A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Goal and Design Criteria
2.2. Hardware Components
2.3. Software Components
2.4. Off-the-Shelf Prototype
2.5. Experimental Setup
2.6. Post-Processing of the Raw Signals
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Supine Position
3.2. Seated Position
3.3. Standing Position
3.4. Walking Position
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Requirements | GY-MAX30102 | PulseSensor | MIKROE-4986 | MAX30101, MAX32664 (Qwiic) | ProtoCentral AFE4490 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw data | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes |
Light | IR & Red | Green | Red | IR and Red | Red |
Dimensions | 12.7 × 12.7 mm | ø16 mm | 42.9 × 25.4 mm | 25.4 × 12.7 mm | 55 × 34 mm |
Voltage | 3.3 V | 3.3 or 5 V | 3.3 or 5 V | 3.3 or 5 V | 3.3 or 5 V |
Price | €2.95 | €24.95 | €40.87 | €42.29 | €73.65 |
Parameters | Averages ± Std |
---|---|
Age | 30.26 y ± 5.23 y |
Gender | 6 (M), 9 (F) |
Length | 174.33 cm ± 8.8 cm |
Wrist circumference | 17.6 cm ± 0.9 cm |
Skin type | 5 (II), 7 (III), 1 (IV), 2 (V) |
Supine Position | |||
---|---|---|---|
Methods | Mean Diff. | 95% Confidence Interval | ρ |
HR | [BPM] | [BPM] | |
Scipy | 5.73 | −17.31–28.77 | 0.71 |
Neurokit | 2.80 | −10.21–15.80 | 0.83 |
HeartPy * | −37.21 | −235.56–161.15 | 0.58 |
RR | [BrPM] | [BrPM] | |
Scipy | |||
Van Gent | 2.45 | −2.99–7.88 | 0.17 |
Soni | 2.50 | −3.70–8.69 | 0.19 |
Charlton | 0.15 | −6.46–6.77 | 0.48 |
Sarkar | −0.86 | −6.98–5.26 | 0.41 |
Vallat | −2.14 | −13.81–9.53 | 0.51 |
Neurokit | |||
Van Gent | 3.36 | −2.57–9.30 | 0.24 |
Soni | 4.51 | −1.79–10.81 | 0.23 |
Charlton | 2.80 | −2.78–8.37 | 0.40 |
Sarkar | 2.25 | −2.96–7.46 | 0.36 |
Vallat | 4.03 | −3.12–11.18 | 0.36 |
HeartPy * | |||
Van Gent | 3.47 | −2.66–9.59 | 0.22 |
Soni | 4.21 | −1.72–10.13 | 0.32 |
Charlton | 1.50 | −4.90–7.90 | 0.64 |
Sarkar | 0.37 | −4.93−5.67 | 0.68 |
Vallat | 2.90 | −15.83–10.03 | 0.75 |
Seated Position | |||
---|---|---|---|
Methods | Mean Diff. | 95% Confidence Interval | ρ |
HR | [BPM] | [BPM] | |
Scipy | 5.23 | −17.45–27.92 | 0.55 |
Neurokit | 0.59 | −8.64–9.81 | 0.9 |
HeartPy * | −3.65 | −46.46–39.15 | 0.56 |
RR | [BrPM] | [BrPM] | |
Scipy | |||
Van Gent | 1.82 | −1.52–5.16 | 0.68 |
Soni | 1.81 | −3.35–6.97 | 0.45 |
Charlton | 0.83 | −4.20–5.85 | 0.61 |
Sarkar | −0.04 | −4.24–4.16 | 0.67 |
Vallat | −0.96 | −8.27–6.35 | 0.32 |
Neurokit | |||
Van Gent | 2.31 | −1.81–6.42 | 0.66 |
Soni | 3.02 | −1.10–7.14 | 0.68 |
Charlton | 1.90 | −1.47–5.26 | 0.82 |
Sarkar | 1.67 | −1.85–5.18 | 0.79 |
Vallat | 2.88 | −1.29–7.04 | 0.75 |
HeartPy * | |||
Van Gent | 0.79 | −8.04–9.62 | 0.42 |
