pH-Dependent Extraction of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Seaweed Palmaria palmata: A Sequential Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Protein Content, Protein Recovery, and Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
2.2. Amino Acid Composition
2.3. Total Phenolic Content
2.4. Antioxidant Properties
3. Discussion
3.1. Protein Content, Protein Recovery, and Degree of Hydrolysis
3.2. Amino Acid Composition
3.3. Total Phenolic Content
3.4. Antioxidant Properties
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Seaweed Biomass Preparation
4.2. Enzymes and Chemicals
4.3. Aqueous Extraction
4.4. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
4.5. Protein Content and Recovery
4.6. Degree of Hydrolysis (DH)
4.7. Amino Acid Profile
4.8. Total Phenolic Content
4.9. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
4.10. Fe2+ Chelating Activity
4.11. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Abbreviations
ANOVA | analysis of variance |
BHT | butylated hydroxytoluene |
DH | degree of hydrolysis |
DPPH | 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl |
DTT | dithiothreitol |
EAA | essential amino acids |
EDTA | ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
HCl | hydrochloric acid |
HPLC | high-performance liquid chromatography |
IC50 | the concentration needed to inhibit free radicals or chelate metal ions by 50% |
LA3 | liquid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 3 |
LA6 | liquid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 6 |
LA9 | liquid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 9 |
LAPU | leucine aminopeptidase units |
LE3 | liquid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 3 |
LE6 | liquid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 6 |
LE9 | liquid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 9 |
LFPC | liquid fraction’s protein content |
LFPR | liquid fraction’s protein recovery |
OPA | o-phthaldialdehyde |
Na2CO3 | sodium carbonate |
NaHCO₃ | sodium bicarbonate |
NaOH | sodium hydroxide |
SA3 | solid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 3 |
SA6 | solid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 6 |
SA9 | solid fraction obtained after aqueous extraction at pH 9 |
SE3 | solid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 3 |
SE6 | solid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 6 |
SE9 | solid fraction obtained after enzymatic extraction at pH 9 |
SFPC | solid fraction’s protein content |
SFPR | solid fraction’s protein recovery |
TAA | total amino acids |
TPC | total phenolic content |
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Aqueous Extraction on Seaweed | Enzymatic Extraction on Solid Fractions from Aqueous Extraction | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid Fraction (LA) | Solid Fraction (SA) | Liquid Fraction (LE) | Solid Fraction (SE) | |||||||||
