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Volume 14
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10.3390/v14010112
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Communication

The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus

by
Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
1,†,
Nadiyah Alqazlan
1,
Mohammadali Alizadeh
1,
Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato
1,
Jake Astill
1,‡,
Raveendra R. Kulkarni
2 and
Shayan Sharif
1,*
1
Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
2
Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Present address: Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada.
‡
Present address: Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON N1L 1E3, Canada.
Viruses 2022, 14(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010112
Submission received: 11 December 2021 / Revised: 5 January 2022 / Accepted: 6 January 2022 / Published: 9 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Herpesviruses Pathogenesis and Immunity)
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Abstract

Vaccines against Marek’s disease can protect chickens against clinical disease; however, infected chickens continue to propagate the Marek’s disease virus (MDV) in feather follicles and can shed the virus into the environment. Therefore, the present study investigated if MDV could induce an immunoregulatory microenvironment in feathers of chickens and whether vaccines can overcome the immune evasive mechanisms of MDV. The results showed an abundance of CD4+CD25+ and CD4+ transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)+ T regulatory cells in the feathers of MDV-infected chickens at 21 days post-infection. In contrast, vaccinated chickens had a lower number of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, the expression of TGF-β and programmed cell death receptor (PD)-1 increased considerably in the feathers of Marek’s disease virus-infected chickens. The results of the present study raise the possibility of an immunoregulatory environment in the feather pulp of MDV-infected chickens, which may in turn favor replication of infectious MDV in this tissue. Exploring the evasive strategies employed by MDV will facilitate the development of control measures to prevent viral replication and transmission.
Keywords: Marek’s disease virus; feather; T regulatory cell; chicken; MD vaccine Marek’s disease virus; feather; T regulatory cell; chicken; MD vaccine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Bavananthasivam, J.; Alqazlan, N.; Alizadeh, M.; Matsuyama-Kato, A.; Astill, J.; Kulkarni, R.R.; Sharif, S. The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus. Viruses 2022, 14, 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010112

AMA Style

Bavananthasivam J, Alqazlan N, Alizadeh M, Matsuyama-Kato A, Astill J, Kulkarni RR, Sharif S. The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus. Viruses. 2022; 14(1):112. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010112

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bavananthasivam, Jegarubee, Nadiyah Alqazlan, Mohammadali Alizadeh, Ayumi Matsuyama-Kato, Jake Astill, Raveendra R. Kulkarni, and Shayan Sharif. 2022. "The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus" Viruses 14, no. 1: 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010112

APA Style

Bavananthasivam, J., Alqazlan, N., Alizadeh, M., Matsuyama-Kato, A., Astill, J., Kulkarni, R. R., & Sharif, S. (2022). The Regulatory Microenvironment in Feathers of Chickens Infected with Very Virulent Marek’s Disease Virus. Viruses, 14(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010112

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