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Volume 14
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10.3390/v14122686
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Review

Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases

by
Pardeep Yadav
1,†,
Pratik Chakraborty
2,†,
Niraj Kumar Jha
1,
Saikat Dewanjee
2,
Abhimanyu Kumar Jha
1,
Siva Prasad Panda
3,
Prabhu Chandra Mishra
1,
Abhijit Dey
4,* and
Saurabh Kumar Jha
1,5,6,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Room # 311, Block-01, Plot No. 32–34, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida 201310, India
2
Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
3
Pharmacology Research Division, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India
4
Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India
5
Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
6
Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied & Life Sciences (SALS), Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248007, India
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Viruses 2022, 14(12), 2686; https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122686
Submission received: 22 September 2022 / Revised: 21 November 2022 / Accepted: 25 November 2022 / Published: 30 November 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)
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Abstract

The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most common cause of neurodegenerative disease in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific region; approximately 1.15 billion people are at risk, and thousands suffer from permanent neurological disorders across Asian countries, with 10–15 thousand people dying each year. JEV crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and forms a complex with receptors on the surface of neurons. GRP78, Src, TLR7, caveolin-1, and dopamine receptor D2 are involved in JEV binding and entry into the neurons, and these receptors also play a role in carcinogenic activity in cells. JEV binds to GRP78, a member of the HSP70 overexpressed on malignant cells to enter neurons, indicating a higher chance of JEV infection in cancer patients. However, JEV enters human brain microvascular endothelial cells via an endocytic pathway mediated by caveolae and the ezrin protein and also targets dopamine-rich areas for infection of the midbrain via altering dopamine levels. In addition, JEV complexed with CLEC5A receptor of macrophage cells is involved in the breakdown of the BBB and central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. CLEC5A-mediated infection is also responsible for the influx of cytokines into the CNS. In this review, we discuss the neuronal and macrophage surface receptors involved in neuronal death.
Keywords: autoimmune encephalitis; BBB permeability; CNS; Japanese encephalitis virus; neurodegeneration; proinflammatory mediators autoimmune encephalitis; BBB permeability; CNS; Japanese encephalitis virus; neurodegeneration; proinflammatory mediators

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MDPI and ACS Style

Yadav, P.; Chakraborty, P.; Jha, N.K.; Dewanjee, S.; Jha, A.K.; Panda, S.P.; Mishra, P.C.; Dey, A.; Jha, S.K. Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases. Viruses 2022, 14, 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122686

AMA Style

Yadav P, Chakraborty P, Jha NK, Dewanjee S, Jha AK, Panda SP, Mishra PC, Dey A, Jha SK. Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases. Viruses. 2022; 14(12):2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122686

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yadav, Pardeep, Pratik Chakraborty, Niraj Kumar Jha, Saikat Dewanjee, Abhimanyu Kumar Jha, Siva Prasad Panda, Prabhu Chandra Mishra, Abhijit Dey, and Saurabh Kumar Jha. 2022. "Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases" Viruses 14, no. 12: 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122686

APA Style

Yadav, P., Chakraborty, P., Jha, N. K., Dewanjee, S., Jha, A. K., Panda, S. P., Mishra, P. C., Dey, A., & Jha, S. K. (2022). Molecular Mechanism and Role of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in Central Nervous System-Mediated Diseases. Viruses, 14(12), 2686. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122686

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