Improving the Quality and Production of Philodendron Plants Using Nanoparticles and Humic Acid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials and Experimental Design
- Control.
- 1 ml/L humic acid (HA)
- 2 ml/L humic acid (HA)
- 1.5 ml/L nano fertilizer NPK (NPK NPs)
- 2 ml/L nano fertilizer NPK (NPK NPs)
- 100 mg/L iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)
- 150 mg/L iron nanoparticles (FeNPs)
- 150 mg/L zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs)
- 200 mg/L zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs)
- 20 mg/L Silver nanoparticles (SNPs)
- 40 mg/L Silver nanoparticles (SNPs)
- 60 mg/L Silver nanoparticles (SNPs)
2.2. The Growth Parameters
2.3. Physiological Characters
- -
- Total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in leaves were determined according to Allel et al. [35].
- -
- -
- Nitrogen (N) (%) was determined by micro Kjeldahl as per the method described by the A.O.A.C. [39]. Phosphorus (P) (%) was determined by spectrophotometer as per the method described by Jackson [40]. Potassium (K) (%) was determined by flame emission spectrometry according to Page et al. [41]. Iron (Fe mg/kg) and zinc (Zn mg/kg) were specified by using inductively coupled spectrometry plasma (ICP) Model Ultimate-Jobin Yvonzz.e.
2.4. Anatomical Studies
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Growth Characters
3.1.1. Plant Height, Plant Width and Number of Leaves/Plants
3.1.2. The Leaf Dimensions (Length and Width of Leaf Blades, Length of Petioles)
3.1.3. Leaf Area, Stem Diameter, and Root Length
3.1.4. The Fresh and Dry Weights of Leaves, Stems, Roots, and the Whole Plant
3.2. Physiological Characters
3.2.1. Photosynthetic Pigments
3.2.2. Mineral Contents
3.2.3. Enzymes Activities
3.3. Anatomical Structure of Leaves and Stems
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Plant Height (cm) | Plant Width (cm) | Number of Leaves/Plant | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Months | 12 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
Control | 22.63 i | 37.62 f | 24.30 f | 28.67 g | 3.75 d | 6.42 g |
HA at 1 mL/L | 29.17 defg | 46.25 cd | 30.38 cde | 44.33 cde | 4.17 bcd | 8.00 ef |
HA at 2 mL/L | 29.42 def | 46.62 cd | 31.25 cde | 47.00 bcde | 4.25 bcd | 8.55 de |
NPK NPs at 1.5 mL/L | 30.18 cde | 47.03 cd | 31.98 cd | 47.83 bcd | 4.42 abcd | 9.11 cd |
NPK NPs at 2 mL/L | 32.63 bc | 50.24 bc | 35.73 bc | 51.41 abc | 4.67 ab | 9.67 bc |
FeNPs at 100 mg/L | 25.97 h | 40.04 ef | 25.83 ef | 35.13 fg | 3.83 cd | 7.17 fg |
FeNPs at 150 mg/L | 26.67 fgh | 44.93 cde | 30.27 cde | 41.50 def | 4.08 bcd | 7.58 f |
ZnNPs at 150 mg/L | 26.29 gh | 43.92 de | 29.20 def | 39.21 ef | 3.83 cd | 7.25 fg |
ZnNPs at 200 mg/L | 27.81 efgh | 45.49 cde | 31.08 cde | 46.68 bcde | 4.33 abcd | 7.67 ef |
SNPs at 20 mg/L | 31.18 cd | 48.85 bcd | 35.38 bc | 51.33 abc | 4.50 abc | 9.22 cd |
SNPs at 40 mg/L | 34.22 ab | 53.49 b | 38.33 b | 53.25 ab | 4.75 ab | 10.17 b |
SNPs at 60 mg/L | 36.63 a | 60.75 a | 51.04 a | 59.25 a | 5.00 a | 11.67 a |
Treatments | Length of Leaves Blade (cm) | Width of Leaves Blade (cm) | Length of Petiole (cm) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 Months | 12 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
Control | 7.67 f | 10.12 f | 6.31 e | 9.76 g | 15.63 f | 23.60 g |
HA at 1 mL/L | 9.80 de | 13.09 cde | 8.03 d | 13.06 cdef | 18.94 cd | 29.55 de |
HA at 2 mL/L | 9.99 d | 13.48 cde | 8.10 d | 13.35 cde | 19.68 cd | 31.25 cd |
NPK NPs at 1.5 mL/L | 12.17 c | 14.12 bcd | 9.03 c | 13.47 cd | 20.45 c | 31.51 cd |
NPK NPs at 2 mL/L | 13.49 bc | 14.38 bc | 9.89 c | 14.29 bc | 22.66 b | 33.08 c |
