Next Article in Journal
Recombination Events in Putative Tail Fibre Gene in Litunavirus Phages Infecting Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Their Phylogenetic Consequences
Next Article in Special Issue
The Origin of Capsid-Derived Immune Complexes and Their Impact on HBV-Induced Liver Diseases
Previous Article in Journal
Prevention of Herpes Zoster: A Focus on the Effectiveness and Safety of Herpes Zoster Vaccines
Previous Article in Special Issue
Impact of Hepatitis B Virus Infection, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, and Hepatitis C Virus Co-infection on Liver-Related Death among People Tested for Hepatitis B Virus in British Columbia: Results from a Large Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Viruses
Volume 14
Issue 12
10.3390/v14122668
viruses-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA)

by
Carla S. Coffin
1,*,
Sarah Haylock-Jacobs
1,
Karen Doucette
2,
Alnoor Ramji
3,
Hin Hin Ko
3,
David K. Wong
4,
Magdy Elkhashab
5,
Robert Bailey
6,
Julia Uhanova
7,
Gerald Minuk
7,
Keith Tsoi
8,
Alexander Wong
9,
Mang M. Ma
2,
Edward Tam
10,
Mayur Brahmania
11,
Carmine Nudo
12,
Julie Zhu
13,
Christopher F. Lowe
14,
Carla Osiowy
15,
B. Cord Lethebe
1,
Stephen E. Congly
1,
Eric K. H. Chan
16,
Angelina Villasis-Keever
16,
Urbano Sbarigia
17,
Curtis L. Cooper
18 and
Scott Fung
4add Show full author list remove Hide full author list
1
Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
2
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
3
Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
4
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2CV, Canada
5
Toronto Liver Centre, Toronto, ON M6H 3M1, Canada
6
Bailey Health Clinic, Edmonton, AB T5H 4B9, Canada
7
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
8
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
9
Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Regina, SK S7N 5A2, Canada
10
Pacific Gastroenterology Associates, Vancouver, BC V6Z 2K5, Canada
11
Multi Organ Transplant Unit, Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
12
Cité-de-la-Santé de Laval, Laval, QC H7M 3L9, Canada
13
Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
14
Division of Medical Microbiology, Providence Health Care, Vancouver, BC V6Z 1Y6, Canada
15
National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
16
Janssen Global Services LC, Raritan, NJ 08869, USA
17
Janssen Pharmaceuticals NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
18
Department of Medicine, Division of infectious Diseases, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
 
add Show full affiliation list
 
remove Hide full affiliation list
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2668; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122668
Submission received: 14 October 2022 / Revised: 16 November 2022 / Accepted: 18 November 2022 / Published: 29 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis B Virus: New Breakthroughs to Conquer an Ancient Disease)
Browse Figures
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Background: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is associated with improved clinical outcomes for individuals with chronic hepatitis B (CHB); however, the effects of varying HBsAg levels on clinical outcomes in diverse cohorts are understudied. Methods: In this cross-sectional, multicentre, retrospective study, the data on adult subjects enrolled in the Canadian HBV Network with CHB seen from 1 January 2012 to 30 January 2021 with the treatment and virologic data within 1 year of HBsAg testing were analyzed. Patients were tested for HBsAg using qualitative (for HBsAg-negative samples) and/or commercial quantitative assays. Fibrosis or hepatic necroinflammation was determined by the liver stiffness measurement (LSM). The baseline data were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared by using univariable/multivariable analyses. Results: This study included 844 CHB patients, with a median age of 49.6 years (IQR 40.1–60.5), and 37% were female. In total, 751 patients (78.6%) had known ethnicity data, and 76.7% self-reported as Asian, 11.4% as Black, 6.8% as White, and 4.8% as other. Among the 844 patients, 237 (28.0%) were HBsAg (−) (<LLOQ), 190 (22.5%) had qHBsAg 1–100, 91 (10.8%) had qHBsAg 100–500, 54 (6.4%) had qHBsAg 500–1000, and 272 (32.2%) had qHBsAg >1000 IU/mL. Overall, 80% (682) had known HBeAg status at the last follow-up, and the majority (87.0%) were HBeAg-negative. In addition, 54% (461/844) had prior antiviral therapy, 19.7% of which (16.3, 23.7, n = 91) were HBsAg (−). The treated patients had a lower risk of cirrhosis (16.46, 95% CI 1.89–143.39, p = 0.01) or HCC (8.23, 95% CI 1.01–67.39, p = 0.05) than the untreated patients. A lower proportion of the HBsAg-loss group had cirrhosis (5.7% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.021) and HCC (0.9% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: In this retrospective, ethnically diverse cohort study, CHB patients who received antiviral therapy and/or had HBsAg loss were less likely to develop cirrhosis and HCC, confirming the results of the studies in less diverse cohorts. No association was found between the qHBsAg level and fibrosis determined with LSM. Individuals who achieved HBsAg loss had low-level qHBsAg within 1 year of seroclearance.

