Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fishery and Aquaculture Waste
3. Overview of Major Industrially Relevant Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste
3.1. Proteases
3.2. Lipases
3.3. Carbohydrases
3.4. Chitinolytic Enzymes
Chitinolytic Enzyme | EC Number | Marine Species |
---|---|---|
Chitinase | EC 3.2.1.14 | Silver croaker (Pennahia argentatus) [140,141], chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) [140,142], Kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus) [143], Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) [144], threeline grunt (Parapristipoma trilineatum) [145], fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) [142], marbled rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) [146,147], Japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostichtus) [148], red sea bream (Pagrus major) [149], Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) [150], Chinese black sleeper (Bostrychus sinensis) [151], red scorpionfish (Scorpaena scrofa) [152], Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) [153], coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) [154], red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) [155], fiddler crab (Uca pugilator) [156], golden cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) [157], squid (Ommas trephes sloani pacificus) [158], octopus (Polypus dofleini) [158], mussel (Mytilus edulis) [158] and octopus (Eledone cirrhosa) [158] |
β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase | EC 3.2.1.52 | Marbled rockfish (Sebastiscus marmoratus) [147], cuttlefish (Sepia esculenta) [157,158], mussel (Mytilus edulis) [158], Japanese common squid (Todarodes pacificus) [158], flying squid (Ommastrephes batrami) [158], arrow squid (Loligo bleekeri) [158], brown sole (Limanda herzensteini) [132], European carp (Cyprinus carpio) [132], Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) [132], Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) [132], Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) [132], Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii) [132], threeline grunt (Parapristipoma trilineatum) [132], chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) [132], sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) [132], fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) [132], Japanese amberjack (Seriola quinqueradiata) [132], sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) [132] and red sea bream (Pagrus major) [132] |
3.5. Transglutaminases
4. Utilization of Fishery and Aquaculture Waste for Production of Microbial Enzymes
5. Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Microbial Enzyme Production Using Fishery and Aquaculture Waste as a Substrate
6. Concluding Remarks
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Source | Temperature (°C) | Km (mM) | kcat (s−1) | kcat/Km (s−1 mM−1) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trypsin | Bovine | 4 | 0.30 | 0.21 | 0.70 | [31] |
Porcine | 0.96 | 1.04 | 1.08 | |||
Fish | 0.037 | 0.90 | 24.3 | |||
Bovine | 20 | 0.50 | 0.71 | 1.42 | [31] | |
Porcine | 0.82 | 1.55 | 1.89 | |||
Fish | 0.050 | 1.77 | 35.4 | |||
Bovine | 37 | 0.72 | 1.35 | 1.84 | [31] | |
Porcine | 0.91 | 2.72 | 2.99 | |||
Fish | 0.068 | 2.69 | 39.6 | |||
Elastase | Porcine | 10 | 0.72 | 11.6 | 16.1 | [32] |
Fish | 0.79 | 24.6 | 31.1 | |||
Porcine | 25 | 0.73 | 16.1 | 22.1 | [32] | |
Fish | 1.02 | 44.1 | 43.2 |
Protease | Group | Marine Species |
---|---|---|
Pepsin | Aspartyl protease | Smooth hound (Mustelus mustelus) [52], European eel (Anguilla anguilla) [53], Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [54], sea bream (Sparus latus) [55], albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) [56,57], skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) [57], tongol tuna (Thunnus tonggol) [57], mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) [58] and pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis) [59] |
Trypsin | Serine protease | Threadfin hakeling (laemonema longipes) [60], unicorn leatherjacket (Aluterus monoceros) [61], pectoral rattail (Coryphaenoides pectoralis) [62], zebra blenny (Salaria basilisca) [63], Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) [64], tongol tuna (Thunnus tonggol) [65], common kilka (Clupeonella cultriventris caspia) [66], skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) [67], spotted mackerel (Scomber australasicus) [68], walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) [69], Pacific saury (Cololabis saira) [70] and cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) [71] |
Chymotrypsin | Serine protease | Crucian carp (Carassius auratus) [72] and Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax caeruleus) [73,74] |
Elastase and collagenase | Serine protease | Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) [75], Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) [75,76], flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) [75], sardine (Sardina pilchardus) [76], butterfly peacock bass (Cichla ocellaris) [77] and rough scad (Trachurus lathami) [77] |
