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Article

Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas

by
Enrique L. Louge Uriarte
1,*,
Alejandra Badaracco
2,
Maximiliano J. Spetter
3,
Samuel Miño
4,
Joaquín I. Armendano
3,
Mark Zeller
5,
Elisabeth Heylen
5,
Ernesto Späth
6,
María Rosa Leunda
1,
Ana Rita Moreira
1,
Jelle Matthijnssens
5,
Viviana Parreño
7,* and
Anselmo C. Odeón
6
1
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Innovación para la Producción Agropecuaria y el Desarrollo Sostenible, Ruta 226, km 73.5, Balcarce B7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
2
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Montecarlo, Av. El Libertador Nº 2472, Montecarlo CP3384, Misiones, Argentina
3
Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, Tandil CP7000, Buenos Aires, Argentina
4
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, EEA Cerro Azul, Ruta 14, km 836, Cerro Azul CP3313, Misiones, Argentina
5
Laboratory of Viral Metagenomics, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
6
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Ruta 226, km 73.5, Balcarce B7620, Buenos Aires, Argentina
7
Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Instituto de Virología e Innovaciones Tecnológicas, Nicolas Repetto y de los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham CP1686, Buenos Aires, Argentina
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2115; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102115
Submission received: 22 August 2023 / Revised: 22 September 2023 / Accepted: 25 September 2023 / Published: 19 October 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)
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Abstract

Rotavirus A (RVA) causes diarrhea in calves and frequently possesses the G6 and P[5]/P[11] genotypes, whereas G8 is less common. We aimed to compare RVA infections and G/P genotypes in beef and dairy calves from major livestock regions of Argentina, elucidate the evolutionary origin of a G8 strain and analyze the G8 lineages, infer the phylogenetic relationship of RVA field strains, and investigate the evolution and spatio-temporal dynamics of the main G6 lineages in American countries. Fecal samples (n = 422) from diarrheic (beef, 104; dairy, 137) and non-diarrheic (beef, 78; dairy, 103) calves were analyzed by ELISA and semi-nested multiplex RT-PCR. Sequencing, phylogenetic, phylodynamic, and phylogeographic analyses were performed. RVA infections were more frequent in beef (22.0%) than in dairy (14.2%) calves. Prevalent genotypes and G6 lineages were G6(IV)P[5] in beef (90.9%) and G6(III)P[11] (41.2%) or mixed genotypes (23.5%) in dairy calves. The only G8 strain was phylogenetically related to bovine and artiodactyl bovine-like strains. Re-analyses inside the G8 genotype identified G8(I) to G8(VIII) lineages. Of all G6 strains characterized, the G6(IV)P[5](I) strains from “Cuenca del Salado” (Argentina) and Uruguay clustered together. According to farm location, a clustering pattern for G6(IV)P[5] strains of beef farms was observed. Both G6 lineage strains together revealed an evolutionary rate of 1.24 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year, and the time to the most recent common ancestor was dated in 1853. The most probable ancestral locations were Argentina in 1981 for G6(III) strains and the USA in 1940 for G6(IV) strains. The highest migration rates for both G6 lineages together were from Argentina to Brazil and Uruguay. Altogether, the epidemiology, genetic diversity, and phylogeny of RVA in calves can differ according to the production system and farm location. We provide novel knowledge about the evolutionary origin of a bovine G8P[11] strain. Finally, bovine G6 strains from American countries would have originated in the USA nearly a century before its first description.
Keywords: calves; diarrhea; rotavirus; genotypes; G8-lineages; phylodynamics; phylogeography calves; diarrhea; rotavirus; genotypes; G8-lineages; phylodynamics; phylogeography

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MDPI and ACS Style

Louge Uriarte, E.L.; Badaracco, A.; Spetter, M.J.; Miño, S.; Armendano, J.I.; Zeller, M.; Heylen, E.; Späth, E.; Leunda, M.R.; Moreira, A.R.; et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas. Viruses 2023, 15, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102115

AMA Style

Louge Uriarte EL, Badaracco A, Spetter MJ, Miño S, Armendano JI, Zeller M, Heylen E, Späth E, Leunda MR, Moreira AR, et al. Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas. Viruses. 2023; 15(10):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102115

Chicago/Turabian Style

Louge Uriarte, Enrique L., Alejandra Badaracco, Maximiliano J. Spetter, Samuel Miño, Joaquín I. Armendano, Mark Zeller, Elisabeth Heylen, Ernesto Späth, María Rosa Leunda, Ana Rita Moreira, and et al. 2023. "Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas" Viruses 15, no. 10: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102115

APA Style

Louge Uriarte, E. L., Badaracco, A., Spetter, M. J., Miño, S., Armendano, J. I., Zeller, M., Heylen, E., Späth, E., Leunda, M. R., Moreira, A. R., Matthijnssens, J., Parreño, V., & Odeón, A. C. (2023). Molecular Epidemiology of Rotavirus A in Calves: Evolutionary Analysis of a Bovine G8P[11] Strain and Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of G6 Lineages in the Americas. Viruses, 15(10), 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102115

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