1. Introduction

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global pathogen. Approximately, 292 million people worldwide have chronic hepatitis B (CHB) [1]. Adults with CHB are at an increased risk of developing cirrhosis, and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which together accounted for 887,000 deaths among people living with HBV in 2015 [2].
Oral nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) can effectively reduce HBV viral load and the risk of HCC and cirrhosis [3]. However, NAs cannot induce a virologic cure (defined as the eradication of the intranuclear viral episome or covalently closed circular DNA, (cccDNA)) and rarely achieve a functional cure (defined as the loss of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) sustained for ≥6 months off treatment, with or without antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs) seroconversion) [4]. HBV DNA rebound may occur after NA cessation, and some patients remain at an increased risk of HCC [5,6].
HBsAg can originate from integrated viral genomes and cccDNA and can be found in vast excess in the serum of the infected individuals in the form of subviral particles (circulating HBsAg) or infectious virions. Low-level serum HBsAg may persist even in patients with undetectable viral load, and the integrated HBsAg DNA remains in the liver even in those patients who achieve HBsAg loss [7]. Integrated viral genomes are especially abundant in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived liver tissue [8].
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of 56 published studies (352,381 person-years of follow-up) found low rates of HBsAg seroclearance in untreated and treated patients (pooled annual rate of ~1%) [9]. Similarly, low rates of HBsAg loss were found in another systematic review of 34 published studies [10] (303,754 person-years of follow-up), indicating improved prognosis independent of HBV treatment history. Overall, substantial statistical heterogeneity was noted across various studies (I2 = 97.49%), which included both academic and community cohorts from Asia-Pacific (n = 23), Europe, the Middle East, as well as North (n = 2) and South America [10]. A large retrospective, single-centre Asian cohort study showed that patients with end-of-treatment qHBsAg < 100 IU/mL were more likely to achieve HBsAg loss after stopping NA therapy [11]. Comparatively, few studies have analyzed the clinical benefits of HBsAg loss and/or analyzed the quantitative HBsAg levels associated with clinical outcomes in diverse/multiethnic cohorts.
The Canadian HBV Network (www.canadianHBVnetwork.ca, accessed 26 November 2022) enables multisite research on hepatitis B in 8/10 Canadian provinces. This collaboration provides a source of data for a diverse population of CHB patients, including Canadians living with CHB who were born in one of 45 countries [12].
The objective of this cross-sectional cohort study was to conduct a retrospective analysis of the clinical and virologic data of those patients enrolled in the Canadian HBV Network who achieved HBsAg loss, on or off treatment, compared with HBsAg-positive patients. We present a descriptive comparison of patients with varying quantitative HBsAg levels based on a retrospective chart review.

2. Methods

2.1. Study Design

The current study is an opportunistic, cross-sectional, descriptive study of the available clinical data on patients living with chronic hepatitis B entered in the Canadian HBV Network Registry who achieved HBsAg loss and/or with quantitative HBsAg testing. The Canadian HBV Network (www.canadianHBVnetwork.ca, URL accessed on 26 November 2022) includes academic and community clinical care centres for patients with HBV across 8/10 Canadian provinces, including 14 clinics that participated in the current study. All the subjects included in this analysis were identified at the participating clinics. De-identified data were entered into the Canadian HBV Network REDCap® database housed within the data coordinating centre at the University of Calgary, following the approved protocols by trained data entry coordinators. Inclusion Criteria: Adults >18 years of age with a history of CHB who were previously HBsAg-positive (>6 months’ duration) but had a laboratory-confirmed loss of HBsAg since January 2012, and/or remained HBsAg-positive (qualitative assay, Abbott Architect ® or Roche Elecsys® HBsAg II), with or without qHBsAg levels (Abbott Architect®, sensitivity of <=0.05 IU/mL) were included. A cross-sectional, retrospective analysis was conducted using the most recent patient record submitted to the database. Exclusion Criteria: Those with coinfection with hepatitis delta virus (positive to HDV antibody), hepatitis C virus (positive to HCV antibody), or HIV (positive to HIV antibody), or who underwent liver transplantation were excluded. In total, 6882 unique patients are enrolled in the CanHepB retrospective registry, 533 of which were excluded due to coinfection (i.e., if they tested positive for antibody to hepatitis delta, hepatitis C, or HIV) or underwent liver transplantation. The retrospective study cohort included 844 HBV-monoinfected patients who achieved HBsAg loss or known qHBsAg levels.
To determine long-term outcomes, patients will also be recruited prospectively at the participating clinics (including patients retrospectively identified and included in the current study who gave consent to be contacted). All the subjects will be followed for a minimum of 3 years, with an optional extension for a longer-term follow-up to analyze the impact of the HBsAg clearance on the natural history of HBV. This parallel prospective study is ongoing, and data from these analyses will be reported elsewhere.

2.2. Data Elements

For the retrospective analysis, the demographic, clinical, and virologic data were analyzed based on the most recent record updated in the database. The data captured in the electronic case report form included demographics, family history, medical history, risk factors for HBV, investigations, treatment (HBV and other), and hepatic complications. The criteria for the diagnosis of cirrhosis and HCC were based on the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver (CASL)/Association of Medical Microbiologists and Infectious Disease (AMMI) Canada guidelines [13]. The diagnosis of NAFLD was based on expert clinical diagnosis, including the risk factors for metabolic-associated liver disease (obesity/hyperlipidemia/metabolic syndrome/type 2 diabetes), the absence of significant alcohol consumption, and/or an ultrasound showing confirmed steatosis. Recently, a revised nomenclature of metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been proposed to highlight the pathogenesis of metabolic-syndrome-associated conditions. If a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) score was available, this provided additional supporting data for the diagnosis of MAFLD hepatic steatosis (i.e., CAP > 248 decibels per meter (dB/m)). Mild/moderate steatosis (10–66%) and severe steatosis (>66%) were defined as CAP 248 to 279 dB/M and CAP > 280 dB/m, respectively [14].

2.3. Statistical Analysis

As this was a non-interventional, descriptive study, no formal sample size was calculated. It was estimated that retrospective, clinical data could be collected for approximately 200 patients with HBsAg loss compared with HBsAg-positive patients.
Data for the continuous variables were summarized as mean, 95% confidence interval (CI), and count (n), and comparisons were performed using a one-way ANOVA test, where three variables were analyzed, and a t-test, where two variables were analyzed. The categorical variables were summarized using the proportion and count, and comparisons were performed using chi-squared tests. These statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism version 9.0.0. Missing data were excluded from tables and figures. Logistic regression models were used to identify the predictors of HBsAg loss in all the cohorts and were reported as adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% CIs and were analyzed using R version 4.0.3. These models were adjusted for demographic, clinical, and laboratory values. Specifically, in our univariate analysis, we evaluated demographic variables (age, sex, birthplace, and ethnicity); comorbidities (including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)); HBV treatment; laboratory variables (hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), ALT, and HBV DNA). The patients were identified as having elevated enzymes if their alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values were >ULN (≥35 U/L for males and ≥25 U/L for females).
Between-group differences were evaluated with non-parametric tests, including the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Mann–Whitney. A multivariable logistic regression analysis model (adjusted for sex, age, stage of fibrosis, and treatment) was used to evaluate the effect of confounding variables on the clinical, virologic, and immunologic outcomes. A type 1 error rate of 5% was used.

