Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Laboratory Analysis of Samples
3. Results
3.1. Epidemiology and Clinical Observations
3.2. Phylogenetic Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CVRI Ref No. | Date Collected (DD/MM/YYYY) | Species | Vet Camp/Village | District, Province | NSP | Serotype | WRLFMD Ref. No. | BVI Ref. No. | RT-qPCR | Serotype | Topotype | Lineage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MM01 | 02.4.2015 | Bovine | Mupata Village | Mpulungu, Northern | Positive | ND | ZAM/1/2015 | FMDV-GD | A | AFRICA | G-I | |
HS 01 | 28.2.2015 | Bovine | Chimula Village | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | ZAM/2/2015 | ZAM03/15 | FMDV-GD | SAT 2 | IV | - |
Sh 01 | 23.10.2015 | Bovine | Shangoomb, Western | Positive | ND | ZAM/3/2015 | ZAM09/15 | FMDV-GD | SAT 3 | II (WZ) | - | |
LK1 | 18.5.2017 | Bovine | Mbanga & Mulongo | Lukulu, Western | Positive | ND | ZAM/1/2017 | ZAM08/17 | FMDV-GD | SAT 3 | II (WZ) | - |
K1 | 04.1.2018 | Bovine | Kaluwe & Siluwe | Kalabo, Western | Positive | ND | ||||||
Chisa 16-380 | 24.3.2018 | Bovine | Chisamba | Chisamba, Central | Negative | ND | ZAM/1/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
Chisa 16-169 | 24.3.2018 | Bovine | Chisamba | Chisamba, Central | Negative | ND | ZAM/2/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
BBR-1 | 24.3.2018 | Bovine | Chisamba | Chisamba, Central | Negative | ND | ZAM/3/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
TS 01 | 24.10.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | ZAM/4/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | A | AFRICA | G-I |
ES 01 | 24.10.2018 | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | |||||||
ES 02 | 24.10.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | ZAM/5/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | A | AFRICA | G-I |
GS 01 | 24.10.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | ZAM/6/2018 | - | FMDV-GD | A | AFRICA | G-I |
ES03 | 24.10.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | - | ZAM37/18 | FMDV-GD | A | AFRICA | G-I |
VS 02 | 27.3.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | - | ZAM10/18 | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
VS 05 | 27.3.2018 | Bovine | Kawimbe | Mbala, Northern | Positive | ND | - | ZAM12/18 | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
ZRC 1 | 18.1.2019 | Bovine | Chisamba Central | Chisamba, Central | Positive | ND | ZAM/1/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI67/19 | 17.7.2019 | Chibombo, Central | Positive | ND | ||||||||
CVRI04/19 | 11.2.2019 | Bovine | Ufwenuka | Monze, Southern | Positive | O | ZAM/2/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI01/19 | 11.2.2019 | Bovine | Ufwenuka | Monze, Southern | Positive | O | ZAM/3/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI08/19 | 11.3.2019 | Bovine | Magoye | Mazabuka, Southern | Positive | O | ZAM/4/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
17562 | 16.3.2019 | Chibombo, Central | - | ZAM/5/2019 | - | NGD | - | - | - | |||
17496 | 17.3.2019 | Chibombo, Central | - | ZAM/6/2019 | - | NGD | - | - | - | |||
CVRI16/19 | 30.3.2019 | Bovine | Kasako | Mazabuka, Southern | Positive | O | ZAM/7/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI15/19 | 30.3.2019 | Bovine | Kasako | Mazabuka, Southern | Positive | O | ZAM/8/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI22/19 | 02.4.2019 | Bovine | Mwase | Lundazi, Eastern | Positive | SAT-2 | ZAM/9/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | SAT 2 | I | - |
CVRI23/19 | 02.4.2019 | Bovine | Mwase | Lundazi, Eastern | Positive | SAT-2 | ZAM/10/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | SAT 2 | I | - |
CVRI20/19 | 03.4.2019 | Bovine | Zozwe & Mlawe | Vumbwi, Eastern | Positive | SAT-2 | ZAM/11/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | SAT 2 | I | - |
CVRI21/19 | 03.4.2019 | Bovine | Mbande | Vumbwi, Eastern | Positive | SAT-2 | ZAM/12/2019 | - | FMDV-GD | SAT 2 | I | - |
CVRI25/19 | 03.5.2019 | Bovine | Feni | Chipata, Eastern | Positive | SAT-2 | - | - | SAT 2 | |||
CVRI37/19 | 16.6.2019 | Bovine | Lwashimba | Kapiri Mposhi, Central | Positive | O | - | ZAM06/19 | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI55/19 | 28.6.2019 | Bovine | Musenga | Chingola, Copperbelt | Positive | O | - | ZAM07/19 | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI29/19 | 20.5.2019 | Bovine | Chitongo | Namwala, Southern | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI30/19 | 20.5.2019 | Bovine | Chitongo | Namwala, Southern | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI31/19 | 05.6.2019 | Porcine | Hamangaba | Monze, Southern | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI32/19 | 05.6.2019 | Porcine | Hamangaba | Monze, Southern | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI61/19 | 12.6.2019 | Bovine | Sunrise (Kasupe) | Chilanga, Lusaka | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI36/20 | 14.2.2020 | Porcine | Makeni | Chilanga, Lusaka | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI01/20 | 14.1.2020 | Bovine | Kaungaleuti | Nalolo, Western | Positive | O | - | ZAM03/20 | FMDV-GD | O | EA-2 | - |
CVRI02/20 | 14.1.2020 | Bovine | Kaungaleuti | Nalolo, Western | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI05/20 | 14.1.2020 | Bovine | Kaungaleuti | Nalolo, Western | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI06/20 | 14.1.2020 | Bovine | Kaungaleuti | Nalolo, Western | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI13/20 | 17.4.2020 | Bovine | Luubwe | Itezhi- Tezhi, Central | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI14/20 | 17.4.2020 | Bovine | Luubwe | Itezhi- Tezhi, Central | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI17/20 | 17.4.2020 | Bovine | Luubwe | Itezhi- Tezhi, Central | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI15/20 | 17.4.2021 | Bovine | Luubwe | Itezhi- Tezhi, Central | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI29/20 | 13.8.2020 | Bovine | Makeni | Chilanga, Lusaka | Positive | O | - | - | O | |||
CVRI25/20 | 10.3.2020 | Bovine | Nyawa | Kazungula, Southern | Positive | O | - | - | O |
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Banda, F.; Sinkala, Y.; Mataa, L.; Lebea, P.; Sikombe, T.; Kangwa, H.L.; Fana, E.M.; Mokopasetso, M.; Wadsworth, J.; Knowles, N.J.; et al. Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa. Viruses 2021, 13, 2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112195
Banda F, Sinkala Y, Mataa L, Lebea P, Sikombe T, Kangwa HL, Fana EM, Mokopasetso M, Wadsworth J, Knowles NJ, et al. Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa. Viruses. 2021; 13(11):2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112195
Chicago/Turabian StyleBanda, Frank, Yona Sinkala, Liywalli Mataa, Phiyani Lebea, Tingiya Sikombe, Henry L. Kangwa, Elliot M. Fana, Mokganedi Mokopasetso, Jemma Wadsworth, Nick J. Knowles, and et al. 2021. "Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa" Viruses 13, no. 11: 2195. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112195