FeNPs at 100 mg/L | 8.46 ef | 10.66 f | 7.18 de | 11.71 f | 15.70 f | 24.34 fg |
FeNPs at 150 mg/L | 8.68 def | 11.48 ef | 7.64 d | 11.92 ef | 16.71 ef | 28.72 e |
ZnNPs at 150 mg/L | 8.86 def | 12.08 def | 7.85 d | 12.32 def | 17.98 de | 26.06 f |
ZnNPs at 200 mg/L | 9.50 de | 13.09 cde | 7.88 d | 12.94 cdef | 18.78 cd | 29.26 de |
SNPs at 20 mg/L | 13.42 bc | 14.24 bc | 9.22 c | 14.20 bc | 20.75 c | 32.02 c |
SNPs at 40 mg/L | 13.86 b | 16.14 b | 11.65 b | 15.27 b | 24.65 a | 36.63 b |
SNPs at 60 mg/L | 15.66 a | 18.17 a | 13.19 a | 17.62 a | 26.51 a | 41.77 a |
Treatments | Leaf Area (cm2) | Stem Diameter (cm) | Root Length (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
Control | 91.06 g | 1.14 g | 32.38 g |
HA at 1 mL/L | 158.20 cde | 1.55 e | 44.00 cd |
HA at 2 mL/L | 166.75 cd | 1.59 de | 45.25 c |
NPK NPs at 1.5 mL/L | 173.18 c | 1.70 de | 46.75 c |
NPK NPs at 2 mL/L | 187.34 c | 2.00 bc | 51.17 ab |
FeNPs at 100 mg/L | 117.14 fg | 1.22 g | 34.92 g |
FeNPs at 150 mg/L | 125.96 ef | 1.28 g | 35.50 fg |
ZnNPs at 150 mg/L | 137.90 def | 1.32 fg | 39.00 ef |
ZnNPs at 200 mg/L | 156.37 cde | 1.53 ef | 41.25 de |
SNPs at 20 mg/L | 186.64 c | 1.80 cd | 47.67 bc |
SNPs at 40 mg/L | 228.28 b | 2.21 ab | 54.08 a |
SNPs at 60 mg/L | 295.22 a | 2.30 a | 54.33 a |
Treatments | Fresh Weight (g/Plant) | Dry Weight (g/Plant) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaves | Stems | Roots | Total | Leaves | Stems | Roots | Total | |
Control | 48.94 f | 14.92 f | 13.67 e | 77.47 f | 3.44 g | 0.81 f | 1.40 f | 5.66 h |
HA at 1 mL/L | 65.50 de | 17.48 cd | 19.86 cd | 102.83 de | 5.01 def | 1.17 def | 2.50 cde | 8.83 def |
HA at 2 mL/L | 71.61 cd | 18.98 c | 22.55 bc | 113.14 d | 5.75 cde | 1.21 cde | 2.60 bcde | 9.40 de |
NPK NPs at 1.5 mL/L | 78.83 c | 27.25 b | 26.66 ab | 132.74 c | 6.30 cd | 1.25 cde | 2.79 bcd | 10.33 cd |
NPK NPs at 2 mL/L | 92.67 b | 28.00 b | 28.42 a | 149.08 b | 6.91 bc | 1.53 bc | 3.08 bc | 11.32 c |
FeNPs at 100 mg/L | 58.70 ef | 15.05 ef | 15.05 de | 89.61 ef | 3.86 fg | 0.97 ef | 1.71 ef | 6.54 gh |
FeNPs at 150 mg/L | 63.86 de | 16.52 def | 16.19 de | 96.57 e | 4.84 ef | 1.00 ef | 2.07 cdef | 7.91 efg |
ZnNPs at 150 mg/L | 59.51 ef | 15.97 def | 15.60 de | 90.27 ef | 4.82 ef | 0.99 ef | 1.76 def | 7.57 fg |
ZnNPs at 200 mg/L | 65.10 de | 16.65 de | 17.90 cde | 99.65 e | 5.00 def | 1.07 def | 2.48 cde | 8.57 ef |
SNPs at 20 mg/L | 92.04 b | 27.52 b | 27.17 ab | 146.72 b | 6.81 bc | 1.43 bcd | 2.85 bc | 11.29 c |
SNPs at 40 mg/L | 97.33 b | 28.07 b | 28.80 a | 154.20 b | 7.79 ab | 1.70 b | 3.58 ab | 13.07 b |
SNPs at 60 mg/L | 111.70 a | 34.267 a | 30.18 a | 176.15 a | 9.01 a | 2.19 a | 4.37 a | 15.57 a |
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El-Shawa, G.M.R.; Alharbi, K.; AlKahtani, M.; AlHusnain, L.; Attia, K.A.; Abdelaal, K. Improving the Quality and Production of Philodendron Plants Using Nanoparticles and Humic Acid. Horticulturae 2022, 8, 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080678
El-Shawa GMR, Alharbi K, AlKahtani M, AlHusnain L, Attia KA, Abdelaal K. Improving the Quality and Production of Philodendron Plants Using Nanoparticles and Humic Acid. Horticulturae. 2022; 8(8):678. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080678
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Shawa, Ghada M. R., Khadiga Alharbi, Muneera AlKahtani, Latifa AlHusnain, Kotb A. Attia, and Khaled Abdelaal. 2022. "Improving the Quality and Production of Philodendron Plants Using Nanoparticles and Humic Acid" Horticulturae 8, no. 8: 678. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080678