2.4. Ethics

The protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Calgary Conjoint Research Ethics Board (#REB16-0041 and #REB19-2038). The patients provided written informed consent for their extracted de-identified data to be used or were included with a waiver of consent, according to the local Research Ethics Board (REB) approval. All the clinical and laboratory assessments directed by the treating physician were conducted according to the established protocols, as per the standard of care and expert guidelines. This study was conducted according to the Canadian and international standards of Good Clinical Practice.

3. Results

3.1. Patients

Data were collected from the most recent records available in 844 patients retrospectively identified who were either HBsAg-negative or HBsAg-positive, with or without quantitative HBsAg testing (Table 1). Previous studies have reported that low-level qHBsAg (i.e., <1000 IU/mL), and especially if <100 IU/mL, undetectable HBV DNA is associated with a reduced risk of HCC and disease progression [15,16]. Thus, the subjects in this study were grouped based on their qHBsAg levels, and the demographic and clinical data were compared between the groups. In total, 237 (28.0%) were HBsAg-negative (−) (<LLOQ), 190 (22.5%) had qHBsAg levels 1–100, 91 (10.8%) had qHBsAg 100–500, 54 (6.4%) had qHBsAg 500–1000, and 272 (32.2%) had qHBsAg levels > 1000 IU/mL. Ethnicity was available or self-reported in 88% of the patients (n = 751/844), 76.7% of which self-reported as Asian, 11.4% were Black, 6.8% were White, and 4.6% identified as other or unknown. There were no significant demographic differences between the groups.

3.2. Summary of Virological Outcomes

The virological data were analyzed based on the most recent patient record submitted to the database. HBeAg status was known in 80% (682/844) of the patients, n = 598 (87%) of which were HBeAg-negative at the last follow-up. In this real-world study, historical HBeAg tests were unknown; hence, the baseline hepatitis B disease activity (i.e., phase) could not be determined. However, in most HBeAg-negative individuals who start on antiviral therapy, repeat HBeAg and HBeAb testing is not performed, as treatment response can be assessed by HBV DNA and ALT levels. As expected, there were more HBeAg-negative patients in the HBsAg-loss group than in the groups who remained HBsAg-positive (p < 0.01). Similarly, more patients who achieved HBsAg loss had undetectable HBV DNA (72.5%) than patients with HBsAg < 100 IU/mL (49.3%) and HBsAg ≥ 100 IU/mL (21.1%, p < 0.01) (Table 2).

3.3. Summary of Antiviral Therapy and Outcomes

Based on the last record submitted to the database, 54.6% (n = 461) of all the patients included in this study had received treatment for CHB at any time. This included 91/237 (38.4%, 32.2, 44.9) of those patients who achieved HBsAg loss and who had received antiviral treatment (Table 3). The long-term data on treatment indication, the stage of the disease, response to treatment, and adherence were not available in this retrospective study. The majority (62.5%) of the treated patients received a tenofovir-based regimen (any regimen that contains tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide fumarate). Overall, 14% (66/461) of the treated patients received interferon, but no difference was noted between the cohorts (HBsAg loss or varying HBsAg levels) (Table 2 and Table 3). No patients received combination nucleos(t)ide analog and interferon therapy. Multivariate analysis revealed that HBsAg-positive patients who had received antiviral treatment for HBV at any point were less likely to develop cirrhosis (16.46, 95% CI 1.89–143.39, p = 0.01) or HCC (8.23, 95% CI 1.01–67.39, p = 0.05) than those patients who were never treated (Supplementary Tables S3 and S4).

3.4. Comparison of Hepatic Outcomes between Groups

The patients who achieved HBsAg loss had lower mean ALT levels (25.6 U/L) than patients with qHBsAg < 100 IU/mL (30 U/L) and qHBsAg ≥100 IU/mL (42.8 U/L) (Table 2). Hepatic fibrosis and necroinflammation based on liver stiffness measurement were lower in the HBsAg-loss group than in those with HBsAg < 100 IU/mL (5.8 kPa, 95% CI, 5.2–6.3, vs. 8.4 kPa, 6.5–10.4), respectively, (p = 0.005), but no difference was observed from those with HBsAg ≥ 100 IU/mL (6.0 kPa, 5.5–6.5). The proportion of patients with cirrhosis (5.7% versus 10.9%, p = 0.021) and hepatocellular carcinoma (0.9% versus 6.2%, p = 0.001) was lower in those patients who achieved HBsAg loss than in patients with detectable HBsAg, respectively (Figure 1). Multivariate analysis showed that there was a strong association between the presence of cirrhosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (odds ratio, 5.62; 95% CI, 2.04–15.48, p < 0.01). Interestingly, engaging in high-risk activities for acquiring blood-borne viral infection (i.e., recreational drug use, high-risk sexual contact, unsafe tattoos or piercings, etc.) (11.28; 1.57–80.86, p = 0.02) was also associated with developing HCC. The proportion of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (i.e., metabolic-associated fatty liver disease) was similar between the groups (HBsAg loss, 17.6%; HBsAg < 100 IU/mL, 26.5%; HBsAg ≥ 100 IU/mL, 19.4%, p = 0.048) (Table 1).

3.5. Other Factors Associated with HBsAg Loss

In this study, low qHBsAg levels, (measured within 12 months of HBsAg seroclearance) were associated with HBsAg loss (Figure 2). Individuals who reported participation in high-risk activities for blood-borne virus exposure (i.e., intravenous drug use), suggesting a horizontal mode of HBV transmission, were associated with higher rates of HBsAg loss. However, neither age nor self-reported White ethnicity or country of birth was correlated with HBsAg seroclearance. Osteoporosis, diagnosed based on the Canadian clinical practice guidelines [17], was less common in the HBsAg-loss group (0.9%) than in the HBsAg < 100 IU/mL group (4.4%), p = 0.025.