Brachyurin | Serine protease | Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) [78,79], Northern shrimp (Pandalus eous) [80], white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) [81], greasyback shrimp (Metapenaeus ensis) [82], American lobster (Homarus americanus) [83], Caribbean spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) [49] and spiny lobster (Panulirus interruptus) [84] |
Cathepsin | Cysteine protease | Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) [85], sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) [86,87], rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) [88], Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) [89] and neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) [90] |
Proteolytic enzymes | Metallo- protease | sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) [41], rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [42] and trout (Salmo gairdnerii) [43] |
Fishery and Aquaculture Waste | Marine Species | References |
---|---|---|
Pyloric caeca and pancreas | cod (Gadus morhua) | [96] |
Pancreas | Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | [97] |
rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | [98] | |
Hepatopancreas | sea bream (Pagrus major) | [94] |
sardine (Sardinella longiceps) | [99] | |
Stomach, pyloric caeca, liver and intestine | rohu (Labeo rohita) | [95] |
Indian oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) | [95] | |
mullet (Liza subviridis) | [95] | |
Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) | [95] | |
Stomach and intestine | tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | [100] |
Viscera | catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) | [92] |
catfish (Clarias gariepinus) | [92] | |
snakehead (Channa stiata) | [92] | |
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) | [92] | |
Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax caerulea) | [92,101] | |
tuna species (Euthynnusaffinis) | [102] | |
Intestines, pancreas and pyloric caeca | milkfish (Chanos chanos) | [103] |
Fishery and Aquaculture Waste | Microorganisms | Enzymes | References |
---|---|---|---|
Fish heads and viscera | Pseudomonas aeruginosa * | Protease | [177] |
Bacillus subtilis | Protease | [178] | |
Fish viscera | Vibrio anguillarum * | Protease | [179] |
Vibrio splendidus * | Protease | [179] | |
Fish heads | Streptomyces speibonae | Protease | [180] |
Paenibacillus elgii | Protease | [181] | |
Shrimp shells | Bacillus subtilis | Protease | [182] |
Chryseobacterium indologenes * | Protease | [183] | |
Bacillus subtilis | Chitosanase | [184] | |
Pseudomonas * | Chitinase | [185] | |
Pseudomonas * | Chitosanase | [185] | |
Bacillus cereus * | Protease | [186] | |
Bacillus cereus * | Chitinase | [186] | |
Serratia marcescens * | Protease | [187] | |
Serratia marcescens * | Chitosanase | [187,188] | |
Lecanicillium muscarium | β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase | [189] | |
Paenibacillus mucilaginosus | Chitosanase | [190] | |
Shrimp and crab shells | Monascus purpureus * | Protease | [191] |
Bacillus firmus | Protease | [192] | |
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens | Chitinase | [193] | |
Monascus purpureus | Chitinase | [194] | |
Bacillus cereus * | Chitinase | [195] | |
Cuttlefish by-products | Bacillus licheniformis | Protease | [176] |
Bacillus subtilis | Protease | [176] | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa * | Protease | [176] | |
Bacillus cereus * | Protease | [176] | |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus * | Protease | [176] | |
Squid pens | Lactobacillus paracasei | Protease | [196] |
Serratia ureilytica * | Protease | [197] | |
Lentzea | Chitosanase | [198] | |
Serratia ureilytica * | Chitinase | [197] | |
Paenibacillus sp. | Protease | [199] | |
Paenibacillus sp. | Chitosanase | [199,200] | |
Paenibacillus elgii | Chitosanase | [201] | |
Fish by-products | Staphylococcus epidermidis * | Lipase | [202] |
Bacillus cereus * | Protease | [203] | |
Fish and shellfish wastes | Staphylococcus xylosus | Lipase | [204] |
Hydrolyzed fish wastes | Rhizopus oryzae | Lipase | [172] |
Bacillus mojavensis | Protease | [205] | |
Shrimp by-products | Purpureocillium lilacinum * | Chitosanase | [206] |
Chitinous fishery wastes | Paenibacillus sp. | Chitinase | [207] |
Shrimp waste silage | Verticillium lecanii | β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase | [208] |
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Khiari, Z. Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090411
Khiari Z. Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(9):411. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090411
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhiari, Zied. 2024. "Enzymes from Fishery and Aquaculture Waste: Research Trends in the Era of Artificial Intelligence and Circular Bio-Economy" Marine Drugs 22, no. 9: 411. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090411