Seaweed Phenolics: From Extraction to Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Phenols Found in Seaweeds
2.1. Phenolic Acids
2.2. Phlorotannins
2.3. Bromophenols
2.4. Flavonoids
2.5. Phenolic Terpenoids
2.6. Mycosporine-Like Aminoacids (MAA)
2.7. Non-Typical Phenolic Compounds
3. Phenolic Compounds Extractions and Purification Methodologies
3.1. Pre-Treatment
3.2. Extraction
3.3. Purification, Quantification, and Characterization
4. Seaweed Phenolic Compounds and their Bioactivities
4.1. Green Seaweeds
4.1.1. Bromophenols
4.1.2. Flavonoids
4.2. Red Seaweeds
4.2.1. Bromophenols
4.2.2. Flavonoids
4.2.3. Phenolic Terpenoids
4.2.4. Mycosporine-Like Amino Acid
4.3. Brown Seaweeds
4.3.1. Phlorotannins
4.3.2. Bromophenols
4.3.3. Flavonoids
4.3.4. Phenolic Terpenoids
5. Seaweed Phenolics: Commercial and Potential New Applications
5.1. Food Applications
5.2. Cosmetic Applications
- -
- Ulva compressa (formerly known as Enteromorpha compressa) Extract (Green Confertii Extract-NS by Natural Solution in Flemington, NJ, USA) contains flavonoids, tannins, polysaccharides, and acrylic acid as active compounds. It displays an antioxidant effect and anti-allergic effect and acts as an anti-microbial, antioxidant, and anti-allergic agent [294].
- -
- Fucus vesiculosus Extract (Bladderwrack Extract-NS by Natural Solution) contains fucoidan and phlorotannins as active compounds and acts as an anti-aging, antioxidant, anti-fungal, and anti-bacterial agent [295].
5.3. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications
5.3.1. Cardiovascular Disease
5.3.2. Neurodegenerative and Mental Disorders
5.3.3. Anticancer Properties
5.3.4. Diabetes
5.3.5. Anti-Microbial Function
5.3.6. Tissue and Bone Regeneration
5.3.7. Anti-Inflammatory
5.3.8. Other Medical Applications
5.4. Feed and Animal Health
5.5. Agriculture
5.6. Other Applications
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cotas, J.; Leandro, A.; Monteiro, P.; Pacheco, D.; Figueirinha, A.; Gonçalves, A.M.M.; da Silva, G.J.; Pereira, L. Seaweed Phenolics: From Extraction to Applications. Mar. Drugs 2020, 18, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18080384
Cotas J, Leandro A, Monteiro P, Pacheco D, Figueirinha A, Gonçalves AMM, da Silva GJ, Pereira L. Seaweed Phenolics: From Extraction to Applications. Marine Drugs. 2020; 18(8):384. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18080384
Chicago/Turabian StyleCotas, João, Adriana Leandro, Pedro Monteiro, Diana Pacheco, Artur Figueirinha, Ana M. M. Gonçalves, Gabriela Jorge da Silva, and Leonel Pereira. 2020. "Seaweed Phenolics: From Extraction to Applications" Marine Drugs 18, no. 8: 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18080384