4. Discussion

This study describes the results of a retrospective, real-world analysis of the clinical outcomes in a diverse CHB patient population who achieved HBsAg loss (i.e., a functional cure) compared with individuals with varying HBsAg levels. The majority of patients who achieved HBsAg loss were untreated, HBeAg-negative, and had undetectable HBV DNA levels and normal liver enzymes (ALTs). In this study, individuals with HBsAg loss were also found to have low-level qHBsAg (<100 IU/mL), tested within 1 year of HBsAg seroclearance. Similarly, other single centre cohorts and real-world studies have reported higher rates of HBsAg loss in untreated CHB patients, especially with persistently (serial) low-level HBV DNA (<2000 IU/mL) and low qHBsAg levels [9,18,19,20,21]. In other studies, individuals on nucleos(t)ide analog therapy had a slow decline in HBsAg levels or only showed a marginal increase in the annual incidence of HBsAg loss [18,22]. Investigators have found that non-Asian ethnicity and/or White background is associated with treatment-induced or spontaneous HBsAg loss [23,24]. Our data are also consistent with the results from a recent, prospective study from the North American Hepatitis B Research Network (HBRN) that validated a simple, predictive score for HBsAg loss. In the HBRN cohort, HBsAg loss was associated with older age, non-Asian race, HBV phenotype (inactive carrier vs. others), HBV genotype A, lower HBV DNA levels, and lower titres and greater change in quantitative HBsAg levels [25]. Additionally, most of the subjects enrolled in the Canadian HBV Network and the HBRN cohort were born in HBV-endemic regions, including regions with greater socioeconomic disparities, and moved to higher-income regions. These sociodemographic factors can impact disease trajectory and long-term clinical outcomes including different lifestyles (i.e., adopting a more Western diet or more sedentary behaviours).
In the current study, hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis were less common in patients with HBsAg loss than in patients with detectable HBsAg, which has also been reported by others [26,27]. The CHB patients in this study who achieve HBsAg loss were also less likely to have osteoporosis, independent of sex. Osteoporosis has been identified as a complication of CHB infection regardless of NA therapy such as tenofovir [27,28]. HBsAg loss was not associated with the presence of NAFLD or hepatic steatosis on ultrasound, unlike other reports [28,29]. However, our recent study within the Canadian HBV Network found that hepatic steatosis, which included a clinical assessment supported by a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), was associated with undetectable HBV DNA; hence, further prospective follow-up may help clarify this relationship [14].
The current study found that severe liver fibrosis (usually determined by transient elastography or liver stiffness measurement) was less common in those patients who had HBsAg loss than in patients with qHBsAg < 100 IU/mL but not in those with qHBsAg ≥ 100 IU/mL. The lack of a correlation between qHBsAg levels and fibrosis stage has been reported previously [30,31]. Contrasting studies have found that both high HBsAg levels (>5000 IU/mL) [32] and very low-level HBsAg levels (<100 IU/mL) predict significant fibrosis [33]. We found that the patients in the HBsAg ≥ 100 IU/mL group tended to be younger than those in the HBsAg-loss group. Age has been identified as a major factor contributing to the development of viral hepatitis-induced fibrosis [34], although multivariate analysis did not show age to be a contributing factor in the diagnosis of cirrhosis in this study. A recent review reported that lower baseline qHBsAg (<100 IU/mL) can identify those individuals at a reduced risk of viral or biochemical flares, with serial annual declining titres and older age (>40 years) associated with HBsAg loss [35]. HBsAg can originate from multiple sources (i.e., integrated viral genomes, circulating subviral particles, and infectious virions). Integrated HBsAg can still be detected even in patients with functional cures and is highly present in malignant liver tissue [7]. Additional mechanistic studies are needed to fully understand the source of HBsAg. Long-term prospective follow-ups of patients with varying qHBsAg levels are needed to understand its influence on HBV-related liver disease and the natural history of CHB.

5. Limitations

These data only represent CHB patients who are engaged in clinical care in urban participating sites, which may impact the generalizability of these results. Thus, these findings may not be relevant to patients from non-specialist settings (especially rural communities). The HBV genotype and variants can impact HBsAg levels but were not available for most of the study participants. Our previous study also highlighted the genotype/ethnic diversity within the Canadian HBV Network [12]. HBV genotyping and sequence analysis is not performed as a routine standard of care by most clinics and is only available as a specialist referral diagnostic service by the National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada. This is a retrospective, real-world study and hence limited by missing data and subject to selection bias. As a consequence, it was not possible to accurately classify CHB and follow the disease trajectory in the long term. There are few clinical cohort studies on hepatitis B on a national scale in North America. This study in a non-HBV-endemic country analyzes the clinical outcomes, together with quantitative HBsAg levels and liver stiffness measurement, in a diverse cohort. These data provide insight into patient clinical and treatment status at a single time-point and any treatment history, but details such as dosing changes or interruptions were not captured. Our ongoing prospective study of those patients who achieved HBsAg loss and/or with varying qHBsAg levels will provide important data to address these limitations.

6. Conclusions

In this real-world, multicentre, retrospective study of diverse patients with CHB, we found no association between qHBsAg levels and hepatic outcomes (i.e., liver stiffness measurement). Overall, the current work adds to the database of cross-sectional studies characterizing other HBV populations. We confirmed, in agreement with other studies performed in HBV-endemic countries and/or with less diverse cohorts, that antiviral treatment reduces the risk of severe liver disease. Additionally, persons who, likely after decades of chronic hepatitis B infection, achieved HBsAg loss showed a lower prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis than those with detectable HBsAg. Further prospective studies are being conducted by the REVEAL-CANADA investigators in the Canadian HBV Network, with a collection of biological samples to understand the natural history of CHB and the factors contributing to virological and clinical outcomes. These studies will advance the global efforts to achieve a hepatitis B cure.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/v14122668/s1, Table S1: List of countries with ≥5% prevalence of HBV were considered endemic; Table S2: Comparison of hepatic complications in individuals with HBsAg loss (N = 237) compared to those who still have detectable HBsAg (n = 607). Continuous data are shown as mean (95% CI, n known). Categorical data are shown as mean % (n/n known); Table S3: Multivariable Analysis of Risk Factors for HCC; Table S4: Multivariate Analysis of Risk Factors for Cirrhosis; Table S5: Linear Model of quantitative HBsAg in association with virological and clinical outcomes.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, C.S.C. and S.H.-J.; data curation, C.S.C., S.H.-J. and B.C.L.; formal analysis, S.H.-J. and B.C.L.; funding acquisition, C.S.C.; investigation/data contribution, C.S.C., S.H.-J., K.D., A.R., H.H.K., D.K.W., M.E., R.B., J.U., G.M., K.T., A.W., M.M.M., E.T., M.B., C.N., J.Z., C.F.L., C.O., S.E.C., C.L.C. and S.F.; methodology, C.S.C. and S.H.-J.; project administration, C.S.C. and S.H.-J.; resources, C.S.C., S.H.-J., E.K.H.C. and A.V.-K.; software, C.S.C., S.H.-J. and B.C.L.; supervision, C.S.C.; validation, S.H.-J. and B.C.L.; visualization, S.H.-J., B.C.L. and C.S.C.; writing—original draft preparation, C.S.C.; writing—review and editing, C.S.C., S.H.-J., K.D., A.R., H.H.K., D.K.W., M.E., R.B., J.U., G.M., K.T., A.W., M.M.M., E.T., M.B., C.N., J.Z., C.F.L., C.O., B.C.L., S.E.C., C.L.C., S.F., E.K.H.C., A.V.-K. and U.S. All authors were involved in the critical revisions of the manuscript and review for important content, were accountable for all the aspects of the work (accuracy and integrity), and approved the final submitted manuscript. C.S.C. is the guarantor of this work. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by Janssen Inc. Global Services, grant number #CanHBVsAg-10026349.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Review Board (CHREB) as well as subsite ethics at all participating sites/clinics within the Canadian HBV Network (#REB16-0041 and REB19-2038).

