Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Herpesviruses
1.2. Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses and MCF
2. Molecular Methodologies
2.1. Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays
2.2. Consensus Degenerate Hybrid Oligonucleotide Primers PCR Assays
2.3. Consensus Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Herpesvirus Detection
2.4. Consensus Panherpes PCR with Consensus/Degenerate and Deoxyinosine-Substituted Primers
2.5. Ovine Herpesvirus 2 Sequence Analysis
2.6. Long-Distance Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay and Primer Walking
2.7. Locked Nucleic Acids Approaches
2.8. Next Generation Sequencing
3. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Virus | Clinical MCF | Reservoir Species | Susceptible Species | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcelaphine γ- herpesvirus-1 | Yes | Wildebeest | Cattle Deer | [14] |
Alcelaphine γ- herpesvirus-2 | Yes | Hartebeest Topi | Barbary red deer Bison | [14] |
Ovine γ-herpesvirus-2 | Yes | Sheep Mouflon | Cattle Water buffalo Moose Domestic goats Deer Bison Pig Giraffe | [1,14] |
Caprine γ-herpesvirus-2 | Yes | Goat | Sika deer White-tailed deer | [14] |
Hippotragine γ-herpesvirus-1 | No | Roan antelope | No susceptible species identified | [14] |
Bovine γ-herpesvirus-6 | No | Cattle | No susceptible species identified | [17] |
Suid γ-herpesvirus-3 | No | Pig | No susceptible species identified | [18] |
Suid γ-herpesvirus-4 | No | Pig | No susceptible species identified | [18] |
Suid γ-herpesvirus-5 | No | Pig | No susceptible species identified | [18] |
MCFV–white-tailed deer/Caprine γ-herpesvirus-3 | Yes | Goat | White-tailed deer Red brocket deer Reindeer | [14] |
Ibex-MCFV | Yes | Ibex | Bongo antelopes Anoa Pronghorn Duikers | [14,19] |
2a. Consensus Panherpes Polymerase Chain Reaction Primers | |
---|---|
First PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
DFA: 5′-GAY TTY GCN AGY YTN TAY CC-3′ | KG1: 5′-GTC TTG CTC ACC AGN TCN ACN CCY TT-3′ |
ILK: 5′-TCC TGG ACA AGC AGC ARN YSG CNM TNA A-3I’ | |
Second PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
TGV: 5′-TGT AAC TCG GTG TAY GGN TTY ACN GGN GT-3′ | IYG: 5′-CAC AGA GTC CGT RTC NCC RTA DAT-3′. |
Approximate product: 215- to 315-bp | |
Sanger Sequencing | |
Forward | Reverse |
TGVseq: 5′-CAT CTG ATG TAA CTC GGT GTA-3′ bottom line | IYGseq: 5′-GAC AAA CAC AGA GTC CGT-3′ |
2b. Consensus Panherpes PCR with Consensus/Degenerate and Deoxyinosine-Substituted Primers | |
First PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
DFA: 5′-GAY TTY GCN AGY YTN TAY CC-3′ | KG1: 5′-GTC TTG CTC ACC AGN TCN ACN CCY TT-3′ |
ILK: 5′-TCC TGG ACA AGC AGC ARN YSG CNM TNA A-3′ | |
Deoxyinosine-substituted equivalent | Deoxyinosine-substituted equivalent |
DFA: 5′-GAY TTY GCIa AGY YTIa TAY CC-3I′ | KG1: 5′-GTC TTG CTC ACC AGIa TCIa ACIa CCY TT-3′ |
ILK: 5′-TCC TGG ACA AGC AGC ARIa YSG CIaM TIaA-3′ | |
Second PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
TGV: 5′-TGT AAC TCG GTG TAY GGN TTY ACN GGN GT-3′ | IYG: 5′-CAC AGA GTC CGT RTC NCC RTA DAT-3′ |
Deoxyinosine-substituted equivalent TGV: 5′-TGT AAC TCG GTG TAY GGIa TTY ACIa GGIa GT-3′ | Deoxyinosine-substituted equivalent IYG: 5′-CAC AGA GTC CGT RTC IaCC RTA IaAT-3′ |
3a. Semi-Nested PCR for the Glycoprotein B (gB) Gene | |
---|---|
First PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
702 Gb: 5′-CAR IaTIa CAR TWT GCM TAY GAC-3′ | 702 Gb: 5′-GTA RTA RTT RTA YTC YCT RAA-3′ |
Second PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
734 gB: 5′-GCA AAA TCA ACC CTA CVA GYG TNA TG-3′ | 702 gB: 5′-GTA RTA RTT RTA YTC YCT RAA-3′ |
Approximate product: 515bp | |
3b. Nested PCR for the Glycoprotein B (gB) Gene | |
First PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
GH1 2759: 5′-CCT CCC AGG TTC ART WYG CMT AYG A-3I | GH1 2762: 5′-CCG TTG AGG TTC TGA GTG TAR TAR TTR TAY TC-3′ |
GH2 3029: 5′-CCC AGT TGC ART WYG GC(N/Ia) TAY GA-3′ | GH2 3033: 5′-GCC AGG CGT TGC GT(N/Ia) TAR TAR TTR TA-3′ |
Second PCR | |
Forward | Reverse |
GH1 2760: 5′-AAG ATC AAC CCC AC(N/Ia) AG(N/Ia) GT(N/Ia) ATG-3′ | GH1 2761: 5′-GTG TAG TAG TTG TAC TCC CTR AAC AT(N/Ia) GTY TC-3′ |
GH2 3031: 5′-CAA GAT TAA CCC CAC (N/Ia)AG (N/Ia)GT (N/Ia)AT G-3′ | GH2 3032: 5′-TTG CGT GTA GTA GTT GTA YTC (N/Ia)CT RAA CAT-3′ |
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Bianchessi, L.; Rocchi, M.S.; Maley, M.; Piccinini, R.; Turin, L. Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses 2022, 14, 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122697
Bianchessi L, Rocchi MS, Maley M, Piccinini R, Turin L. Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla. Viruses. 2022; 14(12):2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122697
Chicago/Turabian StyleBianchessi, Laura, Mara Silvia Rocchi, Madeleine Maley, Renata Piccinini, and Lauretta Turin. 2022. "Molecular Tools to Identify and Characterize Malignant Catarrhal Fever Viruses (MCFV) of Ruminants and Captive Artiodactyla" Viruses 14, no. 12: 2697. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14122697