0.5 m (R2 = 0.97) | p-value | 0.0007 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.0046 * | 0.016 * | 0.0066 * |
Coeff. | −2.85 | 1.06 | 0.16 | 1.57 | −0.15 | 0.028 | |
95% CI | (−4.47, −1.23) | (0.91, 1.22) | (0.11, 0.21) | (0.50, 2.64) | (−0.28, −0.029) | (0.0080, 0.048) | |
VIF | - | 9.73 | 5.58 | 4.05 | 6.41 | 1.08 | |
1 m (R2 = 0.97) | p-value | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0097 * | 0.026 * | 0.0089 * |
Coeff. | −3.92 | 1.16 | 0.12 | 1.67 | −0.17 | 0.031 | |
95% CI | (−5.81, −2.02) | (0.98, 1.34) | (0.063, 0.18) | (0.42, 2.93) | (−0.31, −0.020) | (0.0081, 0.054) | |
VIF | - | 9.73 | 5.58 | 4.05 | 6.41 | 1.08 | |
2 m (R2 = 0.96) | p-value | 0.0004 * | <0.0001 * | 0.0001 * | 0.0306 * | 0.020 * | 0.011 * |
Coeff. | −3.65 | 1.16 | 0.13 | 1.44 | −0.18 | 0.032 | |
95% CI | (−5.62, −1.68) | (0.97, 1.34) | (0.064, 0.19) | (0.14, 2.75) | (−0.33, −0.030) | (0.0077, 0.056) | |
VIF | - | 9.73 | 5.58 | 4.05 | 6.41 | 1.08 | |
3 m (R2 = 0.96) | p-value | 0.0019 * | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | 0.0213 * | 0.051 | 0.013 * |
Coeff. | −3.21 | 1.11 | 0.13 | 1.55 | −0.15 | 0.031 | |
95% CI | (−5.20, −1.23) | (0.92, 1.30) | (0.068, 0.19) | (0.24, 2.87) | (−0.31, 0.00074) | (0.0066, 0.055) | |
VIF | - | 9.73 | 5.58 | 4.05 | 6.41 | 1.08 |
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Tu, M.-c.; Chen, W.-j. Field Measurement of the Dynamic Interaction between Urban Surfaces and Microclimates in Humid Subtropical Climates with Multiple Sensors. Sensors 2023, 23, 9835. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249835
Tu M-c, Chen W-j. Field Measurement of the Dynamic Interaction between Urban Surfaces and Microclimates in Humid Subtropical Climates with Multiple Sensors. Sensors. 2023; 23(24):9835. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249835
Chicago/Turabian StyleTu, Min-cheng, and Wei-jen Chen. 2023. "Field Measurement of the Dynamic Interaction between Urban Surfaces and Microclimates in Humid Subtropical Climates with Multiple Sensors" Sensors 23, no. 24: 9835. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23249835