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Volume 15
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10.3390/v15102025
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Article

Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection

by
Babu Kanti Nath
1,2,*,
Tridip Das
1,
Andrew Peters
1,2,
Suman Das Gupta
2,
Subir Sarker
3,
Jade K. Forwood
2,4,5,
Shane R. Raidal
1 and
Shubhagata Das
1
1
School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
2
Biosecurity Research Program and Training Centre, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
3
Biomedical Sciences & Molecular Biology, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4814, Australia
4
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Health, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
5
Training Hub Promoting Regional Industry and Innovation in Virology and Epidemiology, Gulbali Institute, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2025; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102025
Submission received: 7 August 2023 / Revised: 28 September 2023 / Accepted: 28 September 2023 / Published: 29 September 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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Abstract

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) is considered to be genetically diverse, with a relatively small circular single-stranded DNA genome of 2 kb that encodes for a capsid protein (Cap) and a replication initiator protein (Rep). Australasia is known to be the origin of diverse species of the Order Columbiformes, but limited data on the PiCV genome sequence has hindered phylogeographic studies in this species. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to investigate PiCV in 118 characteristic samples from different birds across Australia using PCR and sequencing. Eighteen partial PiCV Rep sequences and one complete PiCV genome sequence were recovered from reservoir and aberrant hosts. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that PiCV circulating in Australia was scattered across three different subclades. Importantly, one subclade dominated within the PiCV sequenced from Australia and Poland, whereas other PiCV sequenced in this study were more closely related to the PiCV sequenced from China, USA and Japan. In addition, PiCV Rep sequences obtained from clinically affected plumed whistling duck, blue billed duck and Australian magpie demonstrated natural spillover of PiCV unveiled host generalist characteristics of the pigeon circovirus. These findings indicate that PiCV genomes circulating in Australia lack host adapted population structure but demonstrate natural spillover infection.
Keywords: pigeon circovirus; PCR; phylogeny; spillover pigeon circovirus; PCR; phylogeny; spillover

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nath, B.K.; Das, T.; Peters, A.; Gupta, S.D.; Sarker, S.; Forwood, J.K.; Raidal, S.R.; Das, S. Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection. Viruses 2023, 15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102025

AMA Style

Nath BK, Das T, Peters A, Gupta SD, Sarker S, Forwood JK, Raidal SR, Das S. Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection. Viruses. 2023; 15(10):2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102025

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nath, Babu Kanti, Tridip Das, Andrew Peters, Suman Das Gupta, Subir Sarker, Jade K. Forwood, Shane R. Raidal, and Shubhagata Das. 2023. "Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection" Viruses 15, no. 10: 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102025

APA Style

Nath, B. K., Das, T., Peters, A., Gupta, S. D., Sarker, S., Forwood, J. K., Raidal, S. R., & Das, S. (2023). Australasian Pigeon Circoviruses Demonstrate Natural Spillover Infection. Viruses, 15(10), 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102025

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