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Article

Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America

1
Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
2
Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
3
Department of Biology, University of Portland, Portland, OR 97203, USA
4
Department of Biology and Museum of Vertebrate Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207-0751, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2019, 11(7), 637; https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070637
Submission received: 1 June 2019 / Revised: 5 July 2019 / Accepted: 9 July 2019 / Published: 11 July 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hantaviruses)

Abstract

Orthohantaviruses are tightly linked to the ecology and evolutionary history of their mammalian hosts. We hypothesized that in regions with dramatic climate shifts throughout the Quaternary, orthohantavirus diversity and evolution are shaped by dynamic host responses to environmental change through processes such as host isolation, host switching, and reassortment. Jemez Springs virus (JMSV), an orthohantavirus harbored by the dusky shrew (Sorex monticola) and five close relatives distributed widely in western North America, was used to test this hypothesis. Total RNAs, extracted from liver or lung tissue from 164 shrews collected from western North America during 1983–2007, were analyzed for orthohantavirus RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Phylogenies inferred from the L-, M-, and S-segment sequences of 30 JMSV strains were compared with host mitochondrial cytochrome b. Viral clades largely corresponded to host clades, which were primarily structured by geography and were consistent with hypothesized post-glacial expansion. Despite an overall congruence between host and viral gene phylogenies at deeper scales, phylogenetic signals were recovered that also suggested a complex pattern of host switching and at least one reassortment event in the evolutionary history of JMSV. A fundamental understanding of how orthohantaviruses respond to periods of host population expansion, contraction, and secondary host contact is the key to establishing a framework for both more comprehensive understanding of orthohantavirus evolutionary dynamics and broader insights into host–pathogen systems.
Keywords: hantaviridae; orthohantavirus; hantavirus; shrew; viral evolution; codiversification hantaviridae; orthohantavirus; hantavirus; shrew; viral evolution; codiversification

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liphardt, S.W.; Kang, H.J.; Dizney, L.J.; Ruedas, L.A.; Cook, J.A.; Yanagihara, R. Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America. Viruses 2019, 11, 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070637

AMA Style

Liphardt SW, Kang HJ, Dizney LJ, Ruedas LA, Cook JA, Yanagihara R. Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America. Viruses. 2019; 11(7):637. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070637

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liphardt, Schuyler W., Hae Ji Kang, Laurie J. Dizney, Luis A. Ruedas, Joseph A. Cook, and Richard Yanagihara. 2019. "Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America" Viruses 11, no. 7: 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070637

APA Style

Liphardt, S. W., Kang, H. J., Dizney, L. J., Ruedas, L. A., Cook, J. A., & Yanagihara, R. (2019). Complex History of Codiversification and Host Switching of a Newfound Soricid-Borne Orthohantavirus in North America. Viruses, 11(7), 637. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070637

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