Homo sapiens: The Superspreader of Plant Viral Diseases
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Direct Human Intervention in Virus Spread
3. Virus Spread Coupled with Climate Change
4. Challenges in Mitigating Plant Viral Diseases
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Genus | Vector | Host | Human Intervention |
---|---|---|---|---|
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) | Babuvirus | Aphids | Banana, plantain, abaca and other plants in family Musaceae | Trade of vegetative planting and tissue culture material [9] |
Banana streak virus (BSV) | Badnavirus | Mealybugs | Banana, Heliconia | Trade of vegetative planting and tissue culture material [10] |
African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) | Begomovirus | Whitefly | Cassava, castor bean | Exchange of virus infected plant material. Trade of infected seeds and plant material [11] |
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) | Begomovirus | Whitefly | French bean, Solanaceous plants | Accidental movement of insect vector [12] |
Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) | Caulimovirus | Aphids | Cauliflower, Chinese cabbage, brussels sprout, turnip | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [13].Trade of infected plant material [14] |
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | Cucumovirus | Aphids | Soybean, tobacco, pepper | Trade of infected seeds and plant material [15] |
Tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) | Necrovirus | Olpidium brassicae | French bean, cowpea, mung bean, melon, tulip, tobacco, cucumber | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [16] |
Plum pox virus (PPV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Apricots, peaches, plums, almonds | Grafting, budding, and transplanting of infected plant material [17] |
Potato virus Y (PVY) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Potato, tomato, capsicum, tobacco | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [18]. Trade of infected plant material [19] |
Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Maize, sugarcane, sorghum | Trade of infected plant material [20] |
Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Sweet potato, wild Ipomoea sp. Nicotiana sp. | Trade of infected tubers and cuttings, grafting, and mechanical inoculation [21] |
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Cucumber, pumpkin, rockmelon, zucchini | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment and workers [22] |
Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) | Potyvirus | Aphids | Sugarcane and Poaceae plants | Trade of infected plant material [23] |
Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) | Sobemovirus | Adult beetles in family Chrysomelidae, Grasshoppers | Rice | Virus contaminated sickles, hands and crop residues. Tight contact between plants during planting [24,25] |
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) | Tobamovirus | Grasshoppers, Caterpillars (occasionally) | Tobacco, tomato, Solanaceous plants | Virus contaminated machinery, equipment, farmers and smokers [26,27] |
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) | Orthotospovirus | Thrips | Peanut, pepper, tomato | Use of infected cuttings and bulbs for propagation [28] |
Rice tungro virus (RTV) | Tungrovirus | Leafhopper | Rice | Trade of infected seeds, and transplanting infected seedlings [29] |
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Ranawaka, B.; Hayashi, S.; Waterhouse, P.M.; de Felippes, F.F. Homo sapiens: The Superspreader of Plant Viral Diseases. Viruses 2020, 12, 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121462
Ranawaka B, Hayashi S, Waterhouse PM, de Felippes FF. Homo sapiens: The Superspreader of Plant Viral Diseases. Viruses. 2020; 12(12):1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121462
Chicago/Turabian StyleRanawaka, Buddhini, Satomi Hayashi, Peter M. Waterhouse, and Felipe F. de Felippes. 2020. "Homo sapiens: The Superspreader of Plant Viral Diseases" Viruses 12, no. 12: 1462. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12121462