Informed Consent Statement

Some participating sites within the Canadian HBV Network obtain signed informed consent to participate. This was a retrospective, anonymized registry study. A waiver of consent was obtained under an approved CHREB application demonstrating the research is sufficiently important, adequate safeguards are in place to protect privacy and obtaining consent was impractical or not feasible (Health Information Act of Alberta, Canada, Section 50).

Data Availability Statement

Data supporting results are not publicly available.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Anna Manko, the current study’s coordinator for the Canadian HBV Network, and all the coordinators at the participating subsites.

Conflicts of Interest

CSC has received investigator-initiated research funding on behalf of the Canadian HBV Network, advisory board fees, and speaker fees from Altimmune, Gilead, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen and Roche Pharmaceuticals. SF has received investigator-initiated research funding from Gilead, advisory board / consulting fees from Gilead, Abbvie, Janssen, Pfizer, Novo-Nordisk, speaker fees from Gilead Sciences, Abbvie, and Lupin. All the other authors report no relevant disclosures.

Lay Summary/Key Points

There are limited multicentre cohort studies in North America of clinical outcomes in individuals with hepatitis B who achieved HBsAg loss, especially in association with quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen levels. This study retrospectively enrolled patients living with hepatitis B in a non-HBV-endemic country who were born in 45 different countries. Persons with spontaneous or treatment-induced HBsAg clearance (determined by a qualitative assay) had low-level quantitative HBsAg (<100 IU/mL) within 1 year of HBsAg loss. HBsAg levels were not associated with hepatic fibrosis, determined by performing transient elastography (liver stiffness measurement). Antiviral treatment at any time and/or HBsAg loss was associated with improved clinical outcomes, highlighting the need for improved access to current antiviral therapies and a hepatitis B cure.