Soni | −0.31 | −12.46–11.84 | −0.1 |
Charlton | −1.37 | −13.90–11.16 | −0.22 |
Sarkar | −1.62 | −12.42–9.18 | −0.1 |
Vallat | −1.35 | −8.56–5.85 | 0.45 |
Standing Position | |||
---|---|---|---|
Methods | Mean Diff. | 95% Confidence Interval | ρ |
HR | [BPM] | [BPM] | |
Scipy | 11.19 | −17.54–39.91 | 0.51 |
Neurokit | 1.10 | −18.97–21.18 | 0.77 |
HeartPy * | −15.29 | −114.71–84.14 | 0.29 |
RR | [BrPM] | [BrPM] | |
Scipy | |||
Van Gent | 3.29 | −2.28–8.85 | 0.22 |
Soni | 1.97 | −5.05–8.99 | 0.14 |
Charlton | −1.18 | −8.68–6.32 | 0.39 |
Sarkar | −1.37 | −8.89–6.16 | 0.32 |
Vallat | −5.61 | −18.14–6.92 | 0.31 |
Neurokit | |||
Van Gent | 4.18 | −1.77–10.14 | 0.08 |
Soni | 4.68 | −1.35–10.71 | 0.30 |
Charlton | 2.25 | −4.39–8.88 | 0.47 |
Sarkar | 1.68 | −5.31–8.67 | 0.29 |
Vallat | 4.76 | −3.55–13.07 | 0.33 |
HeartPy * | |||
Van Gent | 5.64 | −0.92–12.20 | 0.04 |
Soni | 5.13 | −3.84–14.11 | −0.09 |
Charlton | 0.54 | −12.09–13.17 | 0.22 |
Sarkar | 1.10 | −10.80–13.01 | 0.26 |
Vallat | −5.15 | −18.52–8.22 | 0.30 |
Walking Position | |||
---|---|---|---|
Methods | Mean Diff. | 95% Confidence Interval | ρ |
HR | [BPM] | [BPM] | |
Scipy | 30.83 | −10.73–72.39 | −0.47 |
Neurokit | −1.58 | −23.92–20.76 | 0.29 |
HeartPy * | −42.15 | −265.18–180.87 | −0.53 |
RR | [BrPM] | [BrPM] | |
Scipy | |||
Van Gent | 4.58 | −6.55–15.72 | −0.16 |
Soni | 5.12 | −5.50–15.75 | −0.05 |
Charlton | 4.77 | −6.15–15.69 | −0.05 |
Sarkar | 3.89 | −7.15–14.92 | −0.18 |
Vallat | 1.72 | −11.52–14.96 | −0.07 |
Neurokit | |||
Van Gent | 4.18 | −1.77–10.14 | 0.23 |
Soni | 4.68 | −1.35–10.71 | 0.31 |
Charlton | 2.25 | −4.39–8.88 | 0.2 |
Sarkar | 1.68 | −5.31–8.67 | 0 |
HeartPy * | |||
Van Gent | 4.52 | −6.01–15.05 | 0.04 |
Soni | 4.07 | −6.26–14.40 | 0.17 |
Charlton | −1.10 | −12.82–10.62 | 0.29 |
Sarkar | −0.14 | −12.12–11.83 | 0.18 |
Vallat | 1.41 | −11.64–14.47 | 0.02 |
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Stevens, G.; Hantson, L.; Larmuseau, M.; Heerman, J.R.; Siau, V.; Verdonck, P. A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software. Sensors 2024, 24, 3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123766
Stevens G, Hantson L, Larmuseau M, Heerman JR, Siau V, Verdonck P. A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software. Sensors. 2024; 24(12):3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123766
Chicago/Turabian StyleStevens, Guylian, Luc Hantson, Michiel Larmuseau, Jan R. Heerman, Vincent Siau, and Pascal Verdonck. 2024. "A Guide to Measuring Heart and Respiratory Rates Based on Off-the-Shelf Photoplethysmographic Hardware and Open-Source Software" Sensors 24, no. 12: 3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24123766