Antiviral RNAi in Insects and Mammals: Parallels and Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Mechanism of RNAi
2.1. The siRNA Pathway in Insects
2.2. The miRNA Pathway in Insects
2.3. RNAi Pathway in Mammals
3. Innate Antiviral Immunity and the Interferon Pathway
3.1. Sensing of Foreign Nucleic Acids
3.2. RIG-I-Like Receptors
3.3. Innate Antiviral Immunity in Pluripotent Cells
3.4. Viral Antagonism of the IFN Response
4. Antiviral RNA Interference in Insects
4.1. Broad Antiviral Function of Insect RNAi
4.2. Viral Suppressors of RNAi
5. Antiviral RNAi in Mammals
5.1. Viral Small RNA Profiles
5.2. Viral Suppressors of RNAi in Mammalian Viruses
5.3. Antiviral RNAi in Pluripotent Cells
5.4. RNA Interference and Interferon Pathway
6. Summary and Open Questions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus (Mutant) | Virus Family | Host | Experimental System | Approach | Viral siRNAs Detected a | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nodamura virus (NoV ∆B2) | Nodaviridae | mice | Suckling mice | total small RNA | yes | [14] |
hamster | BHK cells | total small RNA | yes | [14] | ||
mice | Embryonic stem cells | total small RNA | yes | [13] | ||
Encephalomyocarditis virus | Picornaviridae | mice | Embryonic stem cells | total small RNA | yes | [13] |
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71 D23A) | Picornaviridae | human | 293T cells | total small RNA | yes | [206] |
Influenza A virus (∆NS1) | Orthomyxoviridae | human | A549 cells | total small and AGO2 associated small RNAs | yes | [15] |
human | A549 cells | total small RNA | yes | [207] | ||
human | 293T cells | total small RNA | yes | [207] | ||
Influenza A virus | human | 293T cells | total small RNA | no | [208] | |
mouse | MEFs | total small RNA | no | [202] | ||
human | A549 cells | total small RNA | no | [207] | ||
human | 293T cells | total small RNA | no | [207] | ||
Borna disease virus | Bornaviridae | rat | C6 glioma cells | total small RNA | no | [202] |
Coxsackie virus B3 | Picornaviridae | human | HeLa cells | total small RNA | no | [17] |
Sindbis virus | Togaviridae | human | HeLa cells | total small RNA | no | [17] |
mice | MEFs | total small RNA | no | [202] | ||
human | HEK293 cells | total small RNA | no | [209] | ||
human | HEK293 cells | total small RNA | no | [205] | ||
monkey | Vero cells | total small RNA | no | [205] | ||
Vesicular stomatitis virus | Rhabdoviridae | mice | MEFs | total small RNA | no | [202] |
Yellow fever virus | Flaviviridae | human | HeLa cells | total small RNA | no | [17] |
Zika virus | Flaviviridae | human | Neural progenitor cells | total small RNA | yes | [210] |
Virus | VSR | Mechanism RNAi Suppression | IFN Antagonist | Mechanism IFN Antagonism | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ebola virus | VP35 | dsRNA binding | Yes | Inhibits PACT-induced RIG-I ATPase activity; Blocks phosphorylation of IRF-3 and production of IFN-β | [222,223] |
Human enterovirus 71 | 3A | dsRNA binding | Yes (minor) | nt | [206] |
SARS coronavirus | N | dsRNA binding | Yes | Inhibits TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, resulting in inhibition of IFN production | [212,224] |
Influenza A virus | NS1 | dsRNA binding | yes | Inhibits the ubiquitin ligase TRIM25, responsible for ubiquitination and activation of RIG-I; Inhibits PKR; Prevents activation of the 2′-5′ oligoadenylate synthetase/RNase L system | [225,226,227] |
Nodamura virus | B2 | dsRNA binding | nt | - | [228] |
Vaccinia virus | VP55 | Polyadenylation of miRNAs, leading to their degradation | no | - | [220] |
Yellow fever virus | capsid | dsRNA binding a | no | - | [171] |
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Schuster, S.; Miesen, P.; van Rij, R.P. Antiviral RNAi in Insects and Mammals: Parallels and Differences. Viruses 2019, 11, 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050448
Schuster S, Miesen P, van Rij RP. Antiviral RNAi in Insects and Mammals: Parallels and Differences. Viruses. 2019; 11(5):448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050448
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchuster, Susan, Pascal Miesen, and Ronald P. van Rij. 2019. "Antiviral RNAi in Insects and Mammals: Parallels and Differences" Viruses 11, no. 5: 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050448
APA StyleSchuster, S., Miesen, P., & van Rij, R. P. (2019). Antiviral RNAi in Insects and Mammals: Parallels and Differences. Viruses, 11(5), 448. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11050448