References

  1. Polaris Observatory Collaborators. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: A modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018, 3, 383–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Global Burden of Disease Liver Cancer Collaboration. The Burden of Primary Liver Cancer and Underlying Etiologies from 1990 to 2015 at the Global, Regional, and National Level: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. JAMA Oncol. 2017, 3, 1683–1691. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  3. Lok, A.S.; McMahon, B.J.; Brown, R.S., Jr.; Wong, J.B.; Ahmed, A.T.; Farah, W.; Almasri, J.; Alahdab, F.; Benkhadra, K.; Mouchli, M.A.; et al. Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B viral infection in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatology 2016, 63, 284–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  4. Likhitsup, A.; Lok, A.S. Understanding the Natural History of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and the New Definitions of Cure and the Endpoints of Clinical Trials. Clin. Liver Dis. 2019, 23, 401–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Liem, K.S.; Fung, S.; Wong, D.K.; Yim, C.; Noureldin, S.; Chen, J.; Feld, J.J.; Hansen, B.E.; Janssen, H.L.A. Limited sustained response after stopping nucleos(t)ide analogues in patients with chronic hepatitis B: Results from a randomised controlled trial (Toronto STOP study). Gut 2019, 68, 2206–2213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Coffin, C.S.; Rezaeeaval, M.; Pang, J.X.; Alcantara, L.; Klein, P.; Burak, K.W.; Myers, R.P. The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is reduced in patients with chronic hepatitis B on long-term nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2014, 40, 1262–1269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Cornberg, M.; Wong, V.W.-S.; Locarnini, S.; Brunetto, M.; Janssen, H.L.; Chan, H.L.-Y. The role of quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen revisited. J. Hepatol. 2017, 66, 398–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  8. Dusheiko, G.; Wang, B. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss: Too Little, Too Late and the Challenge for the Future. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, 548–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  9. Zhou, K.; Contag, C.; Whitaker, E.; Terrault, N. Spontaneous loss of surface antigen among adults living with chronic hepatitis B virus infection: A systematic review and pooled meta-analyses. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 4, 227–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Yeo, Y.H.; Ho, H.J.; Yang, H.-I.; Tseng, T.-C.; Hosaka, T.; Trinh, H.N.; Kwak, M.-S.; Park, Y.M.; Fung, J.Y.Y.; Buti, M.; et al. Factors Associated With Rates of HBsAg Seroclearance in Adults With Chronic HBV Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, 635–646.e9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  11. Jeng, W.-J.; Chen, Y.-C.; Chien, R.-N.; Sheen, I.-S.; Liaw, Y.-F. Incidence and predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance after cessation of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2018, 68, 425–434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  12. Coffin, C.S.; Ramji, A.; Cooper, C.L.; Miles, D.; Doucette, K.E.; Wong, P.; Tam, E.; Wong, D.K.; Wong, A.; Ukabam, S.; et al. Epidemiologic and clinical features of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in 8 Canadian provinces: A descriptive study by the Canadian HBV Network. CMAJ Open 2019, 7, E610–E617. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Coffin, C.S.; Fung, S.K.; Alvarez, F.; Cooper, C.L.; Doucette, K.E.; Fournier, C.; Kelly, E.; Ko, H.H.; Ma, M.M.; Martin, S.R.; et al. Management of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: 2018 Guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of Liver Disease and Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada. Can. Liver J. 2018, 1, 156–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  14. Ko, H.H.; Patel, N.H.; Haylock-Jacobs, S.; Doucette, K.; Ma, M.M.; Cooper, C.; Kelly, E.; Elkhashab, M.; Tam, E.; Bailey, R.; et al. Severe Hepatic Steatosis Is Associated With Low-Level Viremia and Advanced Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B in North America. Gastro Hep Adv. 2022, 1, 106–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Liu, J.; Yang, H.I.; Lee, M.H.; Lu, S.N.; Jen, C.L.; Batrla-Utermann, R.; Wang, L.Y.; You, S.L.; Hsiao, C.K.; Chen, P.J.; et al. Spontaneous seroclearance of hepatitis B seromarkers and subsequent risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2014, 63, 1648–1657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  16. Liu, J.; Yang, H.; Lee, M.; Jen, C.; Batrla-Utermann, R.; Lu, S.; Wang, L.; You, S.; Chen, C. Serum Levels of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and DNA Can Predict Inactive Carriers With Low Risk of Disease Progression. Hepatology 2016, 64, 381–389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Papaioannou, A.; Morin, S.; Cheung, A.M.; Atkinson, S.; Brown, J.P.; Feldman, S.; Hanley, D.A.; Hodsman, A.; Jamal, S.A.; Kaiser, S.M.; et al. 2010 clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in Canada: Summary. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 2010, 182, 1864–1873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  18. Habersetzer, F.; Moenne-Loccoz, R.; Meyer, N.; Schvoerer, E.; Simo-Noumbissie, P.; Dritsas, S.; Baumert, T.F.; Doffoël, M. Loss of hepatitis B surface antigen in a real-life clinical cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Liver Int. 2015, 35, 130–139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  19. Tseng, T.; Liu, C.; Su, T.; Wang, C.; Chen, C.; Chen, P.; Chen, D.; Kao, J. Serum Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Levels Predict Surface Antigen Loss in Hepatitis B e Antigen Seroconverters. Gastroenterology 2011, 141, 517–525.e2. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  20. Liu, J.; Lee, M.-H.; Batrla-Utermann, R.; Jen, C.-L.; Iloeje, U.H.; Lu, S.-N.; Wang, L.-Y.; You, S.-L.; Hsiao, C.K.; Yang, H.-I.; et al. A predictive scoring system for the seroclearance of HBsAg in HBeAg-seronegative chronic hepatitis B patients with genotype B or C infection. J. Hepatol. 