Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Mathematical Formalism
2.1. Conductive Rod in a Transverse Magnetic Field
2.2. Conductive Rod in a Longitudinal Magnetic Field
2.3. Magnetic Field Solutions in the Innermost Region
3. Methods
3.1. Helmholtz Coil Driver Design
3.2. Influence of Transmitter Frequency
3.3. Impact on Electromagnetic Tracking
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. The Influence of Transmitter Frequency
4.2. Impact on Electromagnetic Tracking
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
EMT | Electromagnetic tracking |
DAC | Digital-to-analog converter |
ADC | Analog-to-digital converter |
IA | Instrumentation amplifier |
FFT | Fast Fourier transform |
IR | Infrared |
RMSE | Root-mean-square error |
ME | Mean error |
STD | Standard deviation |
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Rod | Material | (mm) | (mm) | (MS/m) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 316 L Stainless Steel | 4 | ||
2 | 316 L Stainless Steel | 5 | 6 |
RMSE (mm) | ME (mm) | STD (mm) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (kHz) | No Rod | Rod 1 | Rod 2 | No Rod | Rod 1 | Rod 2 | No Rod | Rod 1 | Rod 2 |
1 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 1.09 | 0.71 | 0.89 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
5 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 1.55 | 0.79 | 0.94 | 1.29 | 0.58 | 0.68 | 0.85 |
10 | 1.26 | 1.69 | 4.55 | 1.01 | 1.38 | 3.97 | 0.75 | 0.98 | 2.21 |
15 | 1.38 | 2.75 | 10.01 | 1.13 | 2.30 | 8.83 | 0.80 | 1.52 | 4.72 |
20 | 2.33 | 12.74 | 25.53 | 1.89 | 11.08 | 22.17 | 1.37 | 6.30 | 12.68 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Higgins, E.; Crowley, D.; van den Bosch, C.; Cantillon-Murphy, P. Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions. Sensors 2024, 24, 5364. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165364
Higgins E, Crowley D, van den Bosch C, Cantillon-Murphy P. Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions. Sensors. 2024; 24(16):5364. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165364
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiggins, Eoin, Daragh Crowley, Christian van den Bosch, and Pádraig Cantillon-Murphy. 2024. "Distortion-Free Magnetic Tracking of Metal Instruments in Image-Guided Interventions" Sensors 24, no. 16: 5364. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24165364