pH 3 | pH 6 | pH 9 | pH 3 | pH 6 | pH 9 | pH 3 | pH 6 | pH 9 | pH 3 | pH 6 | pH 9 | |
Phenylalanine * | 0.40 ± 0.01 c | 0.63 ± 0.04 c | 0.63 ± 0.03 c | 6.21 ± 0.59 b | 5.53 ± 0.31 b | 5.02 ± 0.52 b | 1.09 ± 0.14 c | 0.73 ± 0.18 c | 0.77 ± 0.46 c | 12.04 ± 1.13 a | 11.89 ± 1.43 a | 10.91 ± 0.72 a |
Leucine * | 0.75 ± 0.04 c | 0.92 ± 0.11 c | 0.94 ± 0.09 c | 11.59 ± 1.30 b | 10.38 ± 0.50 b | 9.23 ± 1.01 b | 1.66 ± 0.23 c | 1.15 ± 0.32 c | 1.30 ± 0.52 c | 21.18 ± 2.28 a | 21.22 ± 2.58 a | 19.34 ± 1.62 a |
Isoleucine * | 0.42 ± 0.03 c | 0.55 ± 0.06 c | 0.54 ± 0.06 c | 6.40 ± 0.69 b | 5.69 ± 0.37 b | 5.19 ± 0.62 b | 0.98 ± 0.16 c | 0.64 ± 0.18 c | 0.79 ± 0.34 c | 11.85 ± 1.14 a | 11.91 ± 1.68 a | 10.92 ± 0.92 a |
Methionine * | 0.19 ± 0.03 c | 0.28 ± 0.06 c | 0.28 ± 0.03 c | 2.96 ± 0.35 b | 2.68 ± 0.19 b | 2.42 ± 0.31 b | 0.40 ± 0.04 c | 0.27 ± 0.04 c | 0.32 ± 0.12 c | 5.63 ± 0.55 a | 5.73 ± 0.68 a | 5.24 ± 0.39 a |
Tyrosine * | 0.41 ± 0.04 c | 0.71 ± 0.27 c | 0.71 ± 0.04 c | 6.88 ± 0.70 b | 5.99 ± 0.31 b | 5.51 ± 0.55 b | 1.14 ± 0.08 c | 0.65 ± 0.18 c | 0.74 ± 0.40 c | 14.08 ± 0.32 a | 13.65 ± 0.73 a | 12.64 ± 0.70 a |
Proline | 2.71 ± 0.05 c | 2.91 ± 0.29 c | 2.86 ± 0.10 c | 8.39 ± 0.85 b | 7.40 ± 0.29 b | 6.95 ± 0.77 b | 2.74 ± 0.11 c | 2.22 ± 0.28 c | 1.76 ± 0.55 c | 15.45 ± 1.48 a | 15.84 ± 1.66 a | 14.38 ± 0.86 a |
Valine * | 1.04 ± 0.05 c | 1.13 ± 0.13 c | 1.12 ± 0.08 c | 12.35 ± 1.34 b | 10.95 ± 0.46 b | 10.11 ± 1.09 b | 2.22 ± 0.30 c | 1.88 ± 0.31 c | 1.95 ± 0.28 c | 24.00 ± 2.34 a | 23.88 ± 2.33 a | 21.83 ± 1.70 a |
Alanine | 2.49 ± 0.15 c | 2.41 ± 0.32 c | 2.27 ± 0.28 c | 13.88 ± 1.28 b | 12.45 ± 0.67 b | 11.69 ± 1.30 b | 4.25 ± 0.62 c | 3.80 ± 0.29 c | 4.11 ± 0.24 c | 25.36 ± 2.32 a | 26.33 ± 2.94 a | 23.76 ± 1.53 a |
Threonine * | 1.21 ± 0.07 c | 1.40 ± 0.23 c | 1.38 ± 0.11 c | 8.55 ± 1.05 b | 7.83 ± 0.39 b | 6.88 ± 1.43 b | 1.57 ± 0.22 c | 1.59 ± 0.25 c | 1.59 ± 0.36 c | 18.34 ± 1.65 a | 18.89 ± 1.97 a | 17.16 ± 1.09 a |
Glycine | 2.39 ± 0.38 c | 3.00 ± 0.41 c | 2.93 ± 0.31 c | 13.02 ± 1.12 b | 11.80 ± 0.90 b | 10.92 ± 1.09 b | 3.56 ± 0.45 c | 2.76 ± 0.55 c | 2.75 ± 0.73 c | 22.82 ± 1.86 a | 23.23 ± 1.99 a | 21.33 ± 1.29 a |
Serine | 3.12 ± 0.75 c | 2.62 ± 0.53 c | 2.59 ± 0.29 c | 13.20 ± 1.28 b | 12.32 ± 0.64 b | 11.18 ± 1.07 b | 3.11 ± 0.58 c | 3.35 ± 0.54 c | 2.91 ± 0.75 c | 22.58 ± 2.12 a | 22.74 ± 2.27 a | 21.32 ± 1.22 a |
Arginine | 0.68 ± 0.24 e | 0.74 ± 0.24 e | 0.83 ± 0.18 e | 10.90 ± 0.94 c | 9.21 ± 0.45 cd | 8.24 ± 0.74 d | 1.03 ± 0.11 e | 0.99 ± 0.35 e | 1.06 ± 0.40 e | 20.39 ± 1.80 a | 20.37 ± 1.98 a | 18.10 ± 1.10 b |
Histidine * | ND ** | ND | ND | 3.31 ± 0.64 b | 2.76 ± 0.29 bc | 2.32 ± 0.30 c | ND | ND | ND | 5.06 ± 0.59 a | 5.46 ± 0.70 a | 4.83 ± 0.39 a |
Glutamic acid | 9.52 ± 0.24 def | 11.80 ± 0.89 d | 11.03 ± 0.44 de | 23.09 ± 1.98 b | 20.24 ± 0.82 bc | 18.86 ± 2.15 c | 7.85 ± 0.41 ef | 6.08 ± 0.86 f | 6.23 ± 1.44 f | 35.15 ± 2.72 a | 35.44 ± 3.66 a | 32.13 ± 2.31 a |
