Multiple Beneficial Lipids Including Lecithin Detected in the Edible Invasive Mollusk Crepidula fornicata from the French Northeastern Atlantic Coast
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Lipid Content and Lipid Class Composition at the Four Seasons
Collection Season | Total Lipids | Non-Polar Lipids | Glycolipids | Phospholipids |
---|---|---|---|---|
Winter (January) | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 21.9 ± 0.8 | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 69 ± 1 |
Spring (April) | 2.7 ± 0.2 | 21 ± 2 | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 62 ± 2 |
Summer (July) | 3.3 ± 0.3 | 30 ± 1 | 13 ± 3 | 56 ± 1 |
Autumn (November) | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 11 ± 2 | 61 ± 1 |
2.2. Phospholipid Class Composition at the Four Seasons
Phospholipid Class | Winter | Spring | Summer | Autumn |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cardiolipin | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 8 ± 1 | 10.1 ± 0.3 | 6.0 ± 0.6 |
Phosphatidylethanolamine | 11.7 ± 0.3 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | nd |
Ceramide aminoethylphosphonate | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 11 ± 2 | 9.6 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 |
Phosphatidylserine | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | nd | nd |
Lysophosphatidylethanolamine | nd | nd | nd | 1.5 ± 0.2 |
Phosphatidylcholine | 63.9 ± 0.3 | 76 ± 1 | 70.0 ± 0.8 | 88.9 ± 0.1 |
Undetermined | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | 7.3 ± 0.1 | -- |
2.3. Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Winter
Fatty Acids (Symbol) | ECL a | Abundance (wt %) |
---|---|---|
Saturated Fatty Acids (SFAs) | ||
14:0 | 14.00 | 1.13 ± 0.02 |
4,8,12-Me3-13:0 | 14.49 | 1.18 ± 0.03 |
15:0 | 15.00 | 0.62 ± 0.04 |
i-16:0 | 15.60 | 1.04 ± 0.03 |
16:0 | 16.00 | 11.7 ± 0.6 |
i-17:0 | 16.64 | 2.20 ± 0.06 |
ai-17:0 | 16.73 | 1.36 ± 0.02 |
17:0 | 17.00 | 1.49 ± 0.08 |
i-18:0 | 17.64 | 0.34 ± 0.01 |
18:0 | 18.00 | 5.49 ± 0.09 |
br-20:0 | 18.38 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
Total SFAs | -- | 27 ± 1 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | ||
9-16:1 | 15.74 | 1.90 ± 0.02 |
7-Me-8-16:1 | 16.12 | 0.21 ± 0.01 |
7-Me-6(Z)-16:1 | 16.20 | 0.22 ± 0.01 |
7-Me-6(E)-16:1 | 16.53 | 0.95 ± 0.05 |
9-18:1 | 17.72 | 4.2 ± 0.1 |
11-18:1 | 17.80 | 2.71 ± 0.09 |
11-20:1 | 19.68 | 4.85 ± 0.02 |
13-20:1 | 19.73 | 2.64 ± 0.05 |
br-21:1 | 20.32 | 0.64 ± 0.01 |
Total MUFAs | 18.3 ± 0.3 | |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | ||
18:4n-3 | 17.54 | 1.11 ± 0.04 |
18:2n-6 | 17.66 | 2.11 ± 0.01 |
20:4n-6 | 19.24 | 7.64 ± 0.03 |
20:5n-3 | 19.34 | 9.4 ± 0.1 |
20:2n-9 | 19.52 | 1.13 ± 0.04 |
20:2n-7 | 19.63 | 1.52 ± 0.02 |
22:6n-3 | 21.12 | 7.3 ± 0.3 |
22:4n-6 | 21.19 | 1.34 ± 0.03 |
22:5n-3 | 21.28 | 3.8 ± 0.1 |
22:3n-6 | 21.34 | 0.36 ± 0.02 |
22:2n-9,15 | 21.40 | 1.86 ± 0.01 |
22:2n-7,15 | 21.46 | 6.19 ± 0.08 |
Total PUFAs | 43.8 ± 0.8 | |
Fatty aldehyde dimethylacetals (DMAs) | ||
16:0 | 16.48 | 0.63 ± 0.02 |
br1-17:0 | 17.12 | 1.14 ± 0.02 |
br2-17:0 | 17.22 | 1.00 ± 0.04 |
17:0 | 17.48 | 0.47 ± 0.06 |
br1-18:0 | 18.10 | 0.95 ± 0.09 |
br2-18:0 | 18.22 | 0.24 ± 0.04 |
18:0 | 18.48 | 3.51 ± 0.05 |
br-19:0 | 19.22 | 0.24 ± 0.01 |
20:1 | 20.17 | 2.48 ± 0.03 |
Total DMAs | 10.7 ± 0.4 |
2.4. Free Sterol Composition in Winter
Systematic Names | Trivial Names | % Sterol Fraction |
---|---|---|
24-nor-Cholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol | 24-nor-Dehydrocholesterol | 1.24 ± 0.07 |
24-nor-5α-Cholest-22E-en-3β-ol | 24-nor-Dehydrocholestanol | 0.69 ± 0.02 |
Cholesta-5,22Z-dien-3β-ol | 22Z-Dehydrocholesterol | 2.85 ± 0.04 |
Cholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol | 22E-Dehydrocholesterol | 8.33 ± 0.08 |
5α-Cholest-22E-en-3β-ol | 22-Dehydrocholestanol | 3.13 ± 0.03 |
5α-Cholest-5-en-3β-ol | Cholesterol | 31.29 ± 0.04 |
5α-Cholestan-3β-ol | Cholestanol | 7.21 ± 0.06 |
