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Volume 13
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10.3390/v13101932
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Article

Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection

by
Janeth Gomez-Garcia
1,
Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal
2,
Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi
1,
Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo
1,
Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira
3,
Efren Hernandez-Baltazar
1,
Alexander P. Hynes
2,* and
Oscar Torres-Angeles
1,*
1
Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Pharmacy, Autonomous University of the State of Morelos, 1001 University Avenue, Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico
2
Departament of Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
3
Laboratory of Virology Postgraduate Field 1, Cuautitlán School of Higher Studies, National Autonomous University of Mexico, 1st May Avenue, Sta María Guadalupe las Torres, Cuautitlán Izcalli 54740, Mexico
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2021, 13(10), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932
Submission received: 24 August 2021 / Revised: 17 September 2021 / Accepted: 22 September 2021 / Published: 25 September 2021
(This article belongs to the Topic Veterinary Infectious Diseases)
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Abstract

Modern bacteriophage encapsulation methods based on polymers such as alginate have been developed recently for their use in phage therapy for veterinary purposes. In birds, it has been proven that using this delivery system allows the release of the bacteriophage in the small intestine, the site of infection by Salmonella spp. This work designed an approach for phage therapy using encapsulation by ionotropic gelation of the lytic bacteriophage S1 for Salmonella enterica in 2% w/v alginate beads using 2% w/v calcium chloride as crosslinking agent. This formulation resulted in beads with an average size of 3.73 ± 0.04 mm and an encapsulation efficiency of 70%. In vitro, the beads protected the bacteriophages from pH 3 and released them at higher pH. To confirm that this would protect the bacteriophages from gastrointestinal pH changes, we tested the phage infectivity in vivo assay. Using a model chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) infected with Salmonella Enteritidis, we confirmed that after 3 h of the beads delivery, infective phages were present in the chicken’s duodenal and caecal sections. This study demonstrates that our phage formulation is an effective system for release and delivery of bacteriophage S1 against Salmonella Enteritidis with potential use in the poultry sector.
Keywords: phage therapy; Salmonella enteritidis; poultry sector; alginate phage therapy; Salmonella enteritidis; poultry sector; alginate

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gomez-Garcia, J.; Chavez-Carbajal, A.; Segundo-Arizmendi, N.; Baron-Pichardo, M.G.; Mendoza-Elvira, S.E.; Hernandez-Baltazar, E.; Hynes, A.P.; Torres-Angeles, O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses 2021, 13, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932

AMA Style

Gomez-Garcia J, Chavez-Carbajal A, Segundo-Arizmendi N, Baron-Pichardo MG, Mendoza-Elvira SE, Hernandez-Baltazar E, Hynes AP, Torres-Angeles O. Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses. 2021; 13(10):1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gomez-Garcia, Janeth, Alejandra Chavez-Carbajal, Nallelyt Segundo-Arizmendi, Miriam G. Baron-Pichardo, Susana E. Mendoza-Elvira, Efren Hernandez-Baltazar, Alexander P. Hynes, and Oscar Torres-Angeles. 2021. "Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection" Viruses 13, no. 10: 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932

APA Style

Gomez-Garcia, J., Chavez-Carbajal, A., Segundo-Arizmendi, N., Baron-Pichardo, M. G., Mendoza-Elvira, S. E., Hernandez-Baltazar, E., Hynes, A. P., & Torres-Angeles, O. (2021). Efficacy of Salmonella Bacteriophage S1 Delivered and Released by Alginate Beads in a Chicken Model of Infection. Viruses, 13(10), 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13101932

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