Cystine * | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.09 ± 0.67 a | 1.41 ± 0.50 b | 1.27 ± 0.27 b |
Aspartic acid | 8.62 ± 0.67 d | 8.43 ± 0.62 d | 9.22 ± 0.43 d | 24.19 ± 3.10 b | 21.68 ± 1.30 bc | 20.06 ± 2.21 c | 5.95 ± 0.51 de | 4.46 ± 0.67 e | 5.55 ± 1.34 de | 36.18 ± 2.79 a | 37.29 ± 3.41 a | 34.27 ± 1.77 a |
TAA *** | 33.95 ± 1.57 d | 37.51 ± 2.97 d | 37.34 ± 1.27 d | 164.92 ± 16.40 b | 146.90 ± 6.90 bc | 134.58 ± 14.70 c | 37.54 ± 3.57 d | 30.56 ± 3.30 d | 31.84 ± 7.19 d | 292.20 ± 25.73 a | 295.29 ± 30.84 a | 269.45 ± 16.81 a |
EAA | 0.42 ± 0.14 c | 5.61 ± 0.69 c | 5.60 ± 0.20 c | 58.26 ± 6.15 b | 51.80 ± 2.05 b | 46.67 ± 5.60 b | 9.05 ± 1.08 c | 6.91 ± 1.22 c | 7.46 ± 2.45 c | 114.26 ± 10.94 a | 114.04 ± 13.12 a | 104.15 ± 7.05 a |
EAA/TAA | 0.130 ± 0.002 d | 0.149 ± 0.009 d | 0.150 ± 0.005 d | 0.353 ± 0.004 b | 0.353 ± 0.003 b | 0.346 ± 0.004 b | 0.241 ± 0.006 c | 0.224 ± 0.016 c | 0.230 ± 0.029 c | 0.391 ± 0.005 a | 0.386 ± 0.005 a | 0.386 ± 0.003 a |
Extraction Method | pH Value | IC50 (mg.mL−1) for DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity | IC50 (mg.mL−1) for Fe2+ Chelating Activity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liquid Fraction | Solid Fraction | Liquid Fraction | Solid Fraction | ||
Aqueous extraction on seaweed (LA and SA) | 3 | 9.31 ± 0.19 c | 3.97 ± 0.07 a | NR * | 4.81 ± 0.05 bc |
6 | 9.03 ± 2.72 c | 2.85 ± 0.08 a | 5.06 ± 0.55 c | 11.84 ± 2.50 ef | |
9 | NR | 8.15 ± 0.02 bc | 1.26 ± 0.07 a | 8.97 ± 0.36 de | |
Enzymatic extraction on solid fraction from aqueous extraction (LE and SE) | 3 | 10.41 ± 0.51 c | 2.29 ± 1.00 a | 5.52 ± 0.60 cd | 0.63 ± 0.04 a |
6 | 10.09 ± 0.57 c | 2.92 ± 0.02 a | 14.60 ± 0.15 f | 0.89 ± 0.07 a | |
9 | NR | 4.38 ± 0.17 ab | 8.92 ± 1.26 de | 1.35 ± 0.11 ab |
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Ghelichi, S.; Sørensen, A.-D.M.; Náthia-Neves, G.; Jacobsen, C. pH-Dependent Extraction of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Seaweed Palmaria palmata: A Sequential Approach. Mar. Drugs 2024, 22, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090413
Ghelichi S, Sørensen A-DM, Náthia-Neves G, Jacobsen C. pH-Dependent Extraction of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Seaweed Palmaria palmata: A Sequential Approach. Marine Drugs. 2024; 22(9):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090413
Chicago/Turabian StyleGhelichi, Sakhi, Ann-Dorit Moltke Sørensen, Grazielle Náthia-Neves, and Charlotte Jacobsen. 2024. "pH-Dependent Extraction of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Seaweed Palmaria palmata: A Sequential Approach" Marine Drugs 22, no. 9: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090413
APA StyleGhelichi, S., Sørensen, A. -D. M., Náthia-Neves, G., & Jacobsen, C. (2024). pH-Dependent Extraction of Antioxidant Peptides from Red Seaweed Palmaria palmata: A Sequential Approach. Marine Drugs, 22(9), 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/md22090413