24-Methylcholesta-5,22E-dien-3β-ol | Brassicasterol/Crinosterol | 18.6 ± 0.1 |
X1 (Δ° C28:0) | -- | 0.32 ± 0.01 |
24-Methylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol | 24-Methylenecholesterol | 7.32 ± .04 |
24-Methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | Campesterol 22,23-Dihydrobrassicasterol | 6.72 ± 0.08 |
X2 (Δ° C29:2) | -- | 0.54 ± 0.02 |
24-Ethylcholest-5,22E-dien-3β-ol | Poriferasterol/Stigmasterol | 0.45 ± 0.02 |
24-Ethyl-5α-cholest-22E-en-3β-ol | Poriferastanol/Stigmastanol | 0.43 ± 0.01 |
24-Ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | β-Sitosterol/Clionasterol | 4.62 ± 0.07 |
24-Ethylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol | Fucosterol | 5.13 ± 0.06 |
X3 (Δ° C30:0) | -- | 0.32 ± 0.03 |
X4 (Δ° C30:0) | -- | 0.37 ± 0.03 |
22,23-Methylene-23,24-dimethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol | Gorgosterol | 0.38 ± 0.01 |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Specimen Collection
3.2. Chemicals
3.3. Lipid Extraction and Separation of Lipid Classes
3.4. Phospholipid Determination by HPLC-ELSD
3.5. Preparation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, N-Acyl Pyrrolidides and Sterol Acetates
3.6. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analyses
3.7. Statistical Expression of Data
4. Conclusions
Lipids | Biological Effects | References * |
---|---|---|
Lecithin (polyunsaturated FAs) | Protective factor against colon cancer | [50,51,52] |
Treatment of psoriasis | [53] | |
CAEP | Implications in some hemocyte functions | [31] |
Cardiolipin | Optimization of mitochondrial respiratory performance | [34] |
n-3 Polyunsaturated FAs (EPA, DHA) | Human health benefits | [9,10,11,12,13,14,15] |
n-3 Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) | Inhibition of platelet aggregation | [35] |
Influence to endothelial cell migration ability | [35] | |
Diunsaturated NMI FAs | Resistance to oxydative stress and microbial lipases | [36,37] |
Plasmalogens | Anti oxydative stress | [37,38,39,40] |
Phytosterols | Lowering cholesterol effects | [44,45,46,47] |
Action on cardiovascular disease | [47] | |
Anti-inflammatory properties | [47] |
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Abbreviations
CAEP | ceramide aminoethylphosphonate |
DHA | n-3 docosahexaenoic acid |
DMA(s) | dimethylacetal(s) |
DPA | n-3 docosapentaenoic acid |
ELSD | evaporative light scattering detector |
EPA | n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid |
FA(s) | fatty acid(s) |
FAME(s) | fatty acid methyl ester(s) |
GC-MS | gas chromatography-mass spectrometry |
NAP | N-acyl pyrrolidide(s) |
NMI | non-methylene-interrupted |
PC | phosphatidylcholine |
PUFA(s) | polyunsaturated fatty acid(s) |
PL(s) | phospholipid(s) |
SA(s) | sterol acetate(s) |
Conflicts of Interest
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Dagorn, F.; Buzin, F.; Couzinet-Mossion, A.; Decottignies, P.; Viau, M.; Rabesaotra, V.; Barnathan, G.; Wielgosz-Collin, G. Multiple Beneficial Lipids Including Lecithin Detected in the Edible Invasive Mollusk Crepidula fornicata from the French Northeastern Atlantic Coast. Mar. Drugs 2014, 12, 6254-6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12126254
Dagorn F, Buzin F, Couzinet-Mossion A, Decottignies P, Viau M, Rabesaotra V, Barnathan G, Wielgosz-Collin G. Multiple Beneficial Lipids Including Lecithin Detected in the Edible Invasive Mollusk Crepidula fornicata from the French Northeastern Atlantic Coast. Marine Drugs. 2014; 12(12):6254-6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12126254
Chicago/Turabian StyleDagorn, Flore, Florence Buzin, Aurélie Couzinet-Mossion, Priscilla Decottignies, Michèle Viau, Vony Rabesaotra, Gilles Barnathan, and Gaëtane Wielgosz-Collin. 2014. "Multiple Beneficial Lipids Including Lecithin Detected in the Edible Invasive Mollusk Crepidula fornicata from the French Northeastern Atlantic Coast" Marine Drugs 12, no. 12: 6254-6268. https://doi.org/10.3390/md12126254