A Survey on IoT Application Architectures
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. General Overview of IoT Architectures
3. IoT Reference Models/Architectures
- Device Layer: This is the physical layer where IoT devices are situated. These devices can range from sensors and actuators to industrial machines. They collect data from the environment or perform actions based on instructions received.
- Network Layer: This layer involves the protocols and technologies used to establish connections between IoT devices and the network. It includes Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, cellular networks, etc.
- Service Support and Application Support Layer: This layer acts as a bridge between the device layer and the application layer. It handles data processing, device management, security, and communication between devices and applications. It often includes edge computing resources for processing data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. Protocols used in this layer include MQTT, CoAP, and others.
- Application Layer: This layer consists of the applications or services that utilize the data collected from IoT devices. These applications can range from simple dashboards displaying sensor data to complex analytics platforms such as predictive maintenance systems, AI-driven decision-making engines, or smart city solutions.
3.1. IoT Cloud Application Architecture
3.2. IoT Edge Application Architecture
3.3. IoT Fog Application Architecture
4. IoT Protocols and Standards
4.1. Application Protocols
4.1.1. Queue-Based Publish/Subscribe or Producer/Consumer Models
- MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport): A lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol ideal for low-bandwidth, high-latency, or unreliable networks. It is commonly used in IoT for efficient communication between devices.
- AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol): A protocol designed for message-oriented middleware, providing reliable and secure message transmission between devices and applications. In addition to the publish/subscribe model, AMQP supports the producer/consumer model where messages generated by the producers are sent to exchanges for routing to appropriate queues for storage until they are processed by consumers.
4.1.2. Client/Server Models
- CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol): Designed for constrained IoT devices, CoAP is a protocol that enables communication between devices with limited resources, making it suitable for constrained environments.
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): While primarily known for web browsing, HTTP is also used in IoT for communication between devices and web-based services. It is versatile but may not be suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices due to its overhead.
4.1.3. Messaging Models
- XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol): A versatile communication protocol that has become increasingly important in the context of the IoT. Initially developed for real-time communication, XMPP’s extensibility, security features, and capability to manage presence information makes it a highly suitable option for IoT applications. The protocol, defined by the IETF in RFC 6120 [44] is an open-standard communication protocol based on XML.
4.2. Transport Layer Protocols
4.3. Network (Routing) Layer Protocols
4.4. Data Link and Physical Layer Protocols
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protocol | Message Type | Transport | Scalability | Efficiency | Reliability | Security |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MQTT | Publish/ Subscribe | TCP | High, supports many devices | Lightweight, low bandwidth | QoS levels for reliable delivery | Supports TLS/SSL, basic authentication |
AMQP | Publish/ Subscribe | TCP | High | Moderate to high | High, supports guaranteed delivery | Supports TLS/SSL |
CoAP | Request/ Response | UDP | High, designed for constrained devices | Very low overhead, optimized for low-power devices | Built-in reliability mechanisms | DTLS for encryption |
HTTP | Request/ Response | TCP | Moderate | High overhead compared to others | Reliable but lacks inherent message delivery guarantees | Supports HTTPS |
XMPP | Publish/ Subscribe and Request/ Response | TCP | Supports on-demand dynamic resource allocation | Designed to minimize overhead | Ensures reliable delivery of messages with receipt acknowledgements | Support TLS/SSL, SASL authentication |
Protocol | Data Rate | Range | Energy | Application Area |
---|---|---|---|---|
Wi-Fi | High | Broad range | High | Smart home, video streaming, and industrial automation. |
Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) | High | Short | Low | Health monitoring and smart home |
Zigbee | Low | Short | Low | Building automation and smart meters |
Thread | Low | Short | low | Smart homes and industrial applications |
Z-Wave | Low | Short | Low | Home automation systems such as smart locks, thermostats, and lighting controls |
Z-Wave Long Range (ZWLR) | Low | Long | Low | Ideal for multi-dwelling units (MDUs) |
LoRa (Long Range) | Low | Long | Low | Environmental monitoring, agriculture, and asset tracking |
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Dauda, A.; Flauzac, O.; Nolot, F. A Survey on IoT Application Architectures. Sensors 2024, 24, 5320. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165320
Dauda A, Flauzac O, Nolot F. A Survey on IoT Application Architectures. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5320. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165320
Chicago/Turabian StyleDauda, Abdulkadir, Olivier Flauzac, and Florent Nolot. 2024. "A Survey on IoT Application Architectures" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5320. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165320