2013, 58, 853–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  21. de Franchis, R.; Meucci, G.; Vecchi, M.; Tatarella, M.; Colombo, M.; del Ninno, E.; Rumi, M.G.; Donato, M.F.; Ronchi, G. The natural history of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers. Ann. Intern. Med. 1993, 118, 191–194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Striki, A.; Manolakopoulos, S.; Deutsch, M.; Kourikou, A.; Kontos, G.; Kranidioti, H.; Hadziyannis, E.; Papatheodoridis, G. Hepatitis B s antigen kinetics during treatment with nucleos(t)ides analogues in patients with hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int. 2017, 37, 1642–1650. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Van Hees, S.; Chi, H.; Hansen, B.; Bourgeois, S.; Van Vlierberghe, H.; Sersté, T.; Francque, S.; Wong, D.; Sprengers, D.; Moreno, C.; et al. Caucasian Ethnicity, but Not Treatment Cessation is Associated with HBsAg Loss Following Nucleos(t)ide Analogue-Induced HBeAg Seroconversion. Viruses 2019, 11, 687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  24. Nguyen, L.H.; Hoang, J.; Vu, V.D.; Wang, C.; Trinh, H.N.; Li, J.; Zhang, J.Q. Ethnic differences in incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen seroclearance in a real-life multicenter clinical cohort of 4737 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2016, 44, 390–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  25. Terrault, N.A.; Wahed, A.S.; Feld, J.J.; Cooper, S.L.; Ghany, M.G.; Lisker-Melman, M.; Perrillo, R.; Sterling, R.K.; Khalili, M.; Chung, R.T.; et al. Incidence and prediction of HBsAg seroclearance in a prospective multi-ethnic HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B cohort. Hepatology 2021, 75, 709–723. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Lauret, E.; González-Diéguez, M.L.; Rodríguez, M.; González, M.; Melón, S.; Rodrigo, L.; Rodríguez, M. Long-term outcome in Caucasian patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection after HBsAg seroclearance. Liver Int. 2015, 35, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Yip, T.C.-F.; Wong, V.W.-S.; Tse, Y.-K.; Liang, L.Y.; Hui, V.W.-K.; Zhang, X.; Li, G.-L.; Lui, G.C.-Y.; Chan, H.L.-Y.; Wong, G.L.-H. Similarly low risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after either spontaneous or nucleos(t)ide analogue-induced hepatitis B surface antigen loss. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2021, 53, 321–331. [Google Scholar]
  28. Hsu, Y.-C.; Yeh, M.-L.; Wong, G.L.-H.; Chen, C.-H.; Peng, C.-Y.; Buti, M.; Enomoto, M.; Xie, Q.; Trinh, H.; Preda, C.; et al. Incidences and Determinants of Functional Cure During Entecavir or Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate for Chronic Hepatitis B. J. Infect. Dis. 2021, 224, 1890–1899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Mak, L.-Y.; Hui, R.W.-H.; Fung, J.; Liu, F.; Wong, D.K.-H.; Cheung, K.-S.; Yuen, M.-F.; Seto, W.-K. Diverse effects of hepatic steatosis on fibrosis progression and functional cure in virologically quiescent chronic hepatitis B. J. Hepatol. 2020, 73, 800–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Congly, S.E.; Wong, P.; Al-Busafi, S.A.; Doucette, K.; Fung, S.K.; Ghali, P.; Fonseca, K.; Myers, R.P.; Osiowy, C.; Coffin, C.S. Characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes and quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen titres in North American tertiary referral liver centres. Liver Int. 2013, 33, 1363–1369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. O’Neil, C.R.; Congly, S.E.; Rose, M.S.; Lee, S.S.; Borman, M.A.; Charlton, C.L.; Osiowy, C.; Swain, M.G.; Burak, K.W.; Coffin, C.S. Long-Term Follow-up and Quantitative Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Monitoring in North American Chronic HBV Carriers. Ann. Hepatol. 2018, 17, 232–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  32. Zhang, Z.Q.; Shi, B.S.; Lu, W.; Liu, D.P.; Huang, D.; Feng, Y.L. Quantitative HBcrAg and HBcAb versus HBsAg and HBV DNA in predicting liver fibrosis levels of chronic hepatitis B patients. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2020, 43, 526–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  33. Cheng, P.-N.; Tsai, H.-W.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Ho, C.-H.; Wu, I.-C.; Chang, T.-T. Clinical significance of serum HBsAg levels and association with liver histology in HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B. J. Clin. Virol. 2013, 57, 323–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Poynard, T.; Mathurin, P.; Lai, C.-L.; Guyader, D.; Poupon, R.; Tainturier, M.-H.; Myers, R.P.; Muntenau, M.; Ratziu, V.; Manns, M.; et al. A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases. J. Hepatol. 2003, 38, 257–265. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Liaw, Y.-F. Clinical utility of HBV surface antigen quantification in HBV e antigen-negative chronic HBV infection. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 631–641. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Viruses 14 02668 g001 550
Figure 1. Percentage of CHB patients who achieved HBsAg loss vs. those remaining HBsAg-positive who developed the end-stage liver disease (i.e., HCC and cirrhosis). * p < 0.001. † p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 1. Percentage of CHB patients who achieved HBsAg loss vs. those remaining HBsAg-positive who developed the end-stage liver disease (i.e., HCC and cirrhosis). * p < 0.001. † p ≤ 0.001.
Viruses 14 02668 g001
Viruses 14 02668 g002 550
Figure 2. Quantitative HBsAg values in CHB patients who achieved HBsAg loss versus patients with positive HBsAg. HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; IU, international units; qHBsAg, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen.
Figure 2. Quantitative HBsAg values in CHB patients who achieved HBsAg loss versus patients with positive HBsAg. HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; IU, international units; qHBsAg, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen.
Viruses 14 02668 g002
Table
Table 1. Summary of demographic and clinical data for CHB patients who cleared HBsAg vs. those remaining HBsAg-positive (e.g., quantitative (q)HBsAg 1–100, 100–500, 500–1000, and >1000 IU/mL).
Table 1. Summary of demographic and clinical data for CHB patients who cleared HBsAg vs. those remaining HBsAg-positive (e.g., quantitative (q)HBsAg 1–100, 100–500, 500–1000, and >1000 IU/mL).
Quantitative HBsAg Levels IU/mL
(Sample Size)
n = 844		HBsAg Neg
(n = 237)		1–100
(n = 190)		100–500
(n = 91)		500–1000
(n = 54)		>1000
(n = 272)		p-Value HBsAg Neg vs. Pos.
Age, median (95% CI, n known)53 (51.5, 54.6, 235/237)55 (53.1, 56.8, 190)55.4 (52.8, 58.1, 91)52.5 (48.7, 56.2, 54)44.1 (42.6, 45.6, 272)<0.001 *
Female, % (95% CI, n)37.6 (31.4, 44.1, 89/237)34.7 (28.1, 42, 66/190)34.1 (24.7, 44.8, 31/91)33.3 (21.5, 47.6, 18/54)41.2 (35.3, 47.3, 112/272)0.701
