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Article

Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

1
Department of Computer Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
2
Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2009, 9(9), 6626-6651; https://doi.org/10.3390/s90906626
Submission received: 9 June 2009 / Revised: 9 August 2009 / Accepted: 10 August 2009 / Published: 24 August 2009

Abstract

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWA-SNs) are envisioned to perform monitoring tasks over the large portion of the world covered by oceans. Due to economics and the large area of the ocean, UWA-SNs are mainly sparsely deployed networks nowadays. The limited battery resources is a big challenge for the deployment of such long-term sensor networks. Unbalanced battery energy consumption will lead to early energy depletion of nodes, which partitions the whole networks and impairs the integrity of the monitoring datasets or even results in the collapse of the entire networks. On the contrary, balanced energy dissipation of nodes can prolong the lifetime of such networks. In this paper, we focus on the energy balance dissipation problem of two types of sparsely deployed UWA-SNs: underwater moored monitoring systems and sparsely deployed two-dimensional UWA-SNs. We first analyze the reasons of unbalanced energy consumption in such networks, then we propose two energy balanced strategies to maximize the lifetime of networks both in shallow and deep water. Finally, we evaluate our methods by simulations and the results show that the two strategies can achieve balanced energy consumption per node while at the same time prolong the networks lifetime.
Keywords: acoustic communications; energy efficiency; underwater acoustic sensor networks; data propagation; energy balancing acoustic communications; energy efficiency; underwater acoustic sensor networks; data propagation; energy balancing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Luo, H.; Guo, Z.; Wu, K.; Hong, F.; Feng, Y. Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Sensors 2009, 9, 6626-6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90906626

AMA Style

Luo H, Guo Z, Wu K, Hong F, Feng Y. Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2009; 9(9):6626-6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90906626

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luo, Hanjiang, Zhongwen Guo, Kaishun Wu, Feng Hong, and Yuan Feng. 2009. "Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks" Sensors 9, no. 9: 6626-6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90906626

APA Style

Luo, H., Guo, Z., Wu, K., Hong, F., & Feng, Y. (2009). Energy Balanced Strategies for Maximizing the Lifetime of Sparsely Deployed Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks. Sensors, 9(9), 6626-6651. https://doi.org/10.3390/s90906626

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