Born in Canada, % (95% CI, n known)3.4 (1.4, 7.6, 6/176)2.1 (0.5, 6.4, 3/146)1.5 (0.1, 9.4, 1/65)6 (1.6, 17.5, 3/50)5.4 (3, 9.5, 12/221)0.442
Asian, % (95% CI, n known)74.9 (68.2, 80.6, 149/199)85.5 (78.9, 90.4, 136/159)90.2 (81.2, 95.4, 74/82)86.8 (74, 94.1, 46/53)72 (66, 77.3, 185/257)0.198
Black/African/
Caribbean
(95% CI, n known)		13.1 (8.9, 18.7, 26/199)7.5 (4.1, 13.1, 12/159)7.3 (3, 15.8, 6/82)9.4 (3.5, 21.4, 5/53)20.2 (15.6, 25.8, 52/257)0.071
White
(95% CI, n known)		7 (4, 11.8, 14/199)4.4 (1.9, 9.2, 7/159)0 (0, 5.6, 0/82)1.9 (0.1, 11.4, 1/53)4.7 (2.5, 8.2, 12/257)0.171
Other/
unknown ethnicity % (95% CI, n known)		5 (2.6, 9.3, 10/199)2.5 (0.8, 6.7, 4/159)2.4 (0.4, 9.4, 2/82)1.9 (0.1, 11.4, 1/53)3.1 (1.5, 6.3, 8/257)0.536
Antiviral treatment for HBV at any time, % (95% CI, n known)38.3 (32.2, 44.9, 91/237)51.6 (44.3, 58.8, 98/190)76.9 (66.7, 84.8, 70/91)66.7 (52.4, 78.5, 36/54)61 (54.9, 66.8, 166/272)<0.001 *
Cirrhosis, % (95% CI, n known)4.8 (2.4, 8.9, 10/209)20.4 (14.6, 27.6, 33/162)14.3 (8.1, 23.6, 13/91)7.4 (2.4, 18.7, 4/54)5.1 (3, 8.7, 14/272)0.021 *
HCC, % (95% CI, n known)1 (0.2, 3.8, 2/210)9.2 (5.3, 15.2, 14/153)7.7 (3.4, 15.7, 7/91)9.3 (3.5, 21.1, 5/54)2.9 (1.4, 5.9, 8/272)0.001 *
NAFLD, % (95% CI, n known)17.6 (12.9, 23.6, 37/210)26.5 (20.1, 34.2, 43/162)26.4 (17.9, 36.8, 24/91)11.1 (4.6, 23.3, 6/54)18.8 (14.4, 24, 51/272)0.019 *
* For statistics comparing all groups, one-way ANOVA was used for continuous data, and chi-square tests were used for categorical data. † For statistics comparing HBsAg loss and low HBsAg groups, a t-test was used for continuous data, chi-square tests were used for categorical data, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. CI, confidence interval; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HBV, hepatitis B virus; IU, international units; qHBsAg, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen.
Table
Table 2. Virological, biochemical, liver stiffness measurement (LSM), and antiviral treatment data of CHB patients who cleared HBsAg vs. those with low qHBsAg (<100 IU/mL) or with qHBsAg >100 IU/mL.
Table 2. Virological, biochemical, liver stiffness measurement (LSM), and antiviral treatment data of CHB patients who cleared HBsAg vs. those with low qHBsAg (<100 IU/mL) or with qHBsAg >100 IU/mL.
Clinical Data (% (95% CI, n Known))HBsAg Negative
(n = 237)		HBsAg 1–100 IU/mL
(n = 190)		HBsAg ≥100 IU/mL
(n = 417)		p-Value (HBsAg Loss vs. qHBsAg <100 IU/mL) †
Laboratory
qHBsAg level
% (95% CI, n known)		0 (237)20.1 (16.0, 24.1, 190)8088 (5286.1–10891.8, 417)N/A
N/A
% HBeAg negative, (95% CI, n known)98.9% (95.8, 99.8, 184/186)94.1% (88.8, 97.1, 144/153)78.9% (74.2, 83.1, 270/342)0.004 *
HBV DNA, Log IU/mL (95% CI, n known)0.21 (0.13–0.3, 182)0.97 (0.76–1.17, 153)2.15 (1.9–2.4, 378)<0.001 *
ALT (U/L), (95% CI, n known)25.9 (23.9–27.9, 224)30.0 (26.1–33.9, 174)42.8 (35.5–50.1, 373)0.023 *
Liver Stiffness Measurement Using Transient Elastography (TE) (kPa)
TE kpA (95% CI, n known)5.7 (5.1-6.3, 109)8.2 (6.5–9.9, 111)6.0 (5.5–6.5, 302)0.005 *
% >10.7 kpA (possible fibrosis stage 3)6.7% (8/120)17.5% (17/97)4.3% (13/302)0.013 *
Treatment 54.6% (n = 461/844)
On treatment at any time, %46.4% (110/237)41.6% (79/190)65.2% (272/417)0.002 *
Tenofovir-based ††, %27.8% (66/237)25.3% (48/190)41.7% (174/417)0.027 *
Lamivudine, %13.1% (31/237)12.1% (23/190)9.8% (41/417)0.140
Entecavir, %9.7% (23/237)18.9% (36/190)23.3% (97/417)<0.001 *
Interferon, %3.0% (7/237)3.2% (6/190)12.7% (53/417)0.336
Months on treatment, mean (95% CI, n known)84
(73.6–94.4, 87)		104.3
(90–118.5, 72)		87.6
(75.4–99.7, 260)		0.020 *
† For statistics comparing HBsAg loss and low HBsAg groups, a t-test was used for continuous data, chi-square tests were used for categorical data, and * p < 0.05 was considered significant. For both continuous and categorical variables, missing data were excluded. †† Tenofovir-based regimen refers to treatment regimen that contains tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF). CI, confidence interval; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; IU, international units; qHBsAg, quantitative hepatitis B surface antigen.
Table
Table 3. Comparison of demographic and clinical data in untreated vs. treated patients included in the study.
Table 3. Comparison of demographic and clinical data in untreated vs. treated patients included in the study.
VariableNo Treatment (n = 383)Treatment (n = 461)
Age48.1 (46.8, 49.3)
missing: 1/383		53.1 (51.9, 54.3) missing: 1/461
% Female45.4 (40.4, 50.6, n = 174)30.8 (26.7, 35.3, n = 142)
% Born in Canada2.7 (1.3, 5.2, 9/333)4.9 (2.9, 8, 16/325)
% Country of birth-Endemic *54.4 (48.8, 59.8) 181/33359.7 (54.1, 65) 194/325
% Asian69 (63.9, 73.8) 243/35287.2 (83.4, 90.2) 47/398
% Black21.9 (17.7, 26.6) 77/3526 (4, 9) 24/398
% White4 (2.3, 6.7) 14/3525 (3.2, 7.8) 20/398
% Other/not reported5.1 (3.1, 8.1) 18/3521.8 (0.8, 3.8) 7/398
% >2 Comorbidities **9.4 (6.8, 12.9) 36/38318 (14.7, 21.9) 83/461
% NAFLD25.1 (20.7, 30) 87/34716.7 (13.4, 20.6) 74/442
% Other cancer (not HCC)2.1 (0.9, 4.4) 7/3417.1 (4.9, 10) 31/439
% HBsAg negative38.1 (33.3, 43.2) 146/38319.7 (16.3, 23.7) 91/461
% HBsAg 1–100 IU/mL24 (19.9, 28.7) 92/38321.3 (17.7, 25.3) 98/461
% HBsAg >100 IU/mL37.9 (33, 42.9) 145/38359.0 (54.3, 63.5) 272/461
* Countries with ≥5% prevalence of HBV were considered endemic for HBV (Supplementary Table S1). ** The most common comorbidities reported were metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD or NAFLD), hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes (data not shown).
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Coffin, C.S.; Haylock-Jacobs, S.; Doucette, K.; Ramji, A.; Ko, H.H.; Wong, D.K.; Elkhashab, M.; Bailey, R.; Uhanova, J.; Minuk, G.; et al. Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA). Viruses 2022, 14, 2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122668

AMA Style

Coffin CS, Haylock-Jacobs S, Doucette K, Ramji A, Ko HH, Wong DK, Elkhashab M, Bailey R, Uhanova J, Minuk G, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA). Viruses. 2022; 14(12):2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122668

Chicago/Turabian Style

Coffin, Carla S., Sarah Haylock-Jacobs, Karen Doucette, Alnoor Ramji, Hin Hin Ko, David K. Wong, Magdy Elkhashab, Robert Bailey, Julia Uhanova, Gerald Minuk, and et al. 2022. "Clinical Outcomes and Quantitative HBV Surface Antigen Levels in Diverse Chronic Hepatitis B Patients in Canada: A Retrospective Real-World Study of CHB in Canada (REVEAL-CANADA)" Viruses 14, no. 12